Xyelidae

Xyelidae Temporal range: Triassic–Holocene, 227–0 Ma[1] PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Xyela, the type genus of Xyelidae, from British Entomology
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Euarthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Superfamily:	Xyeloidea Newman, 1834
Family:	Xyelidae Newman, 1834
Genera
See text

The Xyelidae are a small family of sawflies known from fewer than 50 extant species in five genera, but with an extensive fossil record; they are the oldest fossil Hymenoptera, dating back to the Triassic, between 245 and 208 million years ago. Most species occur in the Northern Hemisphere, especially in boreal regions, though there are a few neotropical species. Most are associated with conifers (esp. Pinus and Abies), where the larvae feed on pollen or within buds, though larvae of a few species feed on the leaves of deciduous trees.

The family is characterized by the appendages of the head, which are remarkable in that the antennae and palpi are nearly leg-like in structure, with a long basal segment followed by a series of tiny segments, as in the tibia-tarsus.

Some classifications have included subfamilies, such as Alexandr Rasnitsyn's Macroxyelinae.

Extant genera

• Macroxyela Kirby, 1882
• Megaxyela Ashmead, 1898
• Pleroneura Konow, 1897
• Xyela Dalman, 1819
• Xyelecia Ross, 1932

Extinct genera

† Archexyelinae Rasnitsyn, 1964

• † Archexyela Riek, 1955
• † Asioxyela Rasnitsyn, 1964
• † Dinoxyela Rasnitsyn, 1969
• † Euryxyela Rasnitsyn, 1964
• † Ferganoxyela Rasnitsyn, 1969
• † Leioxyela Rasnitsyn, 1969
• † Lithoxyela Rasnitsyn, 1969
• † Madygenius Rasnitsyn, 1969
• † Oryctoxyela Rasnitsyn, 1969
• † Triassoxyela Rasnitsyn, 1964
• † Xiphoxyela Rasnitsyn, 1969
• † Xyelinus Rasnitsyn, 1964

† Macroxyelinae Ashmead, 1898

• † Angaridyelini Rasnitsyn, 1966
  • † Angaridyela Rasnitsyn, 1966
  • † Baissoxyela Rasnitsyn, 1969
  • † Ceratoxyela Zhang and Zhang, 2000
  • † Lethoxyela Zhang and Zhang, 2000
  • † Liaoxyela Zhang and Zhang, 2000
  • † Nigrimonticola Rasnitsyn, 1966
  • † Ophthalmoxyela Rasnitsyn, 1966
• † Ceroxyelini Rasnitsyn, 1966
  • † Ceroxyela Rasnitsyn, 1966
  • † Isoxyela Zhang and Zhang, 2000
  • † Sinoxyela Zhang and Zhang, 2000
• † Gigantoxyelini Rasnitsyn, 1969
  • † Abrotoxyela Gao et al., 2009
  • † Chaetoxyela Rasnitsyn, 1966
  • † Chionoxyela Rasnitsyn, 1993
  • † Gigantoxyela Rasnitsyn, 1966
  • † Heteroxyela Zhang and Zhang, 2000
  • † Shartexyela Rasnitsyn, 2008
• † Macroxyelini Ashmead, 1898
  • † Megaxyela Ashmead, 1898
• † Xyeleciini Benson, 1954
  • † Bolboxyela Rasnitsyn, 1990
  • † Microxyelecia Rasnitsyn, 1969
  • † Uroxyela Rasnitsyn, 1966
  • † Xyelecia Ross, 1932
  • † Xyelites Rasnitsyn, 1966
• incertae sedis
  • † Anthoxyela Rasnitsyn, 1977
  • † Brachyoxyela Gao et al., 2011
  • † Platyxyela Wang et al., 2012

† Madygellinae Rasnitsyn, 1969

• † Chubakka Kopylov, 2014
• † Madygella Rasnitsyn, 1969
• † Samarkandykia Kopylov, 2014

† Xyelinae

• † Liadoxyelini Rasnitsyn, 1966
  • † Anomoxyela Rasnitsyn, 1966
  • † Kirghizoxyela Rasnitsyn, 1966
  • † Liadoxyela Martynov, 1937
  • † Lydoxyela Rasnitsyn, 1966
  • † Orthoxyela Rasnitsyn, 1983
  • † Potrerilloxyela Lara et al., 2014
• † Xyelini Newman, 1934
  • † Aequixyela Wang et al., 2014
  • † Cathayxyela Wang et al., 2014
  • † Enneoxyela Rasnitsyn, 1966
  • † Eoxyela Rasnitsyn, 1965
  • † Spathoxyela Rasnitsyn, 1969
  • † Xyela Dalman, 1819
  • † Xyelisca Rasnitsyn, 1969
  • † Yanoxyela Ren, 1995
• incertae sedis
  • † Pleuroneura Konow, 1897

incertae sedis

• † Anthoxyela Rasnitsyn, 1977
• † Brachyoxyela Gao et al., 2011
• † Platyxyela Wang et al., 2012

References

• Beutel, Rolf Georg (2007). "Head anatomy of Xyelidae (Hexapoda: Hymenoptera) and phylogenetic implications". Organisms Diversity & Evolution. 7 (3): 207–230. doi:10.1016/j.ode.2006.06.003.