Yaroslav Halan

Yaroslav Halan
Yaroslav Olexandrovych Halan
Native name Ukrainian: Ярослав Олександрович Галан
Born (1902-08-27)August 27, 1902
Dynów, Galicia,
Austria-Hungary
(now Poland)
Died October 24, 1949(1949-10-24) (aged 47)
Lviv,
USSR,
(now Ukraine)
Resting place Lychakiv Cemetery
Pen name Comrade Yaga, Volodymyr Rosovych, Ihor Semeniuk
Occupation writer, playwright, publicist, politician, propagandist, radio host
Language Ukrainian
Residence Lviv
Citizenship Polish Republic
USSR
Alma mater University of Vienna,
Jagiellonian University
Genres plays, pamphlets, articles
Subject social contradictions
Literary movement socialist realism
Notable works Mountains Smoke (1938),
Under the Golden Eagle (1947),
Love at Dawn (1949)
Notable awards Stalin Prize,
Order of the Badge of Honour
Years active 1927–1949
Spouse

Anna Henyk (1928–1937)

Maria Krotkova (1944–1949)
Signature

Yaroslav Olexandrovych Halan (in Ukrainian: Ярослав Олександрович Галан, party nickname Comrade Yaga; July 27, 1902, Dynów – October 24, 1949, Lviv) was a Ukrainian Soviet anti-fascist writer, playwright, publicist, member of the Communist Party of Western Ukraine since 1924, killed by nationalist insurgents in 1949.

Biography

Early life

Yaroslav Halan was born on July 27, 1902, in Dynów (now Poland) in the family of Olexandr Halan, a small post-office official. After the beginning of the World War I his father along with other "unreliable" elements who could sympathize the Russians was interned in the Thalerhof camp by the Austrian authorities.[1] Eventually Galitzia was taken by the Russians.

During the next Austrian offensive his mother evacuated her family in order to avoid repressions with the retreating Russian army to Rostov-on-Don, where Yaroslav studied at the gymnasium and played in the local theatre. Living there Halan witnessed the Revolutionary events. He became familiar with Lenin’s agitation, and discovered the works of some Russian writers. Later these events formed the base of his story Unforgettable Days.

Student years

After the war he returned to Galitzia (annexed by Poland), where in 1922 he graduated from the Peremyshl gymnasium. Then he studied in the Triest Higher Trade School in Italy. In 1922 Halan enrolled in the University of Vienna. In 1926 he transferred to the Jagiellonian University of Krakow, which he graduated from in 1928 (according to some sources he didn't pass the final exams[2]). After that Halan started to work as a teacher of the Polish language and literature at a private gymnasium in Lutsk.[3] However, ten months later he got banned from teaching.[4]

In his students years he joined the left-wing movement. While being a student of the University of Vienna, Halan became a member of the workers' comunity Einheit (Unity) ruled by the Communist Party of Austria. Since 1924 he proactively participated in the underground national liberation movement, which in the Ukrainian lands of the Second Polish Republic (except of Glitzia being under OUN influence) was headed by the Communist Party of Western Ukraine (CPWU).[5] He joined the CPWU when he was on vacation in Peremyshl. Later, while stuying in Krakow, he was elected a deputy chairman of the legal student organization Życie (Life) ruled by the Communist Party of Poland.[6]

Creativity and political struggle in Poland

Yaroslav Halan with his first wife Anna Henyk and her relatives in the village Bereziv, 1929

In the 1920s, the writer's creative activity also began. In 1927 he finished working on his first significant play Don Quixote from Ettenheim. For the first time he revealed the venality of nationalistic and chauvinistic parties in his play 99% (1930). The theme of class struggle and condemning the segregation were actualized in the plays Cargo (1930) and Cell (1932), calling for united actions and class solidarity of Ukrainian, Jewish and Polish proletarians.[7]

Halan's play 99% was staged by the semi-legal Lviv Workers’ Theatre. On the eve of the premiere, Polish authorities launched a campaign of massive arrests against Western Ukrainian communists, sending them to the Lutsk prison. As the theatre's director and one of the key actors were arrested, the premiere was on the verge of failure. Despite risks of being arrested, the workers continued rehearsing, so the play was presented with a delay of only one day. About 600 workers attended the premiere, for them, it was a kind of protest mobilization against repressions and nationalism[4].

Yaroslav Halan was one of the founders of the Ukrainian proletarian writers’ group Horno. From 1927 to 1932 along with other communist writers and members of the CPWU he worked at the Lviv-based Ukrainian magazine Vikna, being a member of its editorial board, until it was closed by the censorship.[8]

Living in the Polish-controlled city of Lviv, Halan frequently had to earn money from translating some novels from German into Polish.[4] In 1932 Halan moved to Nyzhniy Bereviz, the native village of his wife located in the Carpathian mountains, close to Kolomyia, and kept working on his own plays, stories and articles there. Without opportunities to find any job, he lived in the countryside until June 1935, when he was summoned by the CPWU to return to Lviv.[6]

Halan was denied a Soviet citizenship in 1935.[9]

In 1935, Yaroslav Halan traveled a lot around Prykarpattia, giving speeches to peasants. He became an experienced propagandist and agitator. Addressing the city workers, Halan explained to them the main points of the Marxist theory. In particular, he had lectures on Friedrich Engels's work Socialism: Utopian and Scientific and Karl Marx's Wage Labour and Capital. Together with the young communist writer Olexa Havryliuk, Halan organized safe houses, wrote leaflets and proclamations, transferred illegal literature to Lviv.[4]

Throughout his political career the writer was repeatedly persecuted, twice imprisoned (for the first time in 1934). Yaroslav Halan was one of the organizers of the Lviv Anti-Fascist Congress of Cultural Workers in May 1936.[10] Besides he took part in the biggest political manifestation on April 16, 1936, in Lviv, that was shot by the Polish police (in total, thirty workers were killed and two hundred injured).[11] Halan devoted his story Golden Arch to the memory of fallen comrades.[7]

Participation in the Anti-Fascist Congress forced him to escape from Lviv to Warsaw where helived as an unemplyed until December. Eventually, he found a job at the left-wing newspaper Dziennik Popularny edited by Wanda Wasilewska. In 1937, the newspaper was closed by the authorities, and on April 8 Halan being accused of the illegal communist activism was sent to the prison in Warsaw, later transferred to Lviv. Released in December 1937, Halan lived in Lviv under a strict supervision by the police.[4] Remained unemployed until 1939.[6]

In 1937, his elder brother, a member of the CPWU, died in Lviv. After the Communist Party of Poland and the Communist Party of Western Ukraine, as its autonomous organization, were dissolved by the Comintern on trumped-up accusations of spying for Poland in 1938, Halan's first wife Anna Henyk (also a member of the CPWU) who was studying at the Kharkiv Medical Institute, USSR, was arrested by the NKVD and executed within the Great Purge.[9][1][5][4][12]

In the Soviet Lviv

After the USSR annexed Western Ukraine and Western Belarus, in September 1939, Yaroslav Halan worked in the newspaper Vilna Ukraina,[13] directed the Lviv Dramatic Theatre, wrote more than 100 pamphlets and articles on changes taking place in the reunited lands of Western Ukraine.

«A group of writers such as Yaroslav Halan, Petro Kozlaniuk, Stepan Tudor and Olexa Havryliuk [...] treated the liberation of Western Ukraine [by the Red Army] as a logical conclusion of the policy of the Communist Party, which fought for the reunification of the Ukrainian people. In this, they actively helped the party in word and deed. In return, they have already had experience with Polish prisons and oppression from their fellow countrymen. Now [after it happened] they could breathe a sigh of relief. That is why their smiles were so sincere and celebratory.»

Petro Panch, Lviv, Kopernyka str., 42, Vitchyzna, 1960, issue No 2, 172[14]

In November 1939 Halan went to Kharkiv trying to find his disappeared wife Anna Henyk. Together with the writer Yuri Smolych he came to the dormitory of the Medical Institute and asked the porter if there is any information about her destiny. The porter only gave him back a suitcase with Anna's belongings and said that she had been arrested by the NKVD, in response to that Halan burst into tears.[15]

In June 1941, being a journalist of the newspaper Vilna Ukraina, he got his first professional vacations in Crimea. But he didn't managed to rest, because on June 22 Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union.[16]

War period

When the war on the Eastern Front began, Halan arrived in Kharkiv and went to the military commissariat having a big desire to become a volunteer of the Red Army and to go to the frontline but was denied.[15]

He was evacuated to Ufa. In September 1941, Alexander Fadeyev summoned him to Moscow for working at the Polish-language magazine Nowe Horyzonty. In the days of the Battle for Moscow, on October 17, he was evacuated to Kazan.[6]


Later the writer arrived in Saratov, where he served as a radio host at the Taras Shevchenko Radio Station. Then he was a special front-line correspondent of the newspaper Sovietskaya Ukraina, and then Radianska Ukraina.[5]

«The majority of his radio-comments have been born spontaneously. He listens to the enemy's radio shows, thinks for a while, then goes to the studio with an open microphone and without any preparations responds, expressing everything what he feels. That was a true radio-battle with all Hitler's propagandists starting from Goebbels, Ditrikh, and others. The opportunity to fight like this – immediately, without paper [and censorship] – demonstrates a high confidence given to him by the Government and the Central Committee of the CPSU(b).»

Volodymyr Beliayev, Literaturna Ukraina, 1962[4]

In 1943, in Moscow, he met his future second wife Maria Krotkova, who was an artist.[4] In October 1943, the publishing house Moscow Bolshevik released the collection of 15 Halan's war stories Front on Air. At the end of th year, Halan moved to the recently liberated Kharkov and worked there on the frontline radio station Dnipro.

During and after the war he was sharply condemning the Ukrainian nationalists – banderivtsi, melnykivtsi, bulbivtsi – as accomplices of the Nazi occupiers.

Post-war times

In 1946 Yaroslav Halan as a correspondent of the Radianska Ukraina newspaper represented the USSR at the Nuremberg trial of Nazi military criminals.[16][17]

Yaroslav Halan wrote much about Ukrainian nationalists. In his story What Has No Name he described the OUN crimes:

«Fourteen-years-old girl can’t calmly look at meat. She trembles if someone is going to cook cutlets in her presence. A few months ago, on Easter Night, armed people came to a peasant house in a village close to the town of Sarny, and stabbed its inhabitants with knives. The girl having the eyes widened of fear was looking at the agony of her parents. The girl with horror in her eyes was looking at the agony of her parents. One of the gangsters put a knife blade to the child’s neck, but at the last moment a new “idea” came to his mind: “Live in glory to Stepan Bandera! And to avoid you being starved to death we will leave you some food. Guys, slice pork for her!" The "guys" liked such a proposal. In a few minutes a mountain of meat made from the bleeding father and mother grew up in front of the horror-struck girl...»[18]

In Halan's tragedy Under the Golden Eagle (1947) the writer harshly criticizes the American occupation administration in Western Germany for its rude attempts to prevent Soviet soldiers interned in special camps to return to their homeland. In his play Love at Dawn (1949, published in 1951) he described the triumph of Socialism in the rural areas of Western Ukraine.

Often he was focused on counteracting the nationalistic propaganda. Nevertheless, Halan complained that these "Augean stables" were not his vocation but it had to be done by someone:

«I understand: the asenisation work is a necessary and useful work, but why only me? Why should I be the only cesspool cleaner? The reader of our periodicals will involuntarily have the thought that there is only "maniac" Halan, who has clung to Ukrainian fascism like a drunk clings to the raft, [while] the vast majority of the writers ignore this issue. It isn't needed to be explained what further conclusions the reader will make from this.»

From Halan's letter to his friend Yuri Smolych, on January 2, 1948.[19]

In his last satirical pamphlets Yaroslav Halan criticized the nationalistic and clerical reaction (particularly, the Greek Catholic Church and the anti-Communist doctrine of the Holy See): Their Face (1948), In the service of Satan (1948), In the Face of Facts (1949), Father of Darkness and His Henchmen (1949), The Vatican Idols Thirst for Blood, Twilight of the Alien Gods, What Should Not Be Forgotten, The Vatican Without Mask etc.[20]

When the Vatican had discovered that Halan is going to publish his new anti-clerical pamphlet Father of Darkness and His Henchmen, in July 1949 the Pope Pius XII excommunicated him.[21][10] In response to this, Halan wrote a pamphlet I Spit on the Pope, that caused a significant resonance within the Church and among believers. In the pamphlet he ironized on the Decree against Communism released by the Vatican on July 1, in which the Holy See had threatened to excommunicate all members of the Communist parties and active supporters of the Communists:

«My only consolation is that I am not alone: together with me, the Pope excommunicated at least three hundred million people, and with them I once again in full voice declare: I spit on the Pope!»[22]

Assassination

Halan's body after the murder on October 24, 1949.

Yaroslav Halan was killed in an assassination on October 24, 1949, in his home office, which was situated at Hvadiyska street in Lviv. He received 11 hits to the head with an axe.[16] His blood spilled on the manuscript of his new article Greatness of the Liberated Human dedicated the tenth anniversary of the reunification of Western Ukraine with the Ukrainian SSR.

The killers – two students of the Lviv Forestry Technical Institute Ilariy Lukashevych and Mykhailo Stakhur – committed the assassination after they got the appropriate order by the OUN leadership.[23] On the eve of the murder Lukashevych gained the writer's confidence, so the students were let into the house. They came to the apartment under the pretext of being discriminated against at the university and seeking his help.[1] When Lukashevych gave a signal, Stakhur attacked the writer with the axe.[24] After Stakhur got convinced that Halan is dead, they tied up the housekeeper and escaped.

The Ministry of the State Security (MGB) accused the Ukrainian nationalists of his murder, while the OUN claimed that it was a Soviet provocation in order to start a new wave of repressions against locals.

Nikita Khrushchev, the leader of the Ukrainian SSR at that time, took personal control of the investigation.[25] In 1951, the MGB agent Bohdan Stashynskyi being infiltrated into the OUN underground network managed to find Stakhur, who himself bragged about the assassination of Halan.[26] He was arrested on July 10, and afterwards fully admitted his responsibility for the crime during the trial. According to Stakhur, he did that because of the writer's critical statements on the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, Ukrainian Insurgent Army and the Vatican.[24]

On October 16, 1951, the military tribunal of the Carpathian Military District sentenced Mikhail Stakhur to death by hanging: the court hall applauded the announcement of the verdict. The verdict was enforced on the same day.

Some contemporary Ukrainian historians and journalists put forward the hypothesis that Halan was killed by the Soviets.[2] However, nowadays the fact of the OUN guilt proved with the numerous pieces of evidence is widely recognized by the vast majority of historians.[5][27][19]

The assassination of Halan caused tightening of measures against the nationalist Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), which continued terrorist activities against the Soviet power in Western Ukraine. All the leadership of the MGB arrived in Lviv, Pavel Sudoplatov himself worked there for several months. One of the consequences of the murder of Halan was the elimination of the UPA leader Roman Shukhevych four months later.[28]

Evaluations by contemporaries

The writer at his home office where he usually worked. 1947.

«Yaroslav Halan is a talented publicist, was a progressive writer in the past. Nowadays he still is the most advanced one among [local] non-party writers. But he's infected with the Western European bourgeois "spirit". Has little respect for Soviet people. Considers them not civilized enough. But just inwardly. In general terms, he understands the policy of the party, but in his opinion, the party makes great mistakes with regards to peasants in Western Ukraine. Halan places responsibility for these mistakes on the regional committee of the CPSU(b), local institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the local Soviet authorities. Believes in Moscow. Doesn't want to join the party (he was advised to) due to being an individualist, and also in order to keep his hands, mind, and words free. He thinks if he joins the party, he will lose this [freedom].»

Extract from the report of the literary critic G. Parkhomenko to the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolshevik) of Ukraine December 15, 1947.[29]

In 1962, in Toronto, Olexandr Matla, aka Petro Tereschuk, a pro-nationalist historian from the Ukrainian diaspora in Canada, published the brochure History of a Traitor (Yaroslav Halan), in which he accused Halan of being an informer of both Polish and Soviet intelligence services, and of helping them to oppress nationalists and even some pro-Soviet writers from Western Ukraine such as Anton Krushelnytsky, who moved from Lviv to Kharkiv in the 1930s and was killed during the Great Terror.

«[Halan] has used his undeniable publicistic talent to serve the enemy, thereby placing himself outside the Ukrainian people. He has directed his energy and creative mind against his own people and their interests. An outrageous egoist, egocentrist, money lover, slanderer, cynic, provocator, agent of two intelligence services, misanthrope, falsificator, speculator, and an informer are all the characteristics of Yaroslav Halan.»

Petro Tereschuk, History of a Traitor (Yaroslav Halan), Canadian League for Ukraine's Liberation, Toronto, 1962.[2]


«Yaroslav is an erudite, artist, polemicist, politician and undoubtedly an international-level journalist. I was amazed at his knowledge of the languages: German, French, Italian, Polish, Jewish, Russian. Picking up any newspaper or document he leafs through, reads it and writes something down. I was also surprised by his efficiency in work, interest in everything, an exceptional ability to "seek" and "raise" topics, problems, his persistent work on processing the material.»

Yuri Yanovsky, a Ukrainian Soviet writer, who worked with Halan at the Nuremberg Trial in 1946.[30]


«In 1949 I witnessed an unusual event. On October 2 Yaroslav Halan spoke in Lviv University. It turned out to be his last speech. We condemned him but his presentation surprised me. He spoke as an intelligent person defending Ukrainian culture. It had nothing to do with the series of his pamphlets “I spit on Pope!” Halan turned out to be a totally different man. Several days later he was killed.»

Mykhailo Horyn, a Ukrainian anti-Communist dissident.[31]

Homage

  • In 1954, the movie It Mustn't Be Forgotten, based on Yaroslav Halan's life events, with Sergei Bondarchuk in the main role was filmed. In 1973, another movie based on the biography of Halan Until the Last Minute with Vladislav Dvorzhetsky in the main role was released.
  • In 1962, 1970 and 1976, the USSR Post issued postal envelopes with a portrait of Yaroslav Halan.
  • A huge monument to Yaroslav Halan was installed in Lviv in 1972. Besides, the square where the monument was situated was named after Halan. In 1992, on the eve of the Vatican officials’ visit, the local authorities demolished the monument, and its metal was used for constructing a monument to the Prosvita, a nationalist organization which Halan fought with. There was another monument to the writer in the city Park of Culture installed in 1957 and demolished in the 1960s. A monument to Halam also existed in Drohobych, Lviv Region. Demolished in the 1990s.
  • In 1960, Halan's personal apartment at Hvardiyska street, 18, where he lived in 1944-1949, was turned into his personal museum. The museum stored writer's personal belongings, documents, and materials about his literary and social activity, publications of his works. In the 1990s, it was under threat of closure, but eventually, it was transformed into the museum Literary Lviv of the First Half of the XX Century.
  • From 1964 to 1991, the Yaroslav Halan Prize was awarded by the Writers' Union of Ukraine for the best propagandistic journalism.
  • In 1979, the Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR established the Yaroslav Halan Scholarship for talented students of the Taras Shevchenko Kyiv State University and Ivan Franko Lviv State University.
  • In the 1970s, in Lviv Region, there was a network of 450 atheist clubs named after Yaroslav Halan.
  • Halan's works in three volumes were published in Kyiv in 1977–1978.
  • From 1967 to 1987, the Lviv-based publisher Kameniar issued the anti-fascist and anti-clerical almanac Post Named After Yaroslav Halan. In total, 22 issues were published.
  • The streets named after Yaroslav Halan existed in Kyiv, Kharkiv, Kryvyi Rih, Odesa, Chernihiv, Dnipro, Lviv, Khmelnytskyi, Poltava, Cherkasy, Chernivtsi, Kalush, Nikopol, Uzhgorod, Mukachevo, Berzhany, Korosten, and Novograd Volynskyi but they were renamed within the campaign against the Soviet memorial legacy. In Soviet times, in Saratov, the name of Yaroslav Halan was given to the street where he worked at the Taras Shevchenko Radio Station. After the USSR collapsed, the street recovered it historical name Proviantskaya.
  • In Donetsk, Luhansk, Enakievo, Torez, Shostka, and Rostov-on-Don, there are still the streets bearing the name of Halan.
  • The Lviv Regional Theatre of Drama (Drohobych) and Kolomyia Regional Theatre of Drama (Kolomyia) received the name of Yaroslav Halan. Renamed in the 1990s.
  • The Ternopil Pedagogical Institute and Lutsk Pedagogical College received the name of Yaroslav Halan. Renamed in the 1990s.
  • The Lviv Regional Library for Adults, established by the Soviet authorities in the Besyadetski Palace building, and Kyiv Regional Library for Youth received the name of Yaroslav Halan. Renamed in the 1990s. One of the district libraries in Kharkiv still bears the writer's name.
  • In 1954, the Yaroslav Halan Cinema was built in Lychakiv district, Lviv. Renamed in the 1990s, nowadays abandoned.
  • Halan's name was given to kolkhozes in the following villages: Vuzlove (Radekhiv Raion, Lviv Region), Dytiatychi (Mostyska Raion, Lviv Region), Mistky (Pustomyty Raion, Lviv Region), Turynka (Zhovkva Raion, Lviv Rehion) Volodymyrivka (Domanivka Raion, Mykolaiv Region), Seredniy Bereziv (Kosiv Raion, Ivano-Frankivsk Region), Hnylytsi (Pidvolochysk Raion, Ternopil Region).
  • The name of Yaroslav Halan was given to a passenger steamer of the Belsky river shipping company, which operated on the Moscow-Ufa line. Currently out of use.
  • In 2012, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted the resolution About the celebration of the 110th anniversary of the birth of the famous Ukrainian anti-fascist writer Yaroslav Oleksandrovych Halan.

Awards

Works

Plays

  • Don Quixote from Ettenheim (1927)
  • 99% (1930)
  • Cargo (1930)
  • Veronika (1930)
  • Cell (1932)
  • Make Noise, Maritsa! (1942)
  • Under the Golden Eagle (1947)
  • Love at Dawn (1949, published in 1951)

Stories and articles (selected)

  • Savko Is Flooded With Blood (1925)
  • Dead Are Fighting (1925)
  • Unforgettable Days (1930)
  • Three Deaths (1932)
  • Unknown Petro (1932)
  • Punishment (1932)
  • On the Bridge (1940)
  • Mountains Smoke (1938, in Polish)
  • Yoasia (1940)
  • Forget-Me-Not (1940)
  • Grandfather Martyn (1940)
  • Jenny (1941)
  • Greatness of the Liberated Human (1949, in Russian)

Pamphlets (selected)

  • With Cross or With Knife (1945)
  • Their Face (1948)
  • In the service of Satan (1948)
  • In the Face of Facts (1949)
  • Father of Darkness And His Henchmen (1949)
  • The Vatican Idols Thirst for Blood (1949, in Polish)
  • Twilight of the Alien Gods (1949)
  • What Should Not Be Forgotten, (1949)
  • The Vatican Without Mask (1949)
  • I Spit on the Pope (1949)

Single books

  • Front on Air (1943, radio speeches)

Adapted Screenplays

  • Under the Golden Eagle (1958)

Collected works

English

  • We must not forget. Moscow: Novosti Press Agency Publishing House, 1975
  • Reports from Nuremberg. Kyiv: Dnipro Publishers, 1976
  • People Without a Homeland: Pamphlets. Kyiv: Dnipro Publishers, 1974
  • Lest People Forget: Pamphlets, Articles and Reports. Kyiv: Dnipro Publishers, 1986

Spanish

  • Reportajes de Nuremberg. Kyiv: Dnipro Publishers. 1976

Russian

  • Favorites. Translation from Ukrainian. Moscow: publishing house Sovetskiy Pisatel, 1951.
  • Favorites. Translation from Ukrainian. Moscow: publishing house Sovetskiy Pisatel, 1952.
  • The Vatican Without a Mask. Translation from Ukrainian. Moscow, publishing house Literaturnaya Gazeta, 1952.
  • Plays. Moscow: Iskusstvo. 1956.
  • With Cross or With Knife: Pamphlets. Moscow: 1962
  • Light from the East. Translation from Ukrainian. Moscow, publishing house Molodaya Guàrdia, 1954.
  • Favorites. Translation from Ukrainian. Moscow, Goslitizdat, 1958.

Ukrainian

  • Favorites. Kyiv: publishing house Radianskyi Pysmennyk, 1951.
  • Works. In 2 volumes. Kyiv: Derzhlitvidav, 1953.
  • Works. In 3 volumes. Kyiv: Derzhlitvidav, 1960.
  • Unfinished Song. Kyiv: Dnipro Publishers. 1972.
  • Favorites. Lviv: Shkilna Biblioteka. 1976
  • Works: Pamphlets and Fayletons. Kyiv:Naukova Dumka. 1980.
  • Works. Kyiv: Naukova Dumka. 1980.
  • Dramas. Lviv: Kameniar. 1981
  • Favorites. Lviv: Kameniar. 1987.

Azerbaijani

  • Ukrainian Stories. Azərnəşr. 1954

(English translation) Halan, Yaroslav. Reports from Nuremberg. Kyiv: Dnipro Publishers, 1976

(English translation) Halan. Yaroslav. I Spit on the Pope!

Bibliography

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  • Галан Ярослав: Енциклопедія історії України: Т. 2. Редкол.: В. А. Смолій (голова) та ін. НАН України. Інститут історії України. – Київ 2004, "Наукова думка". ISBN 966-00-0632-2.
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  • Рубльов О. С., Черченко Ю. А. Сталінщина й доля західноукраїнської інтелігенції (20—50-ті роки XX ст.) – К., 1994.
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  • Цегельник Я. Славен у віках. Образ Львова у спадщині Я. Галана // Жовтень. – 1982. – № 3 (449). – С. 72—74. – ISSN 0131—0100.
  • "Боротьба трудящихся Львівщини проти Нiмецько-фашистьских загарбників". Львів, вид-во "Вільна Україна", 1949.
  • Буряк Борис, Ярослав Галан. В кн.: Галан Я., Избранное. М., Гослитиздат, 1958, стр. 593–597.
  • Даниленко С., Дорогою ганьби і зради. К., вид-во "Наукова думка", 1970.
  • Довгалюк Петро, В кн.: Галан Я., Твори в трьох томах, К., Держлітвидав, 1960, стр. 5–44.
  • Добрич Володимир, У тіні святого Юра. Львiв, вид-во "Каменяр", 1968.
  • Евдокименко В. Ю., Критика ідейних основ украінського буржуазного націоналізму. К., вид-во "Наукова думка", 1967.
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References

  1. 1 2 3 Siundiukov, Ihor (November 6, 2001). "Yaroslav Halan's symbol of faith". Day. Archived from the original on October 14, 2018.
  2. 1 2 3 Tereshchuk, Petro (1962). Story of a Traitor (Yaroslav Halan) (PDF). Toronto: Canadian League for Ukraine's Liberation. Archived from the original on May 26, 2015.
  3. ↑ "Колесо історії: Луцька українська гімназія (фото)" [Wheel of History: Lutsk Ukrainian Gymnasium (photo)]. Хроніки Любарта (in Ukrainian). September 17, 2016. Archived from the original on March 20, 2018. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Beliaev, Vladimir; Yolkin, Anatoliy (1962). Жизнь замечательных людей. Ярослав Галан [Life of Outstanding People. Yaroslav Halan] (in Russian). Moscow: Molodaya Gvardiya.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Marples, David R. (January 23, 2013). Heroes and Villains : Creating National History in Contemporary Ukraine. Hors collection. Budapest: Central European University Press. pp. 125–165. ISBN 9786155211355. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "Автобиография Ярослава Галана" [Yaroslav Halan's Autobiography]. Radianske Literaturoznavstvo (in Russian). Taras Shevchenko Institute of Literature of the NAS of the Ukrainian SSR. 1. 1960. ISSN 2413-6352. Archived from the original on October 14, 2018.
  7. 1 2 Manchuk, Andriy (2002). "Ярослав Галан: "Померлi борються..."" [Yaroslav Halan: Dead are Figfhting...]. GHETTO (in Russian). Archived from the original on March 19, 2018. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  8. ↑ "Halan, Yaroslav". encyclopediaofukraine.com. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  9. 1 2 "Ярославу Галану удалось выйти из польских застенков" [Yaroslav Halan managed to get out of the Polish dungeons]. СЕГОДНЯ (in Russian) (238 (739)). December 15, 2000. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018.
  10. 1 2 Hrabovskyi, Serhiy (July 25, 2007). "Ярослав Галан: трагедія "зачарованого на Схід"" [Yaroslav Halan: The Tragedy of the "Enchanted to the East"] (in Ukrainian). Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  11. ↑ Leszczyński, Adam (May 5, 2014). "Masakra we Lwowie". Gazeta Wyborcza (in Polish). Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  12. ↑ Tarnavskyi, Ostap (1995). Literary Lviv, 1939–1944: Memories. Lviv. pp. 30–32. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018.
  13. ↑ "Vilna Ukrayina Newspaper". lvivcenter.org. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  14. ↑ Panch, Petro (1960). Lviv, Kopernyka str., 42. Vitchyzna.
  15. 1 2 Smolych, Yuri (1968). Story About Inquietude (in Russian). Kyiv: Radianskyi Pysmennyk.
  16. 1 2 3 "Turning the pages back... October 25, 1949". The Ukrainian Weekly (42, Vol. LXIX). October 21, 2001. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018.
  17. ↑ Amar, Tarik Cyril (December 15, 2015). The Paradox of Ukrainian Lviv: A Borderland City between Stalinists, Nazis, and Nationalists. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9781501700835.
  18. ↑ Halan, Yaroslav (August 15, 1962). С крестом или с ножом [With Cross and Knife] (in Russian). Moscow: State Publisher of Artist Literature. p. 70.
  19. 1 2 Kysla, Yulia (January 6, 2015). ""Пост ім. Ярослава Галана". Осінній атентат у Львові". Ukraina Moderna (in Ukrainian).
  20. ↑ Magocsi, Paul R. (1989). Morality and reality: the life and times of Andrei Sheptytsḱyi (PDF). Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 14, 2018.
  21. ↑ Plokhy, Serhii (December 8, 2016). The Man with the Poison Gun: A Cold War Story. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781786070449.
  22. ↑ Halan, Yaroslav (August 15, 1962). "Плюю на папу!" [I Spit of the Pope!]. С крестом или с ножом [With Cross or With Knife] (in Russian). Moscow: State Publisher of Artist Literature. p. 112.
  23. ↑ Plokhy, Serhii (2017-03-02). "The Man With The Poison Gun". Intelligence Analysis and Reporting. Archived from the original on October 14, 2018. Retrieved 2018-10-14.
  24. 1 2 Rossolinski, Grzegorz (2014). Stepan Bandera: The Life and Afterlife of a Ukrainian Nationalist : Fascism, Genocide, and Cult. Columbia University Press. p. 393. ISBN 9783838206844.
  25. ↑ Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich (2004). Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev. Penn State Press. p. 262. ISBN 0271028610.
  26. ↑ Jacobson, Gavin. ""By now, there was no way back for me": the strange story of Bogdan Stashinsky". New Statesman. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
  27. ↑ Vedeneev, Dmitri; Shevchenko, Sergei (February 14, 2002). "Признался!.. Забирайте!" ["He confessed!.. Take him away"]. 2000 (in Russian). Archived from the original on June 12, 2018.
  28. ↑ Sever, Alexandr (February 8, 2018). Павел Судоплатов. Волкодав Сталина [Pavel Sudoplatov. Stalin's Wolfhound] (in Russian). Litres. ISBN 9785457691995.
  29. ↑ Filipchuk, Natalia (October 24, 2009). "Ярослав Галан. Откроют ли архивы КГБ тайну его убийства?" [Yaroslav Hala. Could KGB Archives Reveal the Mystery of his Murder?]. Holos Ukrainy. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
  30. ↑ Halan, Yaroslav (August 15, 1962). С крестом или с ножом [With Cross or With Knife] (in Russian). Moscow: State Publisher of Artist Literature. p. 8.
  31. ↑ Kipiani, Vakhtang (December 19, 1999). "And here is what I'll tell you… M.Horyn's interview". museum.khpg.org. Archived from the original on October 14, 2018. Retrieved 2018-10-14.
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