World Chess Championship 1963

Zone 1 (Western Europe)

The Zonal was held at Madrid, with Jan Hein Donner (Netherlands), Svetozar Gligorić (Yugoslavia), Arturo Pomar (Spain), and Lajos Portisch (Hungary) in a four way tie for first place with 10½/15. A Madrid playoff qualified Gligorić, Pomar, and Portisch.^[4]

Zone 2 (Central Europe)

The Zonal was allocated to Berg en Dal, Netherlands. Due to Cold War political tension, Wolfgang Uhlmann (East Germany) was refused a visa, causing the players from Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, and Yugoslavia to withdraw. The winners of the diminished tournament were Friðrik Ólafsson (Iceland) first with 7½/9 and Andreas Dückstein (Austria) and Rudolf Teschner (West Germany) tied for second with 7. The Zonal tournament was replayed in the summer of 1961 at Mariánské Lázně, Czechoslovakia, with Ólafsson, Miroslav Filip (Czechoslovakia), and Uhlmann qualifying. At its 1961 Congress at Sofia, FIDE decided that Dückstein and Teschner would be allowed to play a match for a place in the Interzonal. With the match tied 3–3, Dückstein withdrew giving the final qualifying spot to Teschner.^[5]

Zone 3 (Eastern Europe)

The Zonal was held in Budapest, with Gedeon Barcza (Hungary) finishing first with 10½/15, followed by Mario Bertok (Yugoslavia), István Bilek (Hungary), Aleksandar Matanović (Yugoslavia), and Theo van Scheltinga tied for second at 10. A playoff between the second-place finishers at Berg en Dal ended with Bilek 3½, Bertok and Matanović 3, von Scheltinga 2½. An artificial tie-break selected Bertok over Matanović, resulting in Barcza, Bilek, and Bertok qualifying for the Interzonal.^[5]

Zone 4 (USSR)

Even though FIDE allocated the USSR four qualifying spots, Zone 4 was the hardest zone from which to qualify. An early 1961 USSR Championship was held as the Zonal tournament. Tigran Petrosian won the championship with 13½/19, and the remaining qualifiers were Victor Korchnoi with 13 and Efim Geller and Leonid Stein with 12. Notable players who failed to qualify from this zone were former world champion Vasily Smyslov at 11, former world champion challenger David Bronstein at 9, and former Candidates Boris Spassky at 11, Yuri Averbakh at 10½, Mark Taimanov at 10, and Isaac Boleslavsky at 9. The USSR Federation tried unsuccessfully at the 1961 FIDE Congress to get Smyslov seeded into the Interzonal.^[6]

Zone 5 (USA)

The United States Chess Federation designated the 1960 U.S. Championship as the Zonal tournament. Top finishers in the championship were Bobby Fischer with 9/11, William Lombardy with 7, Raymond Weinstein with 6½, and Arthur Bisguier, Samuel Reshevsky, and James Sherwin with 6. Zone 5 was allotted three players, but the lack of true chess professionals in America aside from Fischer greatly affected the players the U.S. sent to the Interzonal. Lombardy was too busy to play as he was in seminary, and Weinstein was also busy with college studies. Reshevsky declined a spot in the Interzonal, and Sherwin could not get enough time off work to participate. Fischer and Bisguier won the first two spots, and Pal Benko was nominated to fill the final position.^[7][8][9]

Zone 6 (Canada)

Daniel Yanofsky, a former Canadian champion and British champion was nominated for the one qualifying spot allotted.^[10]

Zone 7 (Central America)

Zone 7 comprised Central America along with northern parts of South America. Miguel Cuéllar (Colombia) qualified from the Caracas Zonal.^[10]

Zone 8 (South America)

Top finishers at the São Paulo Zonal were Julio Bolbochán (Argentina) first with 13½/17, Samuel Schweber (Argentina) second with 13, and Eugênio German (Brazil), Rodrigo Flores (Chile), and Bernardo Wexler tied for third with 11½. After a playoff for third place, the qualifiers were Bolbochán, Schweber, and German.^[10]

Zone 9 (Asia)

Zone 9 included Asia (except USSR) and the Pacific, and was divided into two subzones. The Southeast Asia and Pacific subzone tournament was held in Sydney, with C. J. S. Purdy winning. As the West and Central Asia subzone tournament at Madras had only two players, it was decided in match play. Manuel Aaron (India) beat Sukien Momo (Mongolia) 3–1. Aaron qualified by beating Purdy 3–0 in the Zonal final match also held at Madras.^[10]

Crosstables

Players in bold advanced to the Candidates' Tournament, along with seeded players Mikhail Tal and Paul Keres.

5th Interzonal Stockholm 1962

		1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	W	D	L	Total	Place
1	Bobby Fischer (USA)	–	½	½	1	½	½	½	½	½	1	½	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	½	1	1	13	9	0	17½	1
2	Efim Geller (USSR)	½	–	½	½	½	½	1	1	1	1	0	½	1	½	1	1	1	½	½	½	1	0	1	10	10	2	15	2–3
03	Tigran Petrosian (USSR)	½	½	–	½	½	½	½	½	½	½	1	1	½	½	1	½	½	1	1	1	1	½	1	8	14	0	15	2–3
04	Viktor Korchnoi (USSR)	0	½	½	–	1	½	½	½	½	0	1	1	½	1	1	½	½	1	½	1	1	0	1	9	10	3	14	4–5
05	Miroslav Filip (TCH)	½	½	½	0	–	½	½	1	0	½	½	½	1	1	½	½	1	½	1	½	1	1	1	8	12	2	14	4–5
06	Svetozar Gligorić (YUG)	½	½	½	½	½	–	½	0	½	½	½	1	½	1	0	1	1	½	½	1	½	1	1	7	13	2	13½	6–8
07	Pal Benko (USA)	½	0	½	½	½	½	–	½	1	½	½	0	½	½	1	1	0	1	1	1	½	1	1	8	11	3	13½	6–8
08	Leonid Stein (USSR)	½	0	½	½	0	1	½	–	0	1	½	0	1	½	½	1	1	½	½	1	1	1	1	9	9	4	13½	6–8
09	Wolfgang Uhlmann (GDR)	½	0	½	½	1	½	0	1	–	0	1	1	½	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	0	10	5	7	12½	9–10
10	Lajos Portisch (HUN)	0	0	½	1	½	½	½	0	1	–	½	½	½	½	½	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	8	9	5	12½	9–10
11	Arturo Pomar (ESP)	½	1	0	0	½	½	½	½	0	½	–	½	0	0	1	½	1	½	1	½	1	1	1	7	10	5	12	11–12
12	Friðrik Ólafsson (ISL)	0	½	0	0	½	0	1	1	0	½	½	–	½	0	½	½	½	1	1	1	1	1	1	8	8	6	12	11–12
13	Julio Bolbochán (ARG)	0	0	½	½	0	½	½	0	½	½	1	½	–	½	½	½	1	½	1	½	½	1	1	5	13	4	11½	13
14	Gedeon Barcza (HUN)	0	½	½	0	0	0	½	½	1	1	1	1	½	–	½	½	½	½	½	½	1	0	1	5	12	5	11	14–15
15	István Bilek (HUN)	0	0	0	0	½	1	0	½	0	½	0	½	½	½	–	½	1	½	1	1	1	1	1	7	8	7	11	14–15
16	Arthur Bisguier (USA)	0	0	½	½	½	0	0	0	0	0	½	½	½	½	½	–	½	½	1	½	1	1	1	4	11	7	9½	16
17	Daniel Yanofsky (CAN)	0	0	½	½	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	½	0	½	0	½	–	½	1	½	½	0	½	3	9	10	7½	17–18
18	Mario Bertok (YUG)	0	½	0	0	½	½	0	½	0	0	½	0	½	½	½	½	½	–	½	0	½	1	½	1	13	8	7½	17–18
19	Eugenio German (BRA)	0	½	0	½	0	½	0	½	0	1	0	0	0	½	0	0	0	½	–	½	½	1	1	3	8	11	7	19–20
20	Samuel Schweber (ARG)	0	½	0	0	½	0	0	0	0	0	½	0	½	½	0	½	½	1	½	–	1	½	½	2	10	10	7	19–20
21	Rudolf Teschner (FRG)	½	0	0	0	0	½	½	0	1	0	0	0	½	0	0	0	½	½	½	0	–	1	1	3	7	12	6½	21
22	Miguel Cuéllar (COL)	0	1	½	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	½	0	–	½	4	13	15	5½	22
23	Manuel Aaron (IND)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	½	½	0	½	0	½	–	2	4	16	4	23

1962 Stockholm playoff

		1	2	3	Total
1	Leonid Stein (USSR)	x x	½ ½	1 1	3/4
2	Pal Benko (USA)	½ ½	x x	1 –	2/3
3	Svetozar Gligorić (YUG)	0 0	0 –	x x	0/3

Pre-tournament predictions

The favourites were Tal (the recently dethroned World Champion) and Fischer, based on his powerful Interzonal showing. ^[14] Botvinnik also picked Tal, as did a poll of Russian readers, narrowly ahead of Fischer.^[15] Former world champion Max Euwe picked Petrosian.^[15] Keres said Fischer deserved to be favourite but had faith that a Soviet player would win; and similarly Alexander Kotov and Svetozar Gligorić thought one of the Soviets would win ahead of Fischer.^[15]

American magazine Chess Life picked Fischer ahead of Tal.^[15] Of the others it said: Petrosian had a reputation of drawing many games, and it was unclear if his tendency to split points might prevent him from reaching the championship; Keres at age 46 was the oldest player, and it was thought by some that this might be his last shot at the championship title; Korchnoi and Geller had very imaginative and adventurous styles, which often got them into trouble and led to erratic results; Filip had been ill and had not played many major events between 1958 and 1960, and had the reputation as a solid player who scored many draws; and Benko was not a full-time professional chess player (he worked as an investment broker in New York) which limited his opportunities to play against grandmaster-strength opposition, and he had a tendency to get into time trouble.^[16]

Results

The pre-tournament favorites were Tal and Fischer, but Tal lost his first three games and Fischer lost his first two games, indicating an unpredictable tournament could be unfolding. Tal was in bad health, withdrew after the third of four cycles, and was hospitalized with kidney problems.

Korchnoi took the early lead, scoring 5/7 in the first cycle, ahead of Petrosian, Geller and Keres with 4 points.^[17] But in the twelfth round, Korchnoi blundered against Fischer in a winning position and lost, and soon after lost four games in a row. The tournament became a three-way race between Petrosian, Keres and Geller.^[18] With two rounds to go Petrosian and Keres shared the lead, but Keres unexpectedly lost in the penultimate round to Benko. Petrosian, who drew his last five games of the tournament, emerged as the winner.

Petrosian scored 17½ points out of 27, half a point ahead of Keres and Geller. Fischer finished fourth with 14 points, followed by Korchnoi (13½), Benko (12), Filip (7) and Tal (7 from 21 games played).

5th Candidates Curaçao 1962

		PET	KER	GEL	FIS	KOR	BEN	TAL	FIL	Total
1	Tigran Petrosian (USSR)	–	½½½½	½½½½	½1½½	½½11	½½1½	11½−	½11½	17½
2=	Paul Keres (USSR)	½½½½	–	½½½½	0½1½	½½1½	1110	1½1−	½11½	17
2=	Efim Geller (USSR)	½½½½	½½½½	–	11½0	½½1½	½½½1	½11−	½11½	17
4	Bobby Fischer (USA)	½0½½	1½0½	00½1	–	010½	01½1	½1½−	1½1½	14
5	Viktor Korchnoi (USSR)	½½00	½½0½	½½0½	101½	–	½½½0	10½−	1111	13½
6	Pal Benko (USA)	½½0½	0001	½½½0	10½0	½½½1	–	10½−	011½	12
7=	Mikhail Tal (USSR)	00½−	0½0−	½00−	½0½−	01½−	01½−	–	10½−	7
7=	Miroslav Filip (TCH)	½00½	½00½	½00½	0½0½	0000	100½	01½−	–	7

Since the championship rules provided an automatic berth into the next cycle's Candidates Tournament to the Candidates runner-up, Keres and Geller played a match to determine second place. Keres won the 1962 Moscow playoff match 4½–3½ to earn a seed into the 1965 Candidates. (However Geller ended up also being seeded into the 1965 Candidates anyway, after Botvinnik declined to participate.)

1962 Moscow playoff, Geller v. Keres

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	Total
Efim Geller (USSR)	½	½	0	½	½	1	½	0	3½
Paul Keres (USSR)	½	½	1	½	½	0	½	1	4½

Allegations of collusion

What makes this tournament famous and often-discussed is the allegations of Soviet collusion. The three top finishers (Petrosian, Geller and Keres) drew all twelve of their games against each other, in an average of only 19 moves.^[19]

Soon after the tournament, Fischer publicly alleged that the Soviets had colluded to prevent any non-Soviet – specifically him – from winning. His allegations were twofold: first, that Petrosian, Geller and Keres had pre-arranged to draw all their games; and second, that Korchnoi had been part of the drawing pact in the first half of the tournament, and been instructed to lose some games to them in the second half.^[20][21][22] (In the first two cycles Korchnoi drew all his games with Petrosian, Geller and Keres; in the third cycle he lost to all of them; and in the final cycle he lost to Petrosian but drew with Keres and Geller).

The first allegation, of the drawing pact, is generally assumed to be correct.^[22] All of the three players involved have since died, but Yuri Averbakh, who was head of the Soviet team, confirmed it in a 2002 interview.^[14] He offered the rationale that Keres was the oldest competitor and wanted to conserve energy, and that Petrosian and Geller were good friends with a history of drawing with each other.

The second allegation, of Korchnoi throwing games, is more doubtful.^[22] Korchnoi defected from the USSR in 1976, and has never alleged he was forced to throw games. Dominic Lawson calls the allegation "preposterous", noting that the main beneficiary of Korchnoi's losses was Petrosian, whom Korchnoi detested.^[22] Korchnoi has also written on his surprise at the short draws:

"This was perhaps the only time when the Soviet authorities did not intervene to determine any competition among the Soviets. On this occasion it was Petrosian personally who set up this controversy and he was helped by his friend, Geller. Keres was a wise man, but he was not cunning, he took the bait, while he could have refrained. The three players had privately agreed that they would draw all their games with each other. Tal and I were not included in this scheme. But in the end they colluded against Keres."^[23]

There are also allegations that, in the ultimately decisive Benko-Keres game in the penultimate round (which Benko won), Petrosian and Geller (who were good friends) conspired against Keres by offering to help Benko. Benko has written that Petrosian and Geller offered to help analyse the adjourned position, but that he refused the offer.^[22]

Response to allegations

FIDE, the world chess federation, responded to the allegations by changing the format of future Candidates' Tournaments. Beginning in the next (1966) cycle, the round-robin format was replaced by a series of elimination matches (initially best of 10 quarter-finals, best of 10 semi-finals, then a best of 12 final), to eliminate the possibility of collusion which exists in a round-robin tournament.

Aftermath

The championship rules had been changed so that, unlike in 1957 and 1960, the defending champion was not entitled to a rematch. As the loser of championship match, Botvinnik was still an automatic seed in the next Candidates Tournament. However, Botvinnik chose not to exercise this right and retired from championship play, although not from competitive chess altogether.

Petrosian went on to successfully defend his title in 1966, before losing the title to Boris Spassky in 1969.