World record progression 100 metres freestyle

The first world record in the men's 100 metres freestyle in long course (50 metres) swimming was recognised by the International Swimming Federation (FINA) in 1905.[1] In the short course (25 metres) swimming events the world's governing body recognizes world records since 3 March 1991.

Times have consistently dropped over the years due to better training techniques and new developments in the sport.

In the first four Olympics competitions were not held in pools, but rather in open water (1896– The Mediterranean Sea, 1900– The Seine River, 1904– an artificial lake, 1906– The Mediterranean Sea). The 1904 Olympics freestyle race was the only one ever measured at 100 yards, instead of the usual 100 metres. A 100-metre pool was built for the 1908 Olympics and sat in the centre of the main stadium's track and field oval. The 1912 Olympics, held in the Stockholm harbour, marked the beginning of electronic timing.

Male swimmers wore full body suits up until the 1940s, which caused more drag in the water than their modern swim-wear counterparts. Also, over the years, pool designs have lessened the drag. Some design considerations allow for the reduction of swimming resistance making the pool faster. Namely, proper pool depth, elimination of currents, increased lane width, energy absorbing racing lane lines and gutters, and the use of other innovative hydraulic, acoustic and illumination designs.

In 2008, leading up to the Olympics, Speedo introduced a 50% Polyurethane suit dubbed LZR. Pure polyurethane suits from Arena (X-Glide), Adidas (Hydrofoil) and Italian suit manufacturer, Jaked were thought to be largely responsible for the multiple World Records in 2009 including at the 2009 World Aquatics Championships (dubbed the "Plastic Games"). FINA announced a ban on non-textile suits that took effect on January 2010.[2]

The 1924 Summer Olympics were the first to use the standard 50 metre pool with marked lanes. In the freestyle, swimmers originally dived from the pool walls, but diving blocks were eventually incorporated at the 1936 Summer Olympics. The tumble turn ("flip-turn") was developed by the 1950s.

Graphic data for World Record Progression in Men and Women Swimming 50m-100m-200m Long and Short Course Butterfly-Backstroke-Breaststroke-Freestyle

Men

Long course

# Time NameNationalityDateMeetLocation Ref
1 1:05.8 Zoltán Halmay Hungary 3 Dec 1905– Vienna, Austria [3]
2 1:05.6 Charles Daniels United States 20 Jul 1908Olympic Games London, United Kingdom [4]
3 1:02.8 (tt)Charles Daniels United States 15 Apr 1910Special record attempt by the New York AC New York City, United States [5]
4 1:02.4 Kurt Bretting Germany 6 Apr 1912– Brussels, Belgium [6]
5 1:01.6 Duke Kahanamoku United States 20 Jul 1912German Championships Hamburg, Germany
6 1:01.4 Duke Kahanamoku United States 9 Aug 1918International exhibition New York City, United States [7]
7 1:00.4 Duke Kahanamoku United States 24 Aug 1920Olympic Games Antwerp, Belgium
8 58.6 Johnny Weissmuller United States 19 Jul 1922– Alameda, California, United States
9 57.4 Johnny Weissmuller United States 17 Feb 1924– Miami, United States
10 56.8 Peter Fick United States 2 Mar 1934Yale University Swimming Carnival New Haven, United States [8]
11 56.6 (tt)Peter Fick United States 5 Mar 1935Yale University Swimming Carnival New Haven, United States [9]
12 56.4 Peter Fick United States 11 Feb 1936Yale Benefit Event for the United States Olympic team New Haven, United States [10]
13 55.9 (tt)Alan Ford United States 13 Apr 1944Special record attempt New Haven, United States [11]
14 55.8 Alex Jany France 15 Sep 1947– Menton, France
15 55.4 (tt)Alan Ford United States 29 Jun 1948New Haven Swim Club team time trial New Haven, United States [12]
16 54.8 (tt)Dick Cleveland United States 1 Apr 1954AAU Championships New Haven, United States [13]
17 55.4 Jon Henricks Australia 30 Nov 1956Olympic Games Melbourne, Australia [14]
18 55.2 John Devitt Australia 19 Jan 1957New South Wales State Championships Sydney, Australia [15]
19 54.6 John Devitt Australia 28 Jan 1957Queensland State Championships Brisbane, Australia [16]
20 54.4 Steve Clark United States 18 Aug 1961Men's NAAA Championships Los Angeles, United States [17]
21 53.6 (tt)Manuel dos Santos Brazil 20 Sep 1961Special record attempt by the CR Guanabara Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
22 52.9 Alain Gottvallès France 13 Sep 1964– Budapest, Hungary
22= 52.9 (r)Steve Clark United States 14 Oct 1964Olympic Games Tokyo, Japan [18]
23 52.6 (r)Ken Walsh United States 27 Jul 1967Pan American Games Winnipeg, Canada [19]
23= 52.6 Zac Zorn United States 2 Sep 1968USA Olympic Trials (elec. 52.58) Los Angeles, United States [20]
24 52.2 Michael Wenden Australia 19 Oct 1968Olympic Games Mexico City, Mexico [21]
25 51.94 (h)Mark Spitz United States 23 Aug 1970AAU Championships Los Angeles, United States [22]
26 51.47 (h)Mark Spitz United States 5 Aug 1972USA Olympic Trials Chicago, United States [23]
27 51.22 Mark Spitz United States 3 Sep 1972Olympic Games Munich, West Germany [24]
28 51.12 (h)Jim Montgomery United States 21 Jun 1975AAU World Championship Trials Long Beach, United States [25]
29 51.11 Andy Coan United States 3 Aug 1975An Amateur Athletic Union Region Four meet Fort Lauderdale, United States [26]
30 50.59 (sf)Jim Montgomery United States 23 Aug 1975AAU Championships Kansas City, United States [27]
31 50.39 (sf)Jim Montgomery United States 24 Jul 1976Olympic Games Montreal, Canada [28]
32 49.99 Jim Montgomery United States 25 Jul 1976Olympic Games Montreal, Canada [29]
33 49.44 Jonty Skinner South Africa 14 Aug 1976AAU Championships Philadelphia, United States [30]
34 49.36 (tt)Rowdy Gaines United States 3 Apr 1981Longhorn Invitational Austin, United States
35 49.24 (h)Matt Biondi United States 6 Aug 1985USA Summer Nationals Mission Viejo, United States [31]
36 48.95 Matt Biondi United States 6 Aug 1985USA Summer Nationals Mission Viejo, United States [32]
37 48.74 Matt Biondi United States 24 Jun 1986USA World Championships Trials Orlando, United States [33]
38 48.42 Matt Biondi United States 10 Aug 1988USA Olympic Trials Austin, United States
39 48.21 Alexander Popov Russia 18 Jun 1994International Swimming Meeting of Monte Carlo Monte-Carlo, Monaco
40 48.18 (r)Michael Klim Australia 16 Sep 2000Olympic Games Sydney, Australia [34]
41 47.84 (sf)Pieter van den Hoogenband Netherlands 19 Sep 2000Olympic Games Sydney, Australia [35]
42 47.60 (sf)Alain Bernard France 21 Mar 2008European Championships Eindhoven, Netherlands [36]
43 47.50 Alain Bernard France 22 Mar 2008European Championships Eindhoven, Netherlands [37]
44 47.24 (r)Eamon Sullivan Australia 11 Aug 2008Olympic Games Beijing, China [38]
45 47.20 (sf)Alain Bernard France 13 Aug 2008Olympic Games Beijing, China [39]
46 47.05 (sf)Eamon Sullivan Australia 13 Aug 2008Olympic Games Beijing, China
47 46.94 Alain Bernard France 23 Apr 2009French National Championships Montpellier, France [40][41]
48 46.91 César Cielo Brazil 30 Jul 2009World Championships Rome, Italy [42]

Short course

# Time NameNationalityDateMeetLocation Ref
WBT 48.20 Michael Gross West Germany 11 Feb 1988? Offenbach, Germany [43]
[44]
1 47.94 Gustavo Borges Brazil 2 Jul 1993Brazil Nationals Santos, São Paulo, Brazil [45]
2 47.83 Alexander Popov Russia 1 Jan 1994World Cup Hong Kong
3 47.82 Alexander Popov Russia 5 Jan 1994World Cup Beijing, China
4 47.12 Alexander Popov Russia 12 Mar 1994World Cup Desenzano del Garda, Italy
5 46.74 Alexander Popov Russia 19 Mar 1994World Cup Gelsenkirchen, Germany
6 46.25 Ian Crocker United States 27 Mar 2004NCAA Men's Division 1 Championships East Meadow, United States [46]
6= 46.25 Roland Schoeman South Africa 22 Jan 2005World Cup Berlin, Germany [47]
7 45.83 Stefan Nystrand Sweden 17 Nov 2007World Cup Berlin, Germany [48]
8 45.69 Alain Bernard France 7 Dec 2008French SC Championships Angers, France
9 45.12 (sf)Amaury Leveaux France 12 Dec 2008European SC Championships Rijeka, Croatia [49]
10 44.94 Amaury Leveaux France 13 Dec 2008European SC Championships Rijeka, Croatia

Women

Long course

# Time NameNationalityDateMeetLocation Ref
1 1:35.0 Martha Gerstung Germany 18 Oct 1908– Magdeburg, Germany
2 1:26.6 Claire Guttenstein Belgium 2 Oct 1910– Schaerbeek, Belgium
3 1:24.6 Daisy Curwen Great Britain 29 Sep 1911– Liverpool, United Kingdom
4 1:20.6 Daisy Curwen Great Britain 10 Jun 1912– Birkenhead, United Kingdom
5 1:19.8 Fanny Durack Australia 9 Jul 1912Olympic Games Stockholm, Sweden [50]
6 1:18.8 Fanny Durack Australia 21 Jul 1912German Championships Hamburg, Germany
7 1:16.2 Fanny Durack Australia 6 Feb 1915NSW Ladies' Amateur Championships Sydney, Australia [51]
8 1:14.4 sfEthelda Bleibtrey United States 23 Aug 1920Olympic Games Antwerp, Belgium [52]
9 1:13.6 Ethelda Bleibtrey United States 25 Aug 1920Olympic Games Antwerp, Belgium [53]
10 1:12.8 Gertrude Ederle United States 30 Jun 1923– Newark, New Jersey, United States [54]
11 1:12.2 hMariechen Wehselau United States 19 Jul 1924Olympic Games Paris, France
12 1:10.0 Ethel Lackie United States 28 Jan 1926– Toledo, OH, United States [55]
13 1:09.8 Eleanor Garatti United States 7 Aug 1929National AAU women's swimming meet Honolulu, Hawaii [56]
14 1:09.4 Albina Osipowich United States 25 Aug 1929– San Francisco, United States
15 1:08.0 Helene Madison United States 14 Mar 1930National AAU Women's Indoor Swimming and Diving Championships Miami Beach, United States [57]
16 1:06.6 Helene Madison United States 20 Apr 1931– Boston, United States
17 1:06.0 Willy den Ouden Netherlands 9 Jul 1933– Antwerp, Belgium
18 1:05.4 Willy den Ouden Netherlands 24 Feb 1934– Amsterdam, Netherlands
19 1:04.8 Willy den Ouden Netherlands 15 Apr 1934– Rotterdam, Netherlands
20 1:04.6 Willy den Ouden Netherlands 27 Feb 1936– Amsterdam, Netherlands
21 1:04.5 Dawn Fraser Australia 21 Feb 1956Australian Championships Sydney, Australia [58]
22 1:04.2 Cocky Gastelaars Netherlands 3 Mar 1956– Amsterdam, Netherlands
23 1:04.0 Cocky Gastelaars Netherlands 14 Apr 1956– Schiedam, Netherlands
24 1:03.3 Dawn Fraser Australia 25 Aug 1956Australian Olympic Squad Swimming Carnival Townsville, Australia [59]
25 1:03.2 Lorraine Crapp Australia 20 Oct 1956Australian Olympic Squad Swimming Carnival Sydney, Australia [60]
26 1:02.4 Lorraine Crapp Australia 25 Oct 1956Australian Olympic Trials Melbourne, Australia [61]
27 1:02.0 Dawn Fraser Australia 1 Dec 1956Olympic Games Melbourne, Australia [62]
28 1:01.5 ydDawn Fraser Australia 18 Feb 1958Australian Championships Melbourne, Australia [63]
29 1:01.4 ydDawn Fraser Australia 21 Jul 1958British Empire & Commonwealth Games Cardiff, United Kingdom [64]
30 1:01.2 Dawn Fraser Australia 10 Aug 1958– Schiedam, Netherlands
31 1:00.2 ydDawn Fraser Australia 23 Feb 1960Australian Championships & Olympic Trials Sydney, Australia [65]
32 1:00.0 ydDawn Fraser Australia 23 Oct 1962Australian British Empire & Commonwealth Games Trials Melbourne, Australia [66]
33 59.9 ydDawn Fraser Australia 27 Oct 1962Australian British Empire & Commonwealth Games Trials Melbourne, Australia [67]
34 59.5 ydDawn Fraser Australia 24 Nov 1962British Empire & Commonwealth Games Perth, Australia [68]
35 58.9 Dawn Fraser Australia 29 Feb 1964Australian Championships & Olympic Trials Sydney, Australia [69]
35= 58.9 Shane Gould Australia 30 Apr 1971Coca Cola International London, United Kingdom [70]
36 58.5 Shane Gould Australia 8 Jan 1972New South Wales State Championships Sydney, Australia [71]
37 58.25 Kornelia Ender East Germany 13 Jul 1973GDR Nationals & World Championship Trials East Berlin, East Germany
38 58.12 Kornelia Ender East Germany 18 Aug 1973– Utrecht, Netherlands
39 57.61 rKornelia Ender East Germany 8 Sep 1973World Championships Belgrade, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
40 57.54 Kornelia Ender East Germany 9 Sep 1973World Championships Belgrade, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
41 57.51 Kornelia Ender East Germany 4 Jul 1974GDR Nationals & European Championship Trials Rostock, East Germany
42 56.96 Kornelia Ender East Germany 19 Aug 1974European Championships Vienna, Austria
43 56.38 Kornelia Ender East Germany 14 Mar 1975GDRvURS Duel Dresden, East Germany
44 56.22 rKornelia Ender East Germany 26 Jul 1975World Championships Cali, Colombia
45 55.73 Kornelia Ender East Germany 1 Jun 1976GDR Olympic Trials East Berlin, East Germany
46 55.65 Kornelia Ender East Germany 19 Jul 1976Olympic Games Montréal, Canada
47 55.41 Barbara Krause East Germany 5 Jul 1978GDR Nationals & World Championship Trials East Berlin, East Germany
48 54.98 hBarbara Krause East Germany 20 Jul 1980Olympic Games Moscow, Soviet Union
49 54.79 Barbara Krause East Germany 21 Jul 1980Olympic Games Moscow, Soviet Union
50 54.73 rKristin Otto East Germany 19 Aug 1986World Championships Madrid, Spain
51 54.48 hJenny Thompson United States 1 Mar 1992USA Olympic Trials Indianapolis, United States [72]
52 54.01 Jingyi Le China 5 Sep 1994World Championships Rome, Italy [73]
53 53.80 Inge de Bruijn Netherlands 28 May 2000Super Speedo Grand Prix Sheffield, United Kingdom [74]
54 53.77 sfInge de Bruijn Netherlands 20 Sep 2000Olympic Games Sydney, Australia [75]
55 53.66 sfLibby Lenton Australia 31 Mar 2004Australian Championships & Olympic Trials Sydney, Australia [76]
56 53.52 sfJodie Henry Australia 18 Aug 2004Olympic Games Athens, Greece [77]
57 53.42 sfLibby Lenton Australia 31 Jan 2006Australian Championships & Commonwealth Games Trials Melbourne, Australia [78]
58 53.30 Britta Steffen Germany 2 Aug 2006European Championships Budapest, Hungary [79]
59 52.88 Libby Trickett Australia 27 Mar 2008Australian Championships Sydney, Australia [80]
60 52.85 Britta Steffen Germany 25 Jun 2009German Championships Berlin, Germany [81]
61 52.56 Britta Steffen Germany 27 Jun 2009German Championships Berlin, Germany [82]
62 52.22 rBritta Steffen Germany 26 Jul 2009World Championships Rome, Italy [83]
63 52.07 Britta Steffen Germany 31 Jul 2009World Championships Rome, Italy [83]
64 52.06 Cate Campbell  Australia 2 July 2016Australia Grand Prix Brisbane, Australia [84]
65 51.71 rSarah Sjöström  Sweden 23 July 2017World Championships Budapest, Hungary [85]

Legend: # – Record awaiting ratification by FINA; yd – set in a pool measured in yards;
Records not set in finals: h – heat; sf – semifinal; r – relay 1st leg; rh – relay heat 1st leg; b – B final; † – en route to final mark; tt – time trial

Short course

# Time NameNationalityDateMeetLocation Ref
1 53.46 Franziska van Almsick Germany 6 January 1993World Cup Shanghai, China [86]
2 53.33 Franziska van Almsick Germany 10 January 1993World Cup Beijing, China [87]
3 53.01 Jingyi Le China 2 December 1993World Championships Palma de Mallorca, Spain
4 52.80 Therese Alshammar Sweden 10 December 1999European Championships Lisbon, Portugal [88]
5 52.17 Therese Alshammar Sweden 17 March 2000World Championships Athens, Greece [89][90]
6 51.91 sfLibby Lenton Australia 8 August 2005Australian Championships Melbourne, Australia [91]
7 51.70 Libby Lenton Australia 9 August 2005Australian Championships Melbourne, Australia [92]
8 51.01 Libby Trickett Australia 10 August 2009Australian Championships Hobart, Australia [93]
9 50.91 †Cate Campbell Australia 28 November 2015Australian SC Championships Sydney, Australia [94]
10 50.77 Sarah Sjöström Sweden 3 August 2017World Cup Moscow, Russia [95]
11 50.58 Sarah Sjöström Sweden 11 August 2017World Cup Eindhoven, Netherlands [96]
11 50.25 Cate Campbell Australia 26 October 2017Australian Championships Adelaide, Australia [97]

Legend: # – Record awaiting ratification by FINA;
Records not set in finals: h – heat; sf – semifinal; r – relay 1st leg; rh – relay heat 1st leg; b – B final; † – en route to final mark; tt – time trial

References

  1. ↑ "Swimming World Record progression – Men 100 m freestyle" (PDF). International Olympic Committee. 8 July 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2007.
  2. ↑ "Hi-tech suits banned from January". BBC News. 2009-07-31. Archived from the original on 1 August 2012.
  3. ↑ https://swimswam.com/100-meter-freestyle-nathan-adrian-against-spitz-weissmuller-and-other-historic-greats/
  4. ↑ "The Olympic Games – The 100 metres race". The Times. London: Alfred Harmsworth. 21 July 1908. p. 13.
  5. ↑ "Three swimming records" (PDF). The New York Times. 16 April 1910. p. 13. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
  6. ↑ "The 100 metres record". The Sydney Morning Herald. John Fairfax and Sons. 24 July 1912. p. 9. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
  7. ↑ "Hawaiian swims close to record". The New York Times. 10 August 1918. p. 8.
  8. ↑ "Fick, New York Athletic Club ace, clips swim mark". The New York Times. 3 March 1934. p. 16.
  9. ↑ "18-man Yale swimming team sets record in one-mile relay at New Haven carnival". The New York Times. 6 March 1935. p. 26.
  10. ↑ "Fick breaks record in Yale swim meet". The New York Times. 12 February 1936. p. 28.
  11. ↑ "Ford clips swim record". The New York Times. Associated Press. 14 April 1944. p. 23.
  12. ↑ "Ford clips record for 100 free-style". The New York Times. Associated Press. 30 June 1948. p. 35.
  13. ↑ Werden, Lincoln A (2 April 1954). "Cleveland and Oyakawa set world swim marks at New Haven". The New York Times. p. 33.
  14. ↑ Clarkson, Alan (1 December 1956). "Devitt fails by touch in 100m duel with Henricks". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 15.
  15. ↑ Clarkson, Alan (20 January 1957). "Devitt's new sprint time surpasses Henricks". The Sun-Herald. p. 31.
  16. ↑ "John Devitt shatters three world swim records". The Courier-Mail. 29 January 1957. p. 9.
  17. ↑ "Clark, Stickles set world marks". The New York Times. Associated Press. 19 August 1961. p. 14.
  18. ↑ Wallechinsky, David (1996). "The Complete Book of the Olympics". Aurum Press Limited. p. 642.
  19. ↑ "Miss Meyer and Walsh break world swim records at Winnipeg". The New York Times. Associated Press. 28 July 1967. p. 23.
  20. ↑ Wallechinsky, David (1996). "The Complete Book of the Olympics". Aurum Press Limited. pp. 615–616.
  21. ↑ Webster, Jim (28 October 1968). "Wenden slashes world record". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 1.
  22. ↑ Litsky, Frank (24 August 1970). "Hall, Spitz and Kinsella break world marks as A. A. U. Title swimming ends". The New York Times. p. 46.
  23. ↑ "Spitz wins his fourth event in U. S. Olympic Swim Trails". The New York Times. 6 August 1972. p. 1.
  24. ↑ Amdur, Neil (4 September 1972). "Spitz captures record 6th gold medal". The New York Times. pp. 1 & 9.
  25. ↑ "Shaw shatters record for 1,500-meter swim". The New York Times. Associated Press. 22 June 1975. p. 6 of sports.
  26. ↑ "Coan betters world swim mark". The New York Times. Associated Press. 5 August 1975. p. 18.
  27. ↑ "2 world swim marks broken". The New York Times. Associated Press. 24 August 1975. p. 9 of sports.
  28. ↑ "Naber collects 4th swim gold medals". The New York Times. Associated Press. 25 July 1976. pp. 1 and 6 of sports.
  29. ↑ Amdur, Neil (26 July 1976). "Top feats by Montgomery, Strachan". The New York Times. pp. 15–16.
  30. ↑ Amdur, Neil (15 August 1976). "Skinner swims to mark". The New York Times. UPI. p. 5 of sports.
  31. ↑ "Freestyle Mark Set". The New York Times. 7 August 1985. Retrieved 2007-03-31.
  32. ↑ "Another Mark for Biondi". The New York Times. 8 August 1985. Retrieved 2007-03-31.
  33. ↑ "Best of Biondi". The Times. 26 June 1986. p. 48.
  34. ↑ Lingard, John; Eakins, Bevan (17 September 2000). "We smashed you like guitars!". The Sun-Herald. pp. 8–9.
  35. ↑ Cowley, Michael (20 September 2000). "Hoogie says he's hungry for seconds". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 6 of Olympics.
  36. ↑ "Bernard sets world 100m freestyle record". CNN. 21 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-21.
  37. ↑ "Official results list" (PDF). LC EC 2008.
  38. ↑ "Beijing olympics website".
  39. ↑ "Bernard of France wins Olympic 100 free". peoplestar.co.uk. 13 August 2008.
  40. ↑ Craig Lord (23 April 2009). "Bernard WR: First Sub-47 Man: 46.94 100 Free". Retrieved 2009-04-23.
  41. ↑ "PR 49 – FINA Approval of World Records". FINA. 22 June 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
  42. ↑ "Cielo is best: Brazilian knocks off France's Bernard, sets world record in 100 free at worlds". sportsnews. 30 July 2009.
  43. ↑ (scm-m) (in French) Sport Notes published by Le Soir (Belgium) on 1993-07-05; retrieved from archive on 2012-03-24.
  44. ↑ (scm-m) Borges on top, The World of Swimming, 1993-06-08; retrieved 2012-03-24. Note: This story makes reference to Gross's 48.20 being "the time standard set by FINA in March 1991." (This may be an indication of when FINA started tracking/maintain SCM World records.)
  45. ↑ (scm-m) 47.94 segundos en los 100 metros libres (trans: 47.94 in the 100m free), published by the French Press Agency on 1993-07-04; retrieved from the website of El Pais <http://elpais.com> on 2012-03-24. Note: This source mentions that Borges's 47.94 bettered a time of 48.20 swum by Michael Gross.
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  51. ↑ "Ladies' Amateur Championships – Miss Durack establishes new record". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. 8 February 1915. p. 13. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
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  54. ↑ "Miss Ederle stars in swim carnival". The New York Times. 1 July 1923. Retrieved 10 May 2013. (subscription required)
  55. ↑ "Swimmers shatter 3 world's records". The New York Times. AP. 14 March 1930. p. 22 of sports. Retrieved 10 May 2013. (subscription required)
  56. ↑ "Miss Garatti keeps title, sets record". The New York Times. 9 August 1929. Retrieved 10 May 2013. (subscription required)
  57. ↑ "World's Record Set by Miss Holm in National Title Swim". The New York Times. 14 March 1930. p. 22 of sports. Retrieved 10 May 2013. (subscription required)
  58. ↑ "Dawn Fraser sets world record for 100m". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. 22 February 1956. p. 11.
  59. ↑ "World swim times fall". The Sun-Herald. Fairfax Media. 26 August 1956. p. 36.
  60. ↑ Clarkson, Alan (21 October 1956). "Five world times made by Lorraine". The Sun-Herald. Fairfax Media. p. 38.
  61. ↑ Clarkson, Alan (26 October 1956). "World swim time again to Lorraine". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. p. 8.
  62. ↑ Clarkson, Alan (2 December 1956). "3 places again to Australia – Dawn Fraser's swim record". The Sun-Herald. Fairfax Media. p. 43.
  63. ↑ Clarkson, Alan (19 February 1958). "Six world records set in 90 minutes". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. p. 15.
  64. ↑ Special reporter (23 July 1958). "Unbeaten night for Australia in swim events". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. AAP. p. 16.
  65. ↑ Clarkson, Alan (24 February 1960). "Six world times at swimming titles – 3 to Dawn Fraser". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. p. 17.
  66. ↑ Clarkson, Alan (24 October 1962). "Fraser, Berry at world swim times". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. p. 23.
  67. ↑ Clarkson, Alan (28 October 1962). "Champion's world time in 110 yds". The Sun-Herald. Fairfax Media. p. 67.
  68. ↑ Clarkson, Alan (25 November 1962). "Dawn Fraser's shock win to Canadian in 110 yards". The Sun-Herald. Fairfax Media. p. 52.
  69. ↑ Clarkson, Alan (1 March 1964). "Fraser and Berry in great form". The Sun-Herald. Fairfax Media. p. 52.
  70. ↑ "Swim contest a spectacular of records". The Sun-Herald. Fairfax Media. AAP, Reuters. 2 May 1971. p. 107.
  71. ↑ "Shane has done it again". The Sun-Herald. Fairfax Media. 9 January 1972. pp. 1–2.
  72. ↑ Litsky, Frank (2 March 1992). "U.S. woman set 100 freestyle mark". The New York Times. p. 47 of sports. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  73. ↑ Clarey, Christopher (6 September 1994). "Chinese women continue to pile up the medals and suspicions". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  74. ↑ Lord, Craig (29 May 2000). "De Bruijn makes waves". The Times. p. 6 of sports.
  75. ↑ Cowley, Michael (22 September 2000). "Dutch royal pair continue their reign over royal". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. p. 6 of Olympics.
  76. ↑ Cowley, Michael (1 April 2004). "Lenton sizzles to 100m world record". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 31 March 2007.
  77. ↑ Cowley, Michael (19 August 2004). "Henry breaks world record in semi-final". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 31 March 2007.
  78. ↑ Saltau, Chloe (1 February 2006). "Henry can only watch as Lenton grabs world record". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 31 March 2007.
  79. ↑ "German lays down gauntlet by beating Lenton's world mark". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. AAP. 4 August 2006. Retrieved 31 March 2007.
  80. ↑ "Two world records broken at Olympic trials". Herald Sun. News Limited. AAP. 27 March 2008. Retrieved 27 March 2008.
  81. ↑ Lord, Craig (25 June 2009). "Britta Steffen Hydrofoils To 52.85 WR 100 Free". SwimNews.com. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  82. ↑ Lord, Craig (27 June 2009). "Steffen Hydrofoils Once More: 52.56 WR 100m Free". SwimNews.com. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  83. 1 2 Lord, Craig (20 December 2009). "World Record Bull Run: The List In Full". SwimNews.com. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
  84. ↑ Robert Gibbs (2 July 2016). "Cate Campbell Breaks 100 Free World Record By .01 Seconds". swimswam.com. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
  85. ↑ "Women's 4×100m Freestyle Relay Results". Omega Timing. 23 July 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  86. ↑ "Sports Shorts". Associated Press, Xinhua News Agency. 6 January 1993. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
  87. ↑ "Swimming". The Los Angeles Times. Xinhua News Agency. 11 January 1993. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
  88. ↑ "Swimming – European Championships; 2 Swedes set records". The New York Times. 11 December 1999. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
  89. ↑ "Women's 100 m freestyle final results". Omega Timing. 17 March 2000. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
  90. ↑ "Colleges: Swimming; American men set mark in 800 relay". The New York Times. 18 March 2000. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
  91. ↑ "Lenton sets new mark". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. AAP. 8 August 2005. Retrieved 31 March 2007.
  92. ↑ "Lenton's in the pink with world record". The Age. Fairfax Media. AAP. 9 August 2005. Retrieved 31 March 2007.
  93. ↑ "Three WRs fall at short course champs". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 11 August 2009. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  94. ↑ Lord, Craig (November 28, 2015). "Cate Campbell: 50.91 The Fastest Four-Lap Free In History, WR Down To SW12.12". Swimvortex. Retrieved November 28, 2015.
  95. ↑ "Women's 100m Freestyle Results". Omega Timing. 3 August 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
  96. ↑ "Women's 100m Freestyle Results". Omega Timing. 11 August 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  97. ↑ Race, Loretta (26 October 2017). "She's Back: Cate Campbell Eclipses Sjostrom's 100 SC Free World Record". Retrieved 26 October 2017.
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