Zhang Guohua

Zhang Guohua
Zhang Guohua
	张国华
	Zhang Guohua in 1955
Communist Party Secretary of the Tibet Autonomous Region
	In office; 24 January 1950 – February 1952
Preceded by	None (Post Created)
Succeeded by	Zhang Jingwu
	In office; 1965–1967
Preceded by	Zhang Jingwu
Succeeded by	Zeng Yongya
Governor of Sichuan
	In office; 1968–1972
Preceded by	Li Dazhang
Succeeded by	Liu Xingyuan
Commander of Chengdu Military Region
	In office; 1952–1965
Personal details
Born	October 1914; Yongxin County, Jiangxi Province, Qing Empire
Died	February 21, 1972 (aged 57); Chengdu
Political party	Communist Party of China
Military service
Allegiance	People's Republic of China
Service/branch	People's Liberation Army Ground Force
Years of service	1931–1972
Rank	Lieutenant General
Commands	Field commander during Sino-Indian War
Battles/wars	Long March, 2nd Sino-Japanese War, Chinese Civil War, Invasion of Tibet, Sino-Indian War

Zhang Guohua (simplified Chinese: 张国华; traditional Chinese: 張國華; pinyin: Zhāng Guóhuá; Wade–Giles: Chang Kuo-hua; October 1914－February 21, 1972) was a Chinese Lieutenant general and a politician, serving during the Invasion of Tibet and the Sino-Indian War and later as a Communist Party secretary for the Tibet Autonomous Region.

Biography

Zhang Guohua was born in Yongxin, Jiangxi in 1914. He joined the Communist Party of China in 1931.

Career

Leaders of the Tibet Work Committee visiting the Dalai Lama at Norbulingka Palace, Lhasa, November 1951. From left: Jigyab Khembo Ngawang Namgye, Li Jue, Wang Qimei, Zhang Guohua, the 14th Dalai Lama, Zhang Jingwu, Tan Guansan, Liu Zhengguo, and Phünwang.

Tibet campaign

Zhang Guohua about 1950

As commander of the Southwest Eighteenth Army Corps of the People's Liberation Army, he led the main attack force in the 1950 Qamdo campaign against Tibetan forces.^[1] Zhang was chosen for his special knowledge of Tibetan culture; Mao Zedong did not want to alienate the Tibetans and gave strict instructions "to do united front work" by respecting the local religion and customs.^[2] In contrast to the leader of the Northwest Army, Fan Ming, he supported the Dalai Lama and avoided marching into the city after the victory. Zhang seized the position of Secretary of the CPC Tibet Committee from 1950 to 1952, until Mao Zedong, on learning of his power struggle with Fan, replaced him with Zhang Jingwu as Secretary. Still, Zhang headed the Tibet Work Committee, which would negotiate the items in the Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet.^[1] Zhang only made passing reference to the negotiations in his memoirs.^[2] Zhang would resume his position as secretary from 1965 to 1967.

Sino-Indian War

On October 10, 1962 Zhang attended a meeting of military leaders outside Beijing. There, he endorsed the summary by Zhou Enlai that because India chose to occupy disputed territory with China, instead of peacefully resolving the border demarcation with it like Nepal, Burma, and Mongolia, that "Nehru has closed all roads. This leaves us only with war." As the Commander of the Tibet military region, Zhang was present for the formal decision to go to war with India in "self-defense" at the politboro meeting of October 18. Mao asked for problems with this plan, and suggested that they were underestimating the Indian Armed Forces, but Zhang reassured him.^[3] Zhang was the People's Liberation Army Ground Force field commander during the Sino-Indian War.

Cultural Revolution

In February 1967, at the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, three divisions of Red Guards tried to oust Zhang Guohua from the Governorship in Lhasa. Using armor, he succeeded in repressing them, and negotiated with the central government to be moved to Sichuan to form a revolutionary committee.^[4] He served as the Governor of Sichuan from 1968 to 1972.

References

1 2 Goldstein, Melvyn C. (2009). A History of Modern Tibet. Volume II: The Calm Before the Storm: 1951-1955. University of California Press. pp. 292–299.
1 2 Norbu, Dawa (2001). China's Tibet policy. Routledge. pp. 183, 197. ISBN 978-0-7007-0474-3.
↑ Johnston, Alastair I.; Ross, Robert S. (2006). New directions in the study of China's foreign policy. Stanford University Press. pp. 121–122, 116. ISBN 978-0-8047-5363-0.
↑ China: the revolution is dead, long live the revolution. Black Rose Books. 1977. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-919618-37-4.

Preceded by none	Secretary of the CPC Tibet Committee 1950–1952	Succeeded by Zhang Jingwu
Preceded by Zhang Jingwu	Secretary of the CPC Tibet Committee 1965–1967	Succeeded by Zeng Yongya
Preceded by Li Dazhang	Governor of Sichuan 1968–1972	Succeeded by Liu Xingyuan
Preceded by Liao Zhigao	Secretary of the CPC Sichuan Committee 1971–1972	Succeeded by Liu Xingyuan

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[ahist-1] 1 2 Goldstein, Melvyn C. (2009). A History of Modern Tibet. Volume II: The Calm Before the Storm: 1951-1955. University of California Press. pp. 292–299.

[dawa-2] 1 2 Norbu, Dawa (2001). China's Tibet policy. Routledge. pp. 183, 197. ISBN 978-0-7007-0474-3.

[3] Johnston, Alastair I.; Ross, Robert S. (2006). New directions in the study of China's foreign policy. Stanford University Press. pp. 121–122, 116. ISBN 978-0-8047-5363-0.

[4] China: the revolution is dead, long live the revolution. Black Rose Books. 1977. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-919618-37-4.

Political leaders of Sichuan since 1949
CPC Committee Secretaries	Li Jingquan Liao Zhigao Zhang Guohua Liu Xingyuan Zhao Ziyang Tan Qilong Yang Rudai Xie Shijie Zhou Yongkang Zhang Xuezhong Du Qinglin Liu Qibao Wang Dongming Peng Qinghua
People's Congress Chairmen	Du Xinyuan He Haoju Yang Xizong Xie Shijie Zhang Xuezhong Du Qinglin Liu Qibao Wang Dongming Peng Qinghua
Governors	Li Jingquan Li Dazhang Zhang Guohua Liu Xingyuan Zhao Ziyang Lu Dadong Yang Xizong Jiang Minkuan Zhang Haoruo Xiao Yang Song Baorui Zhang Zhongwei Jiang Jufeng Wei Hong Yin Li
CPPCC Committee Chairmen	Li Jingquan Liao Zhigao Du Xinyuan Ren Baige Yang Chao Feng Yuanwei Liao Bokang Nie Ronggui Qin Yuqin Tao Wuxian Li Chongxi Ke Zunping

Political leaders of the Tibet Autonomous Region
CPC Secretaries	Zhang Guohua Fan Ming Zhang Jingwu Zhang Guohua Ren Rong Yin Fatang Wu Jinghua Hu Jintao Chen Kuiyuan Guo Jinlong Yang Chuantang Zhang Qingli Chen Quanguo Wu Yingjie
Congress Chairmen	Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme Yang Dongsheng Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme Raidi Legqog Qiangba Puncog Padma Choling Losang Jamcan
Government Chairmen	Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama (Preparatory Committee) Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama (Preparatory Committee, acting) Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme (People's Committee) Zeng Yongya (Revolutionary Committee) Ren Rong (Revolutionary Committee) Sanggyai Yexe Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme Doje Cedain Gyaincain Norbu Legqog Qiangba Puncog Padma Choling Losang Jamcan Che Dalha
CPPCC Chairmen	Tan Guansan Zhang Guohua Ren Rong Yin Fatang Yangling Dorje Raidi Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai