Whaling in the Sea of Okhotsk

Commercial open-boat whaling by American and European ships occurred in the Sea of Okhotsk from the 1830s to the early 1900s. They primarily caught right and bowhead whales. Both populations of these species declined drastically, with the latter once thought to be extinct by western historians. Peak catches were made in the 1840s and 1850s. It's estimated that as many as 15,200 bowheads and 2,400 rights were taken in the sea.[1]

Season Number of vessels
1852 80
1853 100
1854 180
1855 150
1856 140
1857 90
1858 120
1859 120
1860 90
Number of whaleships (rounded down) that sailed to the Sea of Okhotsk, 1852-1860.[2][3][4][5]

Chronology

American and French whaleships, as well as a few German, Hawaiian, Russian, Chilean, and British, hunted whales in the Sea of Okhotsk between the late 1830s and 1909.[1][6][7][8] Right whales were targeted in the late 1840s and from the 1880s onwards,[9][10][11] while bowheads were first caught in 1847, and dominated the catch between 1852 and the late 1860s.[1] Between 1850 and 1853 the majority of the fleet went to the Bering Strait region to hunt bowheads, but intense competition, poor ice conditions, and declining catches forced the fleet back to the Sea of Okhotsk. From 1854 to 1856, an average of over 150 vessels cruised in the sea each year.[12] As catches declined between 1858 and 1860 the fleet shifted back to the Bering Strait region;[12] by the mid-1860s few ships cruised in the sea.[13] In the 1860s the Russians also established a couple whaling stations in Tugur Bay, which operated until the mid-1870s.[14] American and French ships, meanwhile, had abandoned the sea in the early 1870s.[15] Ten vessels returned in 1874[16][17] but the bowhead catch was so poor that season[18][19] that they again deserted the area for the rest of the decade.[20][21] From the 1880s to the early 1900s the fleet never numbered more than eight vessels.[22][23] Most caught right whales, with few venturing north to search for bowheads.[1][24][25]

In 1854, on hearing that war had broken out, a few French ships painted their sterns with American names to avoid capture;[26] the following year the British war steamer Barracouta ordered an American whaleship out of Ayan.[27] In May 1865, the Confederate raider Shenandoah captured and burned the ship Abigail (310 tons), of New Bedford, off western Kamchatka;[28] two ships, on learning of her depredations, hid in a river for a month.[29] Russian cruisers also seized or ordered away American whaleships in the sea in 1867,[30] 1885,[31] and 1892.[32]

Itinerary

Ships usually entered the Sea of Okhotsk in May and left in October,[33] though they could enter it as early as March[34] and leave as late as November.[35] Most ships entered and exited the sea via the Fourth Kuril Strait;[36] some used Bussol Strait.[37] Those cruising in the Sea of Japan first usually entered the sea via La Pérouse Strait.[38] Around this time a stove was put in the forecastle[39] or cabin[40] and a crow's nest was set up.[41] Soon after entering the sea ships reached the main body of pack ice around 57° N and 150° E, where they typically encountered the first bowheads.[42] They then worked through the ice either to the northeast to Shelikhov Gulf,[43] north to Taui Bay,[44] or west to Iony Island.[45] After spending a few weeks cruising off Iony Island, ships worked their way through the shore lead[46] to the bays around the Shantar Islands, which they typically reached in July;[47][48][49] in light ice years they could reach them by June.[50][51][52]

Boats were sent ahead on extended cruises[53][54][55][56][57][58][59] to make their way through the ice to the heads of bays,[46] where they could catch several bowheads, have them flensed on the beach, and their blubber tied in rafts by the time the ships reached them.[60] When the ice left the bays ships were able to move about, with boats cruising from the ship as well as being sent out on cruises lasting several days.[46][61] Some ships spent the majority of the season in a single bay;[62] but most went from bay to bay.[63][64] Ships also anchored in one bay and sent boats into an adjacent bay.[46] When the ship was full of oil and bone, the colors were set[65] and the tryworks were thrown overboard.[66] In September, before leaving the sea, many of the ships stopped at the anchorage south of Feklistova, where they could obtain wood and water and repair any damage to their vessels.[67]

They typically cruised for sperm whales between seasons,[68][69] though some went to Baja to cruise for pilot whales offshore,[70] or to catch gray whales along the coast[71] or in the lagoons.[72] Others caught humpback whales off Saipan[73] or cruised for rights in the East China Sea.[74] In the spring and fall the ships usually stopped at the Hawaiian Islands, with the majority using Honolulu[75] or Lahaina;[76] some visited Hilo,[77] Kauai,[78] or Kawaihae.[79] Ships that cruised in the Sea of Japan first typically stopped at Guam[80] or Hakodate;[81] some used Hong Kong,[82] Nagasaki,[83] Yokohama[84] or Vladivostok.[85] They also visited San Francisco,[86] Port Lloyd,[87] and Mangonui.[88] In the tropics they stopped at Ponape,[89] Aitutaki,[90] Rarotonga,[91] and Nuku Hiva.[92]

Ships visited these ports to transship oil and bone;[93] ship[94] and discharge men;[95] paint,[96] smoke,[97] caulk,[98] wash,[99] scrap, and copper their ship;[100] and get wood and water;[101] tea and coffee;[102] bread,[103] flour,[104] sugar,[105] and molasses;[106] beef and pork;[107] poultry and livestock (chickens,[108] ducks and goats,[109] and pigs, cows, and sheep);[110] and fruits (bananas,[111] oranges,[112] watermelons,[113] coconuts,[114] and pineapples)[115] and vegetables (Irish and sweet potatoes,[116] pumpkins,[117] and beans).[118] While in port, men were given liberty ashore,[119] got drunk[120] and into fights,[121] deserted,[120] contracted diseases (including venereal,[122] measles,[123] dysentery,[124] and smallpox[125]), rioted,[126] and ended up in jail[127] or the fort.[120]

Some captains brought their wives.[128] The wives had tea together[129] and went ashore for walks[130] and picnics.[131] Many brought their children along, as well as friends.[132] One gave birth aboard ship while in the sea.[133]

The two Russian whaling stations of Mamga and Tugur – built by the Russian-American Company and Otto Wilhelm Lindholm, respectively – followed different itineraries. Once the ice broke up in June, boat crews or schooners cruised about for bowheads in Tugur Bay or adjacent bays and gulfs. When they caught a whale it was towed onto the beach, flensed, and its blubber boiled into oil at a nearby tryworks. In the fall the schooners were hauled onto the banks of the Mamga or Tugur rivers, where they were left for the winter; the men, meanwhile, spent the winter at one of the stations or went to Nikolayevsk. Supplies and men were obtained in Nikolayevsk and Hakodate, while the catch was shipped via chartered vessel either to Honolulu or San Francisco.[14][134]

Catch

Bowheads were primarily taken in the northern half of the sea, while rights were mostly caught in the southern half;[1] though the two overlapped in the northeast.[135][136][137][138][139][140] Bowheads were caught in the pack ice in the spring[141] and in the bays and gulfs and along the coast in summer and fall,[142][143][144][145][146] while rights were taken in deep, offshore waters.[1][46] In the bays they saw[147][148] and caught[149][150] bowhead cows and calves as well as numbers[151][152] of "poggys"[153][154] (small bowheads that yielded only 20-25 barrels of oil);[46] they also caught large whales, sometimes seeing them in large numbers.[155] Most bowheads were caught between May and September,[156] though a few were taken in April[157] and October.[158][159][160][161] Rights were primarily caught in August and September,[162] though some were taken as early as May[163] and as late as October.[164] Peak catches for both species were made in August.[165][166][167][168] Both bowheads[169] and rights[170] could yield as much as 250 barrels of oil. As many as fifty-two whales could be caught in a season.[171]

They also caught gray whales, which were first taken in the early 1850s.[172] Most were taken in Gizhigin[173] and Penzhina bays,[174] but some were also caught in Taui Bay[175] and just north of Sakhalin.[176] Grays were caught from June[177] to October.[178] They were seldom seen, chased, or caught off the Shantar Islands[179] or in the bays to the south of them.[180] As many as nine grays could be caught in a season.[181] They sometimes caught humpbacks,[182] killers,[183][184] and belugas[185] and also made desultory attempts to catch blue whales[186] and "finbacks" (probably fin whales).[187]

Once they found a whale, they typically sailed up to it, fastened to it with hand-held harpoons, and killed it with hand-held lances;[14] whales were rarely killed by harpoons alone.[188][189] Boatsteerers were "broken" (demoted) for missing whales.[190] Bomb lances were used as early as 1851,[191] but they weren't widely utilized until the late 1850s.[14] Greener's guns were also used.[192] Most bowheads and rights were lost when the harpoon drew out of the blubber[193][194][195][196] or the whaleline was lost[197] or parted.[198][199] Most bowheads that sank were saved in shallow waters,[200][201] while the majority of rights that sank were lost in deep waters.[202][203] Men couldn't strike or fasten to whales when they settled underwater[204] (sank straight down),[205] slackened their blubber[206] (made a hollow in their back so the harpoon would bounce off),[205] or were too "wild"[207] or "shy".[208]

Whales were seen loptailing,[209] breaching,[210] scooping[211] (skim feeding at the surface),[205] fluking,[212] and finning[213] (pec-slapping).[205]

Boat cruises

Boat crews were fitted out for as long as two[214] to three weeks;[46][215] some were gone from their ship for over a month.[216] Two or three boats were usually sent out together.[217] They could travel as far as forty[218] to fifty miles[219] from their ship, spending the long daylight hours[220][221] searching for bowheads and camping on the beach at night.[222] For shelter, they made tents out of paddles and boat sails,[223] turned over their whaleboats,[224] built bough huts,[225][226][227] or utilized other structures;[228][229] to cook meals and keep warm they made driftwood fires.[230][231] There could be as many as eighty men at a single encampment.[225] Men also had to deal with mosquitoes while ashore.[232]

When cruising for bowheads, boats paddled or rowed as the ice permitted or when there were calms and light airs, but they sailed when there was clear water and a fair breeze.[231][233] Whales were often caught some distance from the ship, forcing boat crews to lie by anchored whales all night.[234] They also left whales with other ships so they could go off in search of their own vessel.[235][236] Those crews who couldn't find or catch whales sometimes resorted to picking up whalebone on the beach.[237]

Lost or tired boat crews often went aboard other ships to get food[238] or spend the night.[239] Some went from ship to ship before finding their own vessel, cruising for bowheads in between.[240] Boats that couldn't find their own ships sometimes gave any whales they had caught to the nearest ship to flense for halves.[241] After not being able to find their ship for six days, two boats from the Massachusetts spent several days aboard the Cicero, even cruising for whales with her boats;[242] while two boats from the Daniel Wood were lost from their ship for five days before finding the Florida – wind-bound on the beach, their provisions had given out and they were forced to eat mussels for several days.[243] When boats were out longer than expected, one of the boats was sent out[244] or returned[245] for extra provisions.

Boat crews and schooners from Mamga and Tugur followed similar cruising patterns. Boats were fitted out for as long as a fortnight, sailing about for bowheads during the day and camping on the beach at night.[14] American and Russian crews sometimes camped together.[246]

Whereas boats were often sent inshore to look for bowheads, right whaling offshore was always ship-based,[247][248] with three or four boats usually being lowered for whales.[249] Boats after right whales were gone from their ship for hours[250] (not days or weeks, like boats searching for bowheads sometimes were), and seldom ventured far from their ship.[251] While bowheads could be caught at night, boats that were still fast to right whales at sunset normally cut the whaleline and returned to the ship.[252] Unlike bowheads, which were sometimes flensed ashore due to distance and ice, right whales were taken in ice-free waters and relatively close to the ship, allowing them to be brought alongside and flensed.[253][254]

Factors

There were several factors that affected the ability of ships to catch whales. These included ice, tides, fog, wind, and competition. They often worked in tandem against them. Ships didn't lower for whales if it was too foggy[255] or too rugged[256] and they collided with each other[257] or the ice due to tides,[258] gales,[259][260] and fogs.[261][262] Ships also ran aground at low tide during gales.[263] Boats lost sight of whales in the fog[264] and rain[265] or returned to the ship[266] or went ashore[267] if the fog became too thick or it rained too hard.[268] Boats also had to anchor or tie whales to other ships when there was a head tide[269] or it was too rugged to lie by them.[270] Anchored whales left untended could be lost due to the ice[271] or tides.[272]

Ice and tides

Ice and tides often worked together against the whalemen. Heavy floes of drift ice went to and fro with the tide,[273] striking and damaging ships,[274] which were then beached at high tide and repaired at low tide.[275] Boats were nearly crushed by whirling pieces of ice as the tide turned[231] or forced ashore by ice carried by the flood tide; when the tide ebbed, it left huge piles of ice on the beach.[227] Schooners in their winter quarters were damaged by ice during spring tides.[276]

As the ships made their way through the pack ice their decks, sails, and rigging became covered with ice.[277][278] Ships[279] and boats[280] got fast in the ice, allowing ship's crews to travel over the ice and visit each other.[281] Ships made fenders[282] or used poles[283] to keep the ice away; otherwise, they could sustain serious damage, ripping off their cutwaters[284] and copper sheathing[285] or breaking chains and losing anchors.[286] Ships stove by the ice sought assistance from nearby vessels[287] or went to Ayan[288] or Mamga[289] for repairs; they could also heave down in the ice[290] or haul alongside a grounded floe.[291] Ships also made fast to large pieces of ice to collect fresh water[292] or work up bays with the tide.[293]

Boat crews pushed away smaller cakes of ice but had to carry their boats over larger ones[294] or across ice floes,[219][295] using their oars as skids.[231] Men had to haul their boats onto large cakes of ice to avoid being struck by shifting masses of ice; rode on them to safely traverse ice-choked passages;[296] and camped on them, making fires to keep warm and cook victuals, bailing water from holes in the ice, and covering their boats with sails to sleep at night.[294] Boats chased bowheads in the ice[297][298] and went onto the ice with hand lances[299] or bomb guns,[300] waiting for whales to surface in holes in the ice. When whales ran into the ice whalelines were lost[301] or parted,[302] were cut,[303] or boats were stove.[304] The ice left Taui Bay in June,[305] Shelikhov Gulf in June[306] or July,[307] and usually[308] left the bays around the Shantar Islands in July[309][310] or August,[311][312] depriving bowheads of their only shelter[313] and resulting in what has been called a "hunter's paradise".[1]

The rise and fall of the tides could be as much as 10 m (33 ft)[314] or 11 m (36 ft),[315] allowing boats to harpoon bowheads at high tide in one place and dig for clams at low tide in the same spot.[315] Ships drifted with the tide during calms,[316] raising and lowering their anchors as the tide changed.[317] They also drifted through passages between bays when the tide was right.[318] Boats towed bowheads during fair tides[319] but had to anchor them when the tide turned,[320] as they couldn't stem tidal currents that could reach six or seven knots.[321] They could travel as far as ten miles with each tide.[219] Boats were left stranded on the flats[322] and ships on sand spits,[323] sunken rocks,[324] and ledges[231] at low tide only to float away at high tide.[274] To avoid this, boats were left with a man and kept at least thirty feet from the beach;[325] they were also hauled up past the high tide mark so they wouldn't float away as the crew slept.[231] Large numbers of bowheads were seen entering bays on the flood tide[326] and drifting up and down bays with the tide.[327] Bowheads were towed ashore at high tide and flensed as the tide fell;[46] schooners were also hauled ashore for the winter at high tide.[14][328]

Fog and wind

Fog could be thick enough to cut with a knife[329] and last for six weeks straight.[330] June and July were the foggiest months, followed by August; September and October, meanwhile, usually had more clear days.[331] Ships fired guns, blew horns, rang bells, and beat on casks to avoid colliding with each other during fogs;[46][332] they also fired guns so their boats could find them,[333][334] which could be lost in the fog for days.[335] Ships heard whales spouting all around them in the fog, but couldn't see them.[336] Boats chased whales in the fog,[337] tracking them by listening for their blows;[338] when they caught one, they had to anchor it until the fog cleared.[339] Fog also clung to clothing in big drops, chilling the men thoroughly.[340]

In the spring, swell, winds, and gales from the south broke up the pack ice offshore.[341] In July and August calms and light airs prevailed in the bays, with few gales in the former month and the occasional gale in the latter one; but they became common in September and October,[342][343] forcing most ships[344] to leave the bays as it became too rugged to whale.[345] Uda Gulf, in particular, was known for its sudden and violent storms.[346] Ships[347] and boats[348] sought shelter during gales, otherwise ships dragged[349] or lost anchors[350] or broke masts.[351] Ships that tried to flense whales during gales capsized their windlass falls and broke patent gear.[352] Boats couldn't sail up to whales if it was too calm[353] or they swam to windward.[354]

It snowed in April and May, rained from June to September, and rained and snowed in October.[355][356] Ships had to "cool down" (i.e. put out the fires) in their tryworks when it rained,[357] while boat crews returned all wet from hard rain showers.[358]

Competition

Competition between ships and boats was intense during the peak years of the fishery. There could be as many as ninety-five ships[359] and 363 boats[360] in a single bay. One whaleman saw thirty-five boats after a single bowhead,[361] while another lamented that there were more boats than whales and boats in every direction chasing whales.[362] Whales were seen carrying harpoons and trailing lines;[363] one with four harpoons in it was being chased by eight boats.[364] A boat harpooning a whale could drive off all the other whales in the area.[365]

Ships picked up whales other ships had killed, finding their harpoons in their blubber.[366] Over twenty percent of the bowhead catch between 1854 and 1856 was made up of dead whales found floating in the ice, in the bays, or drifted ashore.[367] Of twenty-one whales a ship had taken one season, eight were found dead.[368] Boats from different ships raced each other for dead whales.[369] Stranded whales attracted bears, which came down from the mountains at night to feed on them.[370]

Some ships "mated", sending their boats out together, taking turns cutting in and trying out whales, and splitting the catch.[371] Others used schooners as tenders,[372] which wintered[373] in Lebyazhya Bay[328] and Mamga Bay.[374] The first to winter was the schooner Caroline (106 tons), of New London, in 1856-1857. She was left with four caretakers, all of whom died of scurvy.[346][375] After this, schooners were left untended[376] for the winter, and in the spring boats were sent ahead with gear and provisions to work their way through the ice and catch bowheads with the schooner before the ship arrived.[377] Ships that used tenders averaged significantly higher catches than ships that didn't use them.[346][378][379][380][381][382][383]

There were disputes over anchored[384][385][386] and harpooned bowheads,[387][388] which led to several court battles.[389]

Death, desertion, and mutiny

Men were killed in a variety of ways: by whales[390][391][392][393][394] and bears;[395][396] in fires;[397] and when cannons burst[398] or boats capsized in the surf;[399] entire boat crews were also lost during gales.[400] Some fell from the rigging[401] or overboard;[402] others died of disease (including consumption,[403] dysentery,[404] and dropsy[405]). The graves of whalemen lined the shores of the sea.[406] They also got scurvy.[407]

Desertions were common.[408][409] Those who were caught were flogged[410][411] or put in irons.[412] Hungry deserters asked if they could return to their vessels,[413] while others attempted to get aboard other ships.[414] One deserter spent over two weeks on one of the Shantar Islands living solely on beached whales before being found by another ship's boats,[415] while another was mauled by a bear.[416] A few deserters made good their escape, spending the winter at a Siberian settlement.[417]

Mutinies were rare, though at least one was briefly successful.[418][419] One captain quelled a mutiny by smoking the foremast hands out of the forecastle with a fire of charcoal and brimstone. He then put fifteen of them in irons and flogged several.[420] A few were put ashore with meager provisions;[421] they were also put ashore for refusing duty.[422][423] One man was left on one of the Shantar Islands after he tried to push the captain down the hatchway.[424] They were usually picked up by other vessels.[425][426]

Shipwrecks

At least twenty-eight whaleships were wrecked in or entering the sea between 1848 and 1907.[427][428][429][430][431] Most were lost in the ice[432] or during gales[433] or fogs.[434] Five were wrecked in 1855[435][436][437] and four each in 1856[438][439][440] and 1858.[441][442][443][444] The majority of the crews were rescued, but about fifty men perished (including one ship with all hands).[441][442][445][446][447] A few crews were forced to spend the winter at a Siberian settlement or on one of the Shantar Islands.[442][448] Other ship's boats went ashore to salvage what they could from the wrecks.[449]

Trade

Ships traded tobacco,[450] calico,[451] and tea[452] with the natives for reindeer,[453][454] salmon,[455] whalebone,[456] and furs.[457] They also traded with each other. The most common items were ship's anchors,[458] bread and water,[459] beef and pork,[460] potatoes,[461] and whaleboats.[462]

Hunting and fishing

Ships hunted and fished to supplement their diet and income. They shot ducks[463] and geese,[464] swans,[465] and seabirds,[466] and caught seals,[467] fur seals,[468] sea lions,[469] fox,[470] and moose.[471] Bears were killed for sport[472] and made into sea pies and trophies;[375] they were also shot for trying to steal whale meat and blubber.[473] They fished for salmon,[474] trout,[475] codfish and "grouper" (probably sea bass),[476] and smelts.[477] They also went ashore to collect bird's eggs,[466][478][479] berries,[480] mussels,[481] and clams.[482][483]

Bibliography

Books and papers

  • Habersham, Alexander W. (1858). The North Pacific surveying and exploring expedition or, my last cruise, where we went and what we saw, being an account of visits to the Malay and Loo-Choo Islands, the coasts of China, Formosa, Japan, Kamtschatka, Siberia, and the mouth of the Amoor River. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott and Company.
  • Hall, Daniel W. (1861). Arctic rovings; or, the adventures of a New Bedford boy on sea and land. Boston, A. Tompkins.
  • United States, Peleg Sprague, Francis E. Parker, John Lathrop, and Richard Henry Dana. (1861). Decisions of Hon. Peleg Sprague, in admiralty and maritime causes, in the District court of the United States for the district of Massachusetts. Philadelphia: T. & J.W. Johnson & Co.
  • Hawaii. (1866). Reports of a portion of the decisions rendered by the Supreme Court of the Hawaiian Islands in law, equity, admiralty, and probate. Honolulu: Govt. Press.
  • Sampson, Alonzo D. (1867). Three times around the world, or life and adventures of Alonzo D. Sampson. Buffalo: Express Printing Company.
  • Lowell, John. (1872). Judgments delivered in the courts of the United States for the District of Massachusetts, Vol. I. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co.
  • Lowell, John. (1877). Judgments delivered in the courts of the United States for the District of Massachusetts, Vol. II. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co.
  • Allyn, Gurdon L. (1879). The old sailor's story, or, a short account of the life, adventures and voyages of Capt. Gurdon L. Allyn: including three trips around the world. Norwich, Conn: Printed by Gordon Wilcox.
  • Beane, J. F. (1905). From forecastle to cabin: the story of a cruise in many seas, taken from a journal kept each day, wherein was recorded the happenings of a voyage around the world in pursuit of whales. New York: Editor Pub. Co.
  • Williams, Harold. (1964). One whaling family. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
  • Lindholm, Otto W. and Lydia A. Hutchinson. (1863; 1965). Whales and how tides and currents in the Okhotsk Sea affect them. Scripps Institution of Oceanography Technical Report. pp. 12.
  • Webb, Robert (1988). On the Northwest: Commercial Whaling in the Pacific Northwest 1790–1967. University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 0-7748-0292-8.
  • Cloud, E. C., and E. McLean (1994). Enoch's voyage: life in a whaleship, 1851-1854. Wakefield, R.I.: Moyer Bell.
  • Reeves, Randall, Smith, T., and E. A. Josephson. (2008). "Observations of western gray whales by ship-based whalers in the 19th century". J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 10 (3): 247-256.
  • Deal, Robert (2012). "The environment for litigation: the Sea of Okhotsk bowhead fishery and the collapse of whaling dispute resolution customs". 12pp.

Logbooks and journals

Newspapers

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Vaughan, R. (1984). "Historical survey of the European whaling industry". In Arctic Whaling: Proceedings of the International Symposium, pp. 121-145. University of Groningen.
  2. ↑ Ships spoken by large sample of logbooks and journals, various collections, 1852-1860.
  3. ↑ WSL, New Bedford, various issues, 1852-1860.
  4. ↑ Friend, Honolulu, various issues, 1852-1860.
  5. ↑ Polynesian, Honolulu, various issues, 1858-1860.
  6. ↑ Ville de Bordeaux, of Havre, 1837-1838, 52° N, 155° E (near western Kamchatka), in On the Northwest (1988), pp. 43, 309.
  7. ↑ Charles W. Morgan, of New Bedford, August 23-September 30, 1902, George Blunt White Library (GBWL).
  8. ↑ San Francisco Call, San Francisco, November 10, 1909, Vol. 106, No. 163.
  9. ↑ Josephine, of New Bedford, August 14-September 24, 1881, Old Dartmouth Historical Society (ODHS).
  10. ↑ Cape Horn Pigeon, of New Bedford, July 14-September 11, 1892, Kendall Whaling Museum (KWM).
  11. ↑ Charles W. Morgan, of New Bedford, August 9-September 26, 1897, GWBL.
  12. 1 2 Bockstoce, John (1986). Whales, Ice, & Men: The History of Whaling in the Western Arctic. University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-97447-8.
  13. ↑ Whalemen's Shipping List and Merchants' Transcript (WSL), January 10, 1865, Vol. XXII, No. 45; January 22, 1867, Vol. XXIV, No. 47; January 14, 1868, Vol. XXV, No. 48.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lindholm, O. V., Haes, T. A., & Tyrtoff, D. N. (2008). Beyond the frontiers of imperial Russia: From the memoirs of Otto W. Lindholm. Javea, Spain: A. de Haes OWL Publishing.
  15. ↑ WSL, February 6, 1872, Vol. 29, No. 50; February 4, 1873, Vol. 30, No. 50.
  16. ↑ Northern Light, of New Bedford, July 29-October 28, 1874, ODHS.
  17. ↑ Florence, of San Francisco, summer 1874, in One Whaling Family (1964), pp. 345-379.
  18. ↑ Bartholomew Gosnold, of New Bedford, July 22-October 17, 1874, in Friend, Honolulu, January 1, 1875, Vol. 24, No. 1, p. 5.
  19. ↑ WSL, New Bedford, January 19, 1875, Vol. 32, No. 48.
  20. ↑ Various issues of WSL, New Bedford, September-December 1875-1879.
  21. ↑ The barquentine Fremont, while cod fishing in the Sea of Okhotsk on June 24, 1878, spoke the schooner Newton Booth, which was reportedly there for whaling. In Daily Alta California, San Francisco, September 30, 1878, Vol. 30, No. 10398.
  22. ↑ Various issues of WSL, New Bedford, September-November 1881-1908.
  23. ↑ Daily Alta California, San Francisco, November 1, 1888, Vol. 42, No. 14302.
  24. ↑ Mary and Helen II, of San Francisco, April 29-August 23, 1885, KWM.
  25. ↑ Andrew Hicks, of New Bedford, September 26, 1905, Tugur Bay, in San Francisco Call, San Francisco, November 16, 1905, Vol. 98, No. 169.
  26. ↑ Turku, of Turku, 1854, Tugur Bay area, in Beyond the Frontiers of Imperial Russia (2008), p. 56.
  27. ↑ Daily Alta California, of San Francisco, October 28, 1855, Vol. VI, No. 267.
  28. ↑ Hunt, Cornelius E. (1867). The Shenandoah; or the last Confederate cruiser. New York: G. W. Carleton & Co, pp. 151-156.
  29. ↑ Onward and Charles W. Morgan, both of New Bedford, in Friend, Honolulu, December 1, 1865, Vol. 14, No. 12, p. 96.
  30. ↑ Java, of New Bedford, July 27, 1867, Tugur Bay, in Friend, Honolulu, December 2, 1867, Vol. 16, No. 12.
  31. ↑ Mary and Helen II, of San Francisco, August 15, 1885, Tugur Bay, KWM.
  32. ↑ Cape Horn Pigeon, of New Bedford, September 10, 1892, southern Sea of Okhotsk, KWM.
  33. ↑ William Wirt, of New Bedford, May 7-October 7, 1854, Nicholson Whaling Collection (NWC).
  34. ↑ Josephine, of New Bedford, March 21, 1857, KWM.
  35. ↑ Montezuma, of New London, November 2, 1858, NWC.
  36. ↑ Florida, of New Bedford, May 17, Oct. 7, 1854, ODHS.
  37. ↑ Charles W. Morgan, of New Bedford, August 23, September 27, 1902, GBWL.
  38. ↑ Mechanic, of Newport, August 4, 1848, NWC.
  39. ↑ Daniel Wood, of New Bedford, July 4, 1853, NWC.
  40. ↑ Phillipe Delanoye, of Fairhaven, May 12, 1854, KWM.
  41. ↑ Vineyard, of Edgartown, April 21, 1855, NWC.
  42. ↑ Corinthian, of New Bedford, May 29-30, 1852, ODHS.
  43. ↑ Mary and Susan, of Stonington, July 18-August 8, 1849, NWC.
  44. ↑ Florida, of New Bedford, June 15-September 27, 1852, ODHS.
  45. ↑ Cicero, of New Bedford, June 18, 1861, KWM.
  46. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Scammon, C. M.; Agassiz, L.; Dall, W. H. (1874). The marine mammals of the north-western coast of North America: described and illustrated; together with an account of the American whale-fishery. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
  47. ↑ Cincinnati, of Stonington, July 8, 1858, Uda Gulf, NWC.
  48. ↑ Alice Frazier, of New Bedford, July 17, 1854, Tugur Bay, ODHS.
  49. ↑ William Wirt, of New Bedford, July 18, 1854, Academy Gulf, NWC.
  50. ↑ Florida, of Fairhaven, June 2, 1859, Uda Gulf, in One Whaling Family (1964).
  51. ↑ Montezuma, of New London, June 17, 1859, Academy Gulf, NWC.
  52. ↑ Java, of New Bedford, June 30, 1866, Tugur Bay, KWM.
  53. ↑ Josephine, of New Bedford, June 26-July 18, 1864, Cape Ukoy to Uda Gulf and Ayan, KWM.
  54. ↑ Favorite, of Fairhaven, July 4-22, 1860, Northeast Harbor, Uda Gulf to Tugur Bay, NWC.
  55. ↑ Josephine, of New Bedford, July 5-23, 1858, Uda Gulf to Tugur Bay, KWM.
  56. ↑ Carolina, of New Bedford, July 4-21, 1858, Ulban Bay and Nikolaya Bay, ODHS.
  57. ↑ Midas, of New Bedford, June 25-July 13, 1859, Cape Tyl'sky, Uda Gulf to Tugur Bay, NWC.
  58. ↑ Java, of New Bedford, June 13-28, 1866, Uda Gulf, KWM.
  59. ↑ Sea Breeze, of New Bedford, May 24-June 8, 1867, Gizhigin Bay, ODHS.
  60. ↑ Hudson, of Fairhaven, July 5-8, 1857, Konstantina Bay, KWM.
  61. ↑ Sea Breeze, of New Bedford, August 7, 1874, Tugur Bay, GBWL.
  62. ↑ Louisa, of New Bedford, July 7-September 9, 1858, Uda Gulf, NWC.
  63. ↑ Montezuma, of New London, June 27-July 22, Academy Gulf; July 23-August 14, Tugur Bay; August 15-September 3, Uda Gulf; September 7-28, 1858, Academy Gulf, NWC.
  64. ↑ Midas, of New Bedford, June 2-18, Taui Bay; June 28-July 12, Sakhalin Gulf; July 15-31, Academy Gulf; August 1-11, Tugur Bay; August 17-22, Uda Gulf; September 9-17, 1858, Taui Bay, NWC.
  65. ↑ Charles Phelps, of Stonington, July 4, 1852, NWC.
  66. ↑ Charles Phelps, of Stonington, July 7, 1849, NWC.
  67. ↑ Josephine, of New Bedford, September 18–25, 1864, September 29–30, 1865, KWM.
  68. ↑ India, of New Bedford, January 24-February 26, 1850, ODHS.
  69. ↑ Vineyard, of Edgartown, December 1854-January 1855, NWC.
  70. ↑ Mary, of Edgartown, December 21, 1854-January 31, 1855, NWC.
  71. ↑ Montezuma, of New London, December 23, 1860-March 23, 1861, NWC.
  72. ↑ Storfursten Constantin, of Helsinki, winters of 1858-1859 and 1859-1860, in Beyond the Frontiers of Imperial Russia (2008), pp. 103-106, p. 121.
  73. ↑ Cicero, of New Bedford, March 17-25, 1862, February 20-22, 1863, KWM.
  74. ↑ Coral, of San Francisco, February 13-April 10, 1888, KWM.
  75. ↑ Mary Frazier, of New Bedford, December 5, 1855-January 28, 1856, NWC.
  76. ↑ Nassau, of New Bedford, March 16-April 4, 1854, ODHS.
  77. ↑ Governor Troup, of New Bedford, November 14-27, 1863, KWM.
  78. ↑ Liverpool 2nd, of New Bedford, November 5-8, 1848, NWC.
  79. ↑ Chandler Price, of New Bedford, March 30, 1855, NWC.
  80. ↑ Julian, of New Bedford, December 30, 1848-January 24, 1849, NWC.
  81. ↑ Josephine, of New Bedford, March 6-16, 1858, KWM.
  82. ↑ Champion, of New Bedford, January 17-March 19, 1852, ODHS.
  83. ↑ Sea Breeze, of New Bedford, April 6-13, 1874, GBWL.
  84. ↑ Northern Light, of New Bedford, April 1-9, 1874, ODHS.
  85. ↑ Cape Horn Pigeon, of New Bedford, April 26-30, June 26-July 6, 1892, KWM.
  86. ↑ Northern Light, of New Bedford, November 20-December 27, 1874, ODHS.
  87. ↑ India, of New Bedford, April 5-22, 1850, ODHS.
  88. ↑ Maria Theresa, of New Bedford, December 9-27, 1848, ODHS.
  89. ↑ Daniel Wood, of New Bedford, January 23-30, 1854, NWC.
  90. ↑ William Wirt, of New Bedford, December 13-14, 1855, NWC.
  91. ↑ Harrison, of New Bedford, December 20-21, 1853, NWC.
  92. ↑ Chandler Price, of New Bedford, December 6-25, 1855, NWC.
  93. ↑ Daniel Wood, of New Bedford, November 12-December 8, 1853, Hilo, NWC.
  94. ↑ Isabella, of New Bedford, March 8, 1854, Hilo, NWC.
  95. ↑ Rousseau, of New Bedford, November 12-28, 1855, Lahaina, ODHS.
  96. ↑ Bowditch, of Warren, October 31-November 14, 1851, Lahaina, ODHS.
  97. ↑ Fortune, of New Bedford, February 10-22, 1848, Bay of Islands, ODHS.
  98. ↑ Cherokee, of New Bedford, September 18-October 5, 1848, Honolulu, NWC.
  99. ↑ Golconda, of New Bedford, October 29-November 26, 1854, Honolulu, KWM.
  100. ↑ China, of New Bedford, November 10-December 23, 1854, Honolulu, ODHS.
  101. ↑ Eliza F. Mason, of New Bedford, February 24-March 3, 1856, Guam, ODHS.
  102. ↑ Golconda, of New Bedford, October 29-November 26, 1854, Honolulu, KWM.
  103. ↑ Nimrod, of New Bedford, October 28-30, 1849, Lahaina, NWC.
  104. ↑ Good Return, of New Bedford, March 19-April 3, 1854, Honolulu, ODHS.
  105. ↑ Charles W. Morgan, of New Bedford, November 7-December 1, 1866, Honolulu, GBWL.
  106. ↑ Favorite, of Fairhaven, October 31-November 3, 1860, Hilo, NWC.
  107. ↑ Hudson, of Fairhaven, November 13-27, 1857, Honolulu, KWM.
  108. ↑ Tamerlane, of New Bedford, April 11, 1851, Kauai, ODHS.
  109. ↑ Good Return, of New Bedford, March 17-21, 1849, Kauai, ODHS.
  110. ↑ Josephine, of New Bedford, March 25-26, 1861, Koloa, Kauai, KWM.
  111. ↑ Daniel Wood, of New Bedford, January 12-14, 1856, Rarotonga, NWC.
  112. ↑ Good Return, of New Bedford, November 17-18, 1849, Kauai, ODHS.
  113. ↑ Walter Scott, of Edgartown, November 12-23, 1853, Lahaina, Martha's Vineyard Museum (MVM).
  114. ↑ Louisa, of New Bedford, January 1-2, 1860, Aitutaki, NWC.
  115. ↑ Nassau, of New Bedford, January 22, 1855, Marquesas, ODHS.
  116. ↑ Mechanic, of Newport, October 17-November 12, 1848, Lahaina, NWC.
  117. ↑ Rousseau, of New Bedford, February 15-March 3, 1855, Lahaina, ODHS.
  118. ↑ Montezuma, of New London, November 17-29, 1860, Honolulu, NWC.
  119. ↑ Midas, of New Bedford, February 23-March 11, 1858, Hilo, NWC.
  120. 1 2 3 Henry Kneeland, of New Bedford, October 29-December 23, 1849, Honolulu, ODHS.
  121. ↑ Walter Scott, of Edgartown, March 3, 1853, Guam, MVM.
  122. ↑ Walter Scott, of Edgartown, December 10, 1854, Lahaina, MVM.
  123. ↑ Fortune, of New Bedford, November 13, 1848, Lahaina, ODHS.
  124. ↑ J. E. Donnell, of New Bedford, November 30, 1852, Honolulu, MVM.
  125. ↑ William Rotch, of Honolulu, May 3-June 12, 1868, Hakodate, in Friend, Honolulu, November 2, 1868, Vol. 17, No. 11.
  126. ↑ Henry Kneeland, of New Bedford, October 18-November 18, 1852, Honolulu, in Enoch's Voyage (1994).
  127. ↑ Rousseau, of New Bedford, November 12-28, 1855, Lahaina, ODHS.
  128. ↑ Two journals (often cited here) were kept by captain's wives: the first by Eliza Brock, wife of Captain Peter C. Brock, aboard the ship Lexington, of Nantucket, 1853-1856; and the second by Eliza Williams, wife of Captain Thomas W. Williams, of the ship Florida, of Fairhaven, 1858-1861, in One Whaling Family (1964), pp. 3-204.
  129. ↑ Lexington, of Nantucket, July 24, 1855, Uda Gulf, NHA.
  130. ↑ Lexington, of Nantucket, August 29, 1854, Bolshoy Shantar Island, NHA.
  131. ↑ Rebecca Sims, of New Bedford, 1855, Uda Gulf, in Three Times Around the World (1867), pp. 92-93.
  132. ↑ Florida, of Fairhaven, August 4, 1859, Sakhalin Gulf, in One Whaling Family (1964), p. 82.
  133. ↑ George Howland, of New Bedford, September 14, 1860, in Polynesian, Honolulu, November 10, 1860, Vol. 17, No. 28.
  134. ↑ Schooners Ayan and Caroline, 1863-1865, Mamga, in Evening Bulletin, of Honolulu, March 30, 1902, Vol. 1, No. 10.
  135. ↑ Shepherdess, of Mystic, June 25, 1849, 57° 12' N, 150° E, NWC.
  136. ↑ Julian, of New Bedford, June 25, 1849, 55° 30' N (24th); July 6, 1849, 57° 21' N (5th), 152° 24' E, NWC.
  137. ↑ Good Return, of New Bedford, August 25, 1849, 56° 36' N, 154° 11' E, ODHS.
  138. ↑ Corinthian, of New Bedford, June 26, 1852, 56° 37' N, 150° 03' E, ODHS.
  139. ↑ Governor Troup, of New Bedford, September 9, 1852, NWC.
  140. ↑ Coral, of New Bedford, September 13, 1852, 57° N (15th), NWC.
  141. ↑ Sophia Thornton, of New Bedford, May 14-June 20, 1854, NWC.
  142. ↑ Florida, of New Bedford, June 16-September 25, 1852, Taui Bay, ODHS.
  143. ↑ Daniel Wood, of New Bedford, June 27-September 27, 1855, Taui Bay, NWC.
  144. ↑ Aloha, of Honolulu, July 16-October 7, 1860, Tugur Bay and off Okhotsk, in Polynesian, November 17, 1860, Vol. XVII, No. 29.
  145. ↑ Java, of New Bedford, July 6-September 26, 1866, Tugur Bay and Shantar Islands, KWM.
  146. ↑ Sea Breeze, of New Bedford, June 24-September 6, 1868, Penzhina Bay, ODHS.
  147. ↑ Montezuma, of New London, June 18, 1859, Academy Gulf, NWC.
  148. ↑ Sea Breeze, of New Bedford, September 2, 1868, Penzhina Bay, ODHS.
  149. ↑ Florida, of Fairhaven, July 16, 1859, Tugur Bay, in One Whaling Family (1964), pp. 75-76.
  150. ↑ Montezuma, of New London, August 6, 1859, Uda Gulf, NWC.
  151. ↑ Betsey Williams, of Stonington, September 7, 1853, Taui Bay, NWC.
  152. ↑ Sea Breeze, of New Bedford, June 27, 1867, Penzhina Bay, ODHS.
  153. ↑ Carolina, of New Bedford, August 8-9, 1858, Tugur Bay, ODHS.
  154. ↑ Montezuma, of New London, August 22, 1859, Uda Gulf, NWC.
  155. ↑ Montezuma, of New London, July 4, 1858, Ulban Bay; July 20, 1858, Konstantina Bay, NWC.
  156. ↑ Florida, of Fairhaven, May 9-September 23, 1853, ODHS.
  157. ↑ Josephine, of New Bedford, April 12, 1858, KWM.
  158. ↑ Onward, of New Bedford, October 4, 1864, Tugur Bay, in Friend, Honolulu, December 5, 1864, Vol. 13, No. 12, p. 96.
  159. ↑ Emily Morgan, of New Bedford, October 14, 1861, Uda Gulf, in Friend, Honolulu, January 1, 1862, Vol. 11, No. 1.
  160. ↑ Camilla, of New Bedford, October 16, 1861, Academy Gulf, in Friend, Honolulu, January 1, 1862, Vol. 11, No. 1.
  161. ↑ Mary Frazier, of New Bedford, October 17, 1855, NWC.
  162. ↑ Eliza Adams, of Fairhaven, August-September 1847, ODHS.
  163. ↑ Chandler Price, of New Bedford, May 19, 1855, 55° 58' N, 154° 47' E, NWC.
  164. ↑ China, of New Bedford, October 5, 1854, ODHS.
  165. ↑ J. E. Donnell, of New Bedford, August 1852, bowheads, MVM.
  166. ↑ Fortune, of New Bedford, August 1853, bowheads, NWC.
  167. ↑ Lexington, of Nantucket, August 1855, bowheads, NHA.
  168. ↑ Fortune, of New Bedford, August 1848, August 1849, rights, ODHS.
  169. ↑ Isaac Howland, of New Bedford, in Friend, Honolulu, December 1, 1862, Vol. 11, No. 12.
  170. ↑ Shepherdess, of Mystic, September 2, 1849, southern Sea of Okhotsk, NWC.
  171. ↑ Merrimac, of New London, 1858, in Evening Bulletin, of Honolulu, March 30, 1902, Vol. 1, No. 10.
  172. ↑ Ocmulgee, of Holmes Hole, spoken by Lancaster, of New Bedford, August 10, 1853, in Taui Bay, ODHS.
  173. ↑ Governor Troup, of New Bedford, June 29-30, 1863, KWM.
  174. ↑ Sea Breeze, of New Bedford, July 13-16, 1866, ODHS.
  175. ↑ Mary and Helen II, of San Francisco, September 18-19, 1885, KWM.
  176. ↑ Josephine, of New Bedford, June 27, 1861, KWM.
  177. ↑ Nimrod, of New Bedford, June 15, 1859, off Cape Elizabeth, ODHS.
  178. ↑ Mary Frazier, of New Bedford, October 23, 1858, off Cape Elizabeth, NWC.
  179. ↑ Josephine, of New Bedford, July 21, 1864, off Prokofyeva Island, KWM.
  180. ↑ Sea Breeze, of New Bedford, July 16, 1874, Konstantina Bay, GBWL.
  181. ↑ Oliver Crocker, of New Bedford, June 19-30, 1859, Taui Bay, in Reeves, Smith, and Josephson (2008).
  182. ↑ New England, of New London, off Iony Island, in Polynesian, Honolulu, November 10, 1860, Vol. XVII, No. 28.
  183. ↑ Sea Breeze, of New Bedford, July 28, 1867, Penzhina Bay, ODHS.
  184. ↑ They also harpooned and lanced killers that tried to steal the tongues from whales they had caught. See Friend, Honolulu, November 18, 1861, Vol. 10, No. 11, p. 84.
  185. ↑ Favorite, of Fairhaven, July 6, 1860, Uda Gulf, NWC.
  186. ↑ Josephine, of New Bedford, June 5, 1861, east of Sakhalin, KWM.
  187. ↑ Governor Troup, of New Bedford, June 2, 1863, Shelikhov Gulf, KWM.
  188. ↑ Lancaster, of New Bedford, August 7, 1853, Taui Bay, ODHS.
  189. ↑ Walter Scott, of Edgartown, June 6-7, 1854, near Iony Island, MVM.
  190. ↑ Navy, of New Bedford, August 26, 1861, Uda Gulf, KWM.
  191. ↑ Tamerlane, of New Bedford, September 26, 1851, ODHS.
  192. ↑ Betsey Williams, of Stonington, June 17, 1853, NWC.
  193. ↑ J. E. Donnell, of New Bedford, May 20-September 1, 1852, bowheads, MVM.
  194. ↑ Montezuma, of New London, June 1, 1858-July 23, 1860, bowheads, NWC.
  195. ↑ Eliza Adams, of Fairhaven, September 5-22, 1847, rights, ODHS.
  196. ↑ Ocmulgee, of Holmes Hole, August 29-September 6, 1848, rights, ODHS.
  197. ↑ Charles Phelps, of Stonington, June 26-27, 1849, bowheads, NWC.
  198. ↑ Betsey Williams, of Stonington, May 19-June 5, 1853, bowheads, NWC.
  199. ↑ Liverpool 2nd, of New Bedford, August 26, 1848-August 20, 1849, rights, NWC.
  200. ↑ City, of New Bedford, July 24-26, 1854, Sakhalin Gulf (saved), NWC.
  201. ↑ Charles Phelps, of Stonington, June 24, 1852, near Iony Island (lost), NWC.
  202. ↑ Covington, of Warren, September 2, 1855, offshore (saved), NWC.
  203. ↑ Bowditch, of Warren, August 9, 1848, southern Sea of Okhotsk (lost), NWC.
  204. ↑ Shepherdess, of Mystic, June 17, 1849, NWC.
  205. 1 2 3 4 Ashley, Clifford W. (1991 [1926]). The Yankee Whaler. Dover, New York.
  206. ↑ Carolina, of New Bedford, May 21, 1858, ODHS.
  207. ↑ Turku, in Polynesian, Honolulu, December 10, 1859, Vol. XVI, No. 32.
  208. ↑ Favorite, of Fairhaven, in Polynesian, Honolulu, November 10, 1860, Vol. XVII, No. 28.
  209. ↑ Betsey Williams, of Stonington, August 27, 1853, Taui Bay, NWC.
  210. ↑ Java, of New Bedford, September 26, 1865, Uda Gulf, KWM.
  211. ↑ Montezuma, of New London, September 12-15, 1858, Konstantina Bay, NWC.
  212. ↑ Fortune, of New Bedford, August 9, 1848, ODHS.
  213. ↑ William Wirt, of New Bedford, July 12, 1854, Sakhalin Gulf, NWC.
  214. ↑ Josephine, of New Bedford, June 26, 1864, Uda Gulf, KWM.
  215. ↑ Storfursten Constantin, of Helsinki, summer 1859, Uda Gulf to Tugur Bay, in Beyond Frontiers of Imperial Russia (2008), p. 113.
  216. ↑ Florence, of Honolulu, June 28-August 2, 1861, Rocky Point (northeast of Uda Gulf) to Tugur Bay, in Friend, Honolulu, December 2, 1861, Vol. 18, No. 12, p. 96.
  217. ↑ Favorite, of Fairhaven, August 31, 1860, Yakshin Bay, September 8, 1860, Shantar Islands, NWC.
  218. ↑ Florida, of Fairhaven, June 7, 1859, Uda Gulf, in One Whaling Family (1964), pp. 61-62.
  219. 1 2 3 Rebecca Sims, of New Bedford, 1854, Tugur Bay, in Three Times Around the World (1867).
  220. ↑ Men could be in their boats for fifteen to eighteen hours a day, often leaving the ship at two or three in the morning and not returning until eight or nine in the afternoon. See Eliza F. Mason, of New Bedford, August 2, 1855, Tugur Bay, ODHS; and Lexington, of Nantucket, July 30, 1854, Tugur Bay, July 19, 1855, Uda Gulf, NHA.
  221. ↑ They also participated in what was simply called "night whaling", lowering for bowheads when they heard their spouts and following them by the phosphorescent trails they left. See Rebecca Sims, of New Bedford, 1854, Tugur Bay, in Three Times Around the World (1867), p. 86; and Scammon (1874), p. 64.
  222. ↑ Florida, of Fairhaven, July 13, 1861, Yam Gulf, in One Whaling Family (1964), p. 188.
  223. ↑ Java, of New Bedford, 1865-1866, Medvezhy Island, in Forecastle to Cabin (1905), p. 200.
  224. ↑ Florida, of Fairhaven, July 18, 1861, Yam Gulf, in One Whaling Family (1964), p. 190.
  225. 1 2 Rebecca Sims, of New Bedford, 1854, Tugur Bay area, in Three Times Around the World (1867).
  226. ↑ Florida, of Fairhaven, June 21, 1859, Uda Gulf, in One Whaling Family (1964), p. 67.
  227. 1 2 Java, of New Bedford, 1865-1866, near Cape Ukoy, in From Forecastle to Cabin (1905), pp. 186-187.
  228. ↑ For example, huts built by other whalemen. See Phillipe Delanoye, of Fairhaven, September 15, 1854, Academy Gulf, KWM.
  229. ↑ In the early 1860s whalemen built a small cabin in Uda Gulf. It was made of hackmatack logs, had a "smoke hole" and stone hearth, and a "timber arrangement" (door) to keep out bears. They also stayed at the fishing settlement of "Dobra Town", at the mouth of the Uda River. See Java, of New Bedford, 1865-1866, Uda Gulf, in From Forecastle to Cabin (1905), pp. 190, 199-200; also Florida, of Fairhaven, June 7, 1859, Uda Gulf, in One Whaling Family (1964), pp. 61-62.
  230. ↑ Rebecca Sims, of New Bedford, 1854, near Cape Bol'shoy Dugandzha, in Three Times Around the World (1867), p. 85.
  231. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Java, of New Bedford, 1865-1866, Uda Gulf, in From Forecastle to Cabin (1905).
  232. ↑ Daniel Wood, of New Bedford, July 18, 1853, NWC.
  233. ↑ Florida, of Fairhaven, July 30, 1859, Tugur Bay, in One Whaling Family (1964), p. 80.
  234. ↑ Frances Henrietta, of New Bedford, August 22, 1856, Tugur Bay, NWC.
  235. ↑ Nassau, of New Bedford, August 13, 1855, near Shantar Islands, ODHS.
  236. ↑ Tempest, of New London, August 17-18, 1858, in Old Sailor's Story (1879), p. 94.
  237. ↑ Favorite, of Fairhaven, August 18, 1860, Shantar Islands, NWC.
  238. ↑ Favorite, of Fairhaven, July 23, August 3, 1860, Tugur Bay, NWC.
  239. ↑ Mary Frazier, of New Bedford, August 13, 1855, Academy Gulf, NWC.
  240. ↑ Speedwell, of Fairhaven, July 30-31, 1854, Tugur Bay, NWC.
  241. ↑ Endeavor, of New Bedford, August 28, 1858, Medvezhy Island, NWC.
  242. ↑ Cicero, of New Bedford, August 9-11, 1855, Tugur Bay, KWM.
  243. ↑ Florida, of Fairhaven, July 3, 1859, Tugur Bay and Medvezhy Island, in One Whaling Family (1964), p. 71-72.
  244. ↑ Rousseau, of New Bedford, July 8, 1855, ODHS.
  245. ↑ Carolina, of New Bedford, July 14, 1858, Academy Gulf, ODHS.
  246. ↑ Java, of New Bedford, 1865-1866, Tugur Bay, in From Forecastle to Cabin (1905), p. 210.
  247. ↑ Triton 2nd, of New Bedford, August 24, 1855, eastern Sea of Okhotsk, NWC.
  248. ↑ Navy, of New Bedford, September 6-15, 1854, eastern Sea of Okhotsk, NWC.
  249. ↑ Charles W. Morgan, of New Bedford, August 30-September 17, 1902, southern Sea of Okhotsk, GBWL.
  250. ↑ Tamerlane, of New Bedford, September 14, 1851, southern Sea of Okhotsk, ODHS.
  251. ↑ Mechanic, of Newport, August 25, 1848, southern Sea of Okhotsk, NWC.
  252. ↑ Covington, of Warren, September 16, 1855, eastern Sea of Okhotsk, NWC.
  253. ↑ Fortune, of New Bedford, August 13-September 14, 1848, southern Sea of Okhotsk, ODHS.
  254. ↑ Two boats from the bark Alfred Tyler, of Edgartown, caught a right whale twelve miles from their own ship and in a fog. They brought it alongside another ship to be flensed for halves, a practice more common among boats cruising for bowheads. See Covington, of Warren, August 28-29, 1855, eastern Sea of Okhotsk, NWC.
  255. ↑ Mary Frazier, of New Bedford, August 8, 1855, Ulban Bay, NWC.
  256. ↑ Mary Frazier, of New Bedford, August 27, 1855, off Bolshoy Shantar Island, NWC.
  257. ↑ Benjamin Rush, Antilla, both of Honolulu, Phillip 1st, of New London, and Coral, of New Bedford, July 11, 1860, Uda Gulf (ice), in Favorite, of Fairhaven, NWC.
  258. ↑ Florida, of Fairhaven, August 5, 1860, Tugur Bay (ice), in One Whaling Family (1964), pp. 148-149.
  259. ↑ Alice Frazier, and Milo, both of New Bedford, July 14, 1854, Tugur Bay area, ODHS.
  260. ↑ George and Mary, of New London, June 9, 1860, near Iony Island (ice), in Friend, Honolulu, November 1, 1860, Vol. 9, No. 11, p. 84.
  261. ↑ Betsey Williams, of Stonington, and Canton, of New Bedford, August 21, 1853, Taui Bay, NWC.
  262. ↑ Nassau, of New Bedford, June 4, 1855, near Iony Island (ice), ODHS.
  263. ↑ Walter Scott, of Edgartown, July 25, 1853, Taui Bay, MVM.
  264. ↑ Corinthian, of New Bedford, May 31, 1852, offshore, ODHS.
  265. ↑ Speedwell, of Fairhaven, July 21, 1854, near Shantar Islands, NWC.
  266. ↑ Favorite, of Fairhaven, July 8, 1860, Uda Gulf, NWC.
  267. ↑ Speedwell, of Fairhaven, July 18, 1854, near Shantar Islands, NWC.
  268. ↑ Mary, of Edgartown, August 1, 1855, near Shantar Islands, NWC.
  269. ↑ Golconda, of New Bedford, July 17, 1854, Tugur Bay, KWM.
  270. ↑ Isabella, of New Bedford, July 19, 1854, Tugur Bay, NWC.
  271. ↑ Callao, of New Bedford, July 31, 1857, Academy Gulf, NWC.
  272. ↑ Chandler Price, of New Bedford, August 16-19, 1856, Tugur Bay, NWC.
  273. ↑ Navy, of New Bedford, August 13, 1861, south of Feklistova Island, KWM.
  274. 1 2 Java, of New Bedford, June 20-21, 1866, Uda Gulf, KWM.
  275. ↑ Storfursten Constantin, of Helsinki, 1860, Lebyazhya Bay, in Beyond the Frontiers of Imperial Russia (2008), pp. 129-130.
  276. ↑ Caroline, winter of 1865-1866, Mamga, in Beyond the Frontiers of Imperial Russia (2008), p. 237.
  277. ↑ Nassau, of New Bedford, May 12, 1854, offshore, ODHS.
  278. ↑ Erie, of Fairhaven, May 6, 1852, offshore, NWC.
  279. ↑ Josephine, of New Bedford, April 12, 1860, offshore, KWM.
  280. ↑ Florida, of Fairhaven, June 14, 1859, Uda Gulf, in One Whaling Family (1964), p. 65.
  281. ↑ Josephine, of New Bedford, April 11, 1857, offshore, KWM.
  282. ↑ Cicero, of New Bedford, July 16, 1863, Rocky Point Harbor (northeast of Uda Gulf), KWM.
  283. ↑ Montezuma, of New London, June 18, 1858, NWC.
  284. ↑ Good Return, of New Bedford, June 27, 1854, off Big Shantar Island, ODHS.
  285. ↑ Mary Frazier, of New Bedford, June 2, 1859, NWC.
  286. ↑ Lexington, of Nantucket, July 19, 1855, Tugur Bay, NHA.
  287. ↑ Carolina, of New Bedford, July 13, 1858, Ulban Bay, ODHS.
  288. ↑ Mary Frazier, of New Bedford, June 18, 1857, NWC.
  289. ↑ Java, of New Bedford, July 1, September 16, 1866, KWM.
  290. ↑ Empire, of New Bedford, in Polynesian, Honolulu, November 20, 1858, Vol. XV, No. 29.
  291. ↑ Montezuma, of New London, June 24-26, 1859, Ulban Bay, NWC.
  292. ↑ Fortune, of New Bedford, June 25, 1853, off Shantar Islands, NWC.
  293. ↑ Montezuma, of New London, June 23, 1859, Ulban Bay, NWC.
  294. 1 2 Java, of New Bedford, 1865-1866, Academy Gulf area, in From Forecastle to Cabin (1905).
  295. ↑ Florida, of Fairhaven, June 7, 1859, Uda Gulf, in One Whaling Family (1964).
  296. ↑ Java, of New Bedford, 1865-1866, Lindholm Strait, in From Forecastle to Cabin (1905), pp. 201, 205.
  297. ↑ Golconda, of New Bedford, June 6, 1854, offshore, KWM.
  298. ↑ Frances Henrietta, of New Bedford, August 3, 1856, Tugur Bay, NWC.
  299. ↑ Carolina, of New Bedford, June 18, 1858, off Shantar Islands, ODHS.
  300. ↑ Carolina, of New Bedford, July 2, 1858, Ulban Bay, ODHS.
  301. ↑ Rambler, of New Bedford, July 31, 1858, Tugur Bay, KWM.
  302. ↑ Betsey Williams, of Stonington, June 5, 1853, offshore, NWC.
  303. ↑ Fortune, of New Bedford, May 31, 1853, offshore, NWC.
  304. ↑ Mary Frazier, of New Bedford, July 11, 1859, NWC.
  305. ↑ Midas, of New Bedford, June 10, 1858, Taui Bay, NWC.
  306. ↑ Sea Breeze, of New Bedford, June 2, 1868, Penzhina Bay, in Friend, Honolulu, December 1, 1868, Vol. 18, No. 12.
  307. ↑ Governor Troup, of New Bedford, July 12, 1863, Shelikhov Gulf, KWM.
  308. ↑ One year it didn't leave the bays until September. See Onward, of New Bedford, September 4, 1864, in Friend, Honolulu, December 5, 1864, Vol. 13, No. 12, p. 96.
  309. ↑ Golconda, of New Bedford, July 17, 1854, Tugur Bay, KWM.
  310. ↑ Endeavor, of New Bedford, July 16, 1859, Tugur Bay, NWC.
  311. ↑ Pacific, of Fairhaven, August 20, 1856, Tugur Bay, NWC.
  312. ↑ Onward, of New Bedford, August 20, 1861, in Friend, Honolulu, November 18, 1861, Vol. 18, No. 11, p. 87.
  313. ↑ Florida, of Fairhaven, July 4, 1859, Tugur Bay, in One Whaling Family (1964), p. 72.
  314. ↑ Mary and Helen II, of San Francisco, June 15, 1885, Penzhina Bay, KWM.
  315. 1 2 My Last Cruise (1858), p. 484.
  316. ↑ Alice Frazier, of New Bedford, August 20, 1854, Tugur Bay, ODHS.
  317. ↑ Carolina, of New Bedford, July 19-20, 1858, Academy Gulf, ODHS.
  318. ↑ Mary Frazier, of New Bedford, August 16, 1855, Lindholm Strait, NWC.
  319. ↑ Daniel Wood, of New Bedford, July 16, 1854, NWC.
  320. ↑ Isabella, of New Bedford, July 18, 1854, Tugur Bay, NWC.
  321. ↑ Mary Frazier, of New Bedford, August 14, 1855, Lindholm Strait, NWC.
  322. ↑ Florida, of Fairhaven, July 17, 1861, Yam Gulf, in One Whaling Family (1964), pp. 189-190.
  323. ↑ Daniel Wood, of New Bedford, July 31, 1857, Ulban Bay, NWC.
  324. ↑ Rapid, of New Bedford, Uda Gulf, in Polynesian, Honolulu, October 13, 1860, Vol. XVII, No. 24, and Friend, Honolulu, November 1, 1860, Vol. 9, No. 11, p. 88.
  325. ↑ Robin Hood, of Mystic, 1854, Tugur Bay area, in Three Times Around the World (1867), p. 85.
  326. ↑ Louisa, of New Bedford, September 1, 1858, Uda Gulf, NWC.
  327. ↑ Mary and Helen II, of San Francisco, June 25, 1885, Penzhina Bay, KWM.
  328. 1 2 Benjamin Rush, of Honolulu, in Polynesian, Honolulu, December 8, 1860, Vol. XVII, No. 32.
  329. ↑ Nimrod, of New Bedford, July 3, 1858, ODHS.
  330. ↑ Gideon Howland, of New Bedford, in Polynesian, Honolulu, November 10, 1860, Vol. XVII, No. 28.
  331. ↑ Montezuma, of New London, June-October, 1858-1860, NWC.
  332. ↑ Florida, of Fairhaven, June 29, 1859, off Medvezhy Island, in One Whaling Family (1964), pp. 69-70.
  333. ↑ India, of New Bedford, July 19, 1849, Ushki Bay, ODHS.
  334. ↑ Erie, of Fairhaven, July 25, 1852, near Sakhalin Island, NWC.
  335. ↑ Cicero, of New Bedford, August 14, 1861, Uda Gulf, KWM.
  336. ↑ Pacific, of Fairhaven, August 14, 1856, Tugur Bay, NWC.
  337. ↑ Frances Henrietta, of New Bedford, August 14, 1856, Tugur Bay, NWC.
  338. ↑ Java, of New Bedford, 1865-1866, Academy Gulf, in From Forecastle to Cabin (1905), p. 216.
  339. ↑ Speedwell, of Fairhaven, July 22, 1854, near Shantar Islands, NWC.
  340. ↑ Java, of New Bedford, 1865-1866, near Lindholm Strait, in From Forecastle to Cabin (1905), p. 203.
  341. ↑ Montezuma, of New London, April 30, May 2, May 13, 1859, NWC.
  342. ↑ Montezuma, of New London, July-October, 1858-1860, NWC.
  343. ↑ Arnolda, of New Bedford, September 12-October 14, 1874, Shantar Islands, ODHS.
  344. ↑ A few ships in the late 1850s used large anchors and chains to ride out storms in Uda Gulf in September and October and then lowered for whales when the weather permitted. They could catch a number of whales in this way. See Beyond the Frontiers of Imperial Russia (2008), pp. 116-117.
  345. ↑ Eliza F. Mason, of New Bedford, October 17, 1856, near Shantar Islands, ODHS.
  346. 1 2 3 WSL, New Bedford, December 22, 1857, Vol. XV, No. 41.
  347. ↑ Mary Frazier, of New Bedford, August 8, 1859, Sakharnaya Golova Island, NWC.
  348. ↑ Carolina, of New Bedford, August 9, 1858, Tugur Bay, ODHS.
  349. ↑ Florida, of New Bedford, June 17, 1852, Taui Bay, ODHS.
  350. ↑ Gustav, of Havre, August 4, 1860, Uda Gulf, in Friend, November 1, 1860, Vol. 9, No. 11, p. 88.
  351. ↑ Phillipe Delanoye, of Fairhaven, September 8, 1854, Academy Gulf, KWM.
  352. ↑ Louisa, of New Bedford, September 18, 1859, Uda Gulf, NWC.
  353. ↑ Josephine, of New Bedford, July 6, 1865, Shelikhov Gulf, KWM.
  354. ↑ Carolina, of New Bedford, August 19, 1858, near Shantar Islands, ODHS.
  355. ↑ Montezuma, of New London, April-October, 1858-1860, NWC.
  356. ↑ Mary and Helen II, of San Francisco, May-September 1885, KWM.
  357. ↑ China, of New Bedford, August 8, 1854, Tugur Bay, ODHS.
  358. ↑ Lexington, of Nantucket, July 13, 1854, Tugur Bay, NHA.
  359. ↑ Isabella, of New Bedford, July 28, 1854, Tugur Bay, NWC.
  360. ↑ Turku, of Turku, August 1854, Tugur Bay, in Whales and How Tides and Currents in the Okhotsk Sea Affect Them (1863; 1965), p. 11.
  361. ↑ Josephine, of New Bedford, July 29, 1860, Uda Gulf, KWM.
  362. ↑ Isabella, of New Bedford, July 29-30, 1854, Tugur Bay, NWC.
  363. ↑ Erie, of Fairhaven, May 24, 1852, offshore, NWC.
  364. ↑ Cicero, of New Bedford, May 25, 1855, offshore, KWM.
  365. ↑ Carolina, of New Bedford, September 18, September 20, 1858, Tugur Bay, ODHS.
  366. ↑ William Wirt, of New Bedford, June 25, 1854, June 19, June 25, 1855, NWC.
  367. ↑ Compilation of catch. Includes Alice Frazier, China, City, Covington, Daniel Wood, Florida, Golconda, Good Return, Isabella, Lexington, Nassau, Navy, Omega, Phillipe Delanoye, Sophia Thornton, Speedwell, Walter Scott, and William Wirt for 1854; Chandler Price, Cicero, Daniel Wood, Lexington, Mary, Mary Frazier, Nassau, Pacific, Rousseau, Vineyard, William Wirt for 1855; and Chandler Price, Frances Henrietta, Onward, Oregon, Pacific, and Rousseau for 1856 (KWM, MVM, NHA, NWC, ODHS).
  368. ↑ William Wirt, of New Bedford, May 11-August. 31, 1855, NWC.
  369. ↑ Frances Henrietta, of New Bedford, September 9, 1856, NWC.
  370. ↑ Florida, of Fairhaven, July 30, 1860, Academy Gulf, in One Whaling Family (1964), p. 147.
  371. ↑ Isabella, of New Bedford, July 11-22, 1853, Taui Bay, NWC.
  372. ↑ The following is a list of ships and their tenders and ships that used tenders: South America, of New Bedford, and Wilhelmina, of Honolulu (1854); India and Caroline (106 tons), both of New London (1855-1857); Italy and E. L. Frost (141 tons), both of Honolulu (1858); Merrimac, of New London (1858); Faith and Caroline, both of Honolulu (1859); Vernon and E. L. Frost, both of Honolulu (1859); Florence and Alice (106 tons), both of Honolulu (1859-1861); George and Mary, of New London (1860); Benjamin Rush and E. L. Frost, both of Honolulu (1860-1861); Isaac Howland, of New Bedford, and Caroline (1860-1862); Elizabeth and Kalama (85 tons), both of Honolulu (1861); Planet and E. L. Frost (1862); Oregon (1863-1864); and Tugur and Hannah Rice (1873-1874). See WSL, New Bedford, December 4, 1855, December 22, 1857, and January 22, 1861; Polynesian, Honolulu, 1858-1861; Friend, Honolulu, 1860, 1862-1863; Josephine, of New Bedford, June 29, 1864, off Cape Ukoy, KWM; Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1910 (1909), pp. 63-65; and Beyond the Frontiers of Imperial Russia (2008), pp. 306, 309.
  373. ↑ A New Bedford ship may have wintered in Taui Bay in the 1850s. See My Last Cruise (1858), p. 406.
  374. ↑ Benjamin Rush, of Honolulu, October 11, 1861, in Polynesian, Honolulu, November 23, 1861, Vol. XVIII, No. 30.
  375. 1 2 Dusseault, Edward. "Recollections of Other Days", Ballou's Monthly Magazine, June 1879, Vol. 49, pp. 556-561.
  376. ↑ "Indians" (probably Tungus) ransacked the schooner Alice, which had been left in Mamga Bay for the winter of 1859-1860. See Dudoit v Spencer (1862), in Reports of Supreme Court of Hawaii (1866).
  377. ↑ Florence, of Honolulu, spring 1860. See Dudoit v Spencer (1862), in Reports of Supreme Court of Hawaii (1866).
  378. ↑ WSL, New Bedford, December 4, 1855, Vol. XIII, No. 40, p. 314.
  379. ↑ Polynesian, Honolulu, December 11, 1858, Vol. XV, No. 32.
  380. ↑ Polynesian, Honolulu, December 10, 1859, Vol. XVI, No. 32.
  381. ↑ Polynesian, Honolulu, December 8, 1860, Vol. XVII, No. 32.
  382. ↑ Friend, Honolulu, January 1, 1862, Vol. 11, No. 1.
  383. ↑ Friend, Honolulu, January 1, 1863, Vol. 12, No. 1.
  384. ↑ Zone, of Fairhaven, and Hillman, of New Bedford, July 23, 1852. See Taber v. Jenny (1856), in Decisions of Peleg Sprague (1861).
  385. ↑ Erie, of Fairhaven, July 25, 1852, Sakhalin Gulf, NWC.
  386. ↑ Canton Packet, of New Bedford, and Emerald, of Sag Harbor, July 1856. See Bartlett v. Budd (1868), in Judgments of Massachusetts, Vol. I (1872).
  387. ↑ Richmond, of New Bedford, and Oregon, May 29-30, 1863. See Heppingstone v. Mammen (1863), in Reports of Supreme Court of Hawaii (1866).
  388. ↑ Hercules and Rainbow, both of New Bedford. See Swift v. Gifford (1872), in Judgments of Massachusetts, Vol. II (1877).
  389. ↑ See also Environment for Litigation (Deal, 2012).
  390. ↑ Boat smashed by flukes. Shepherdess, of Mystic, June 18, 1849, NWC.
  391. ↑ Exposure after boat capsized. Golconda, of New Bedford, June 7, 1854, KWM.
  392. ↑ Drowned after boat capsized. Lexington, of Nantucket, August 18, 1855, Uda Gulf, NHA.
  393. ↑ Pulled underwater by getting entangled in whaleline. Florida, of Fairhaven, August 9, 1859, in One Whaling Family (1964).
  394. ↑ Entire boat crew pulled underwater by fast whale. Faith, of Honolulu, in Friend, Honolulu, November 1, 1859, Vol. 8, No. 11, p. 87.
  395. ↑ Espadon, of Havre, July 1, 1858, Medvezhy Island, in Polynesian, Honolulu, October 30, 1858, Vol. XV, No. 26.
  396. ↑ Florida, of Fairhaven, June 13, 1859, Uda Gulf, in One Whaling Family (1964).
  397. ↑ Java, of New Bedford, June 5, 1866, Uda Gulf, KWM.
  398. ↑ Louisa, of New Bedford, July 22, 1858, Uda Gulf, NWC.
  399. ↑ Oliver Crocker, of New Bedford, early September 1861, Taui Bay, in Friend, Honolulu, November 18, 1861, Vol. 12, No. 11.
  400. ↑ Levi Starbuck, of New Bedford, August 5, 1860, Uda Gulf, in Polynesian, Honolulu, November 10, 1860, Vol. XVII, No. 28.
  401. ↑ Onward, of New Bedford, August 22, 1856, NWC.
  402. ↑ Charles W. Morgan, of New Bedford, July 15, 1864, off Rocky Point, in Josephine, of New Bedford, KWM.
  403. ↑ Benjamin Cummings, of New Bedford, September 2, 1867, Feklistova Island, in Friend, Honolulu, November 1, 1867, Vol. 18, No. 11.
  404. ↑ City, of New Bedford, July 14, 1854, Sakhalin Gulf, NWC.
  405. ↑ Governor Troup, of New Bedford, September 16-17, 1863, Ayan, KWM.
  406. ↑ Java, of New Bedford, 1865-1866, Rocky Point, in From Forecastle to Cabin (1905).
  407. ↑ Majestic, of New Bedford, early September 1860, around Atlasov Island, in Polynesian, Honolulu, October 27, 1860, Vol. XVII, No. 26.
  408. ↑ Omega, of Nantucket, July 20-23, 1854, Ayan; September 27-October 1, 1854, Taui Bay, MVM.
  409. ↑ Lexington, of Nantucket, August 5, 1854, Tugur Bay, NHA.
  410. ↑ Callao, of New Bedford, July 20, 1857, Nikolaya Bay, NWC.
  411. ↑ Chandler Price, of New Bedford, July 24, 1856, Uda Gulf, NWC.
  412. ↑ Cicero, of New Bedford, July 21, 1861, Uda Gulf, KWM.
  413. ↑ Florida, Fairhaven, July 20, 1859, Tugur Bay, in One Whaling Family (1964).
  414. ↑ China, of New Bedford, July 10-11, 1854, Feklistova Island, ODHS.
  415. ↑ Lexington, of Nantucket, July 28, 1854, NHA.
  416. ↑ Rapid, of New Bedford, September 1859, Academy Gulf, in Polynesian, Honolulu, November 19, 1859, Vol. XVI, No. 29.
  417. ↑ Condor, of New Bedford, October 1858, Tugur Bay; Udsk, winter of 1858-1859, in Arctic Rovings (1861), pp. 63-131.
  418. ↑ Montreal, of New Bedford, Tugur Bay, in Favorite, of Fairhaven, August 5, 1860, NWC.
  419. ↑ Pacific Commercial Advertiser, Honolulu, October 11, 1860, Vol. V, No. 14.
  420. ↑ Frances Henrietta, of New Bedford, May 27, 1857, in the pack ice offshore, NWC.
  421. ↑ Alice Frazier, of New Bedford, July 1857, Academy Gulf, in Friend, Honolulu, December 1, 1857, Vol. 6, No. 12, pp. 90-92.
  422. ↑ Monmouth, of Cold Spring, September 13, 1861, near Shantar Islands, in Polynesian, Honolulu, November 16, 1861, Vol. XVIII, No. 29.
  423. ↑ Montezuma, of New London, August 28, 1858, Uda Gulf, NWC.
  424. ↑ Vernon, of Honolulu, September 1858, in Polynesian, Honolulu, November 13, 1858, Vol. XV, No. 28.
  425. ↑ Gideon Howland, of New Bedford, Shantar Islands, in Polynesian, Honolulu, October 30, 1858, Vol. XV, No. 26.
  426. ↑ Harmony, of Honolulu, and Mary, of Edgartown, Academy Gulf, in Friend, Honolulu, December 1, 1857, Vol. 6, No. 12, pp. 90-92.
  427. ↑ Starbuck, Alexander (1878). History of the American Whale Fishery from Its Earliest Inception to the year 1876. Castle. ISBN 1-55521-537-8.
  428. ↑ WSL, New Bedford, January 18, 1853, Vol. XI, No. 46, p. 335.
  429. ↑ WSL, New Bedford, December 19, 1854, Vol. XII, No. 42, p. 322.
  430. ↑ Nautilus, of Shanghai, September 30, 1892, Abrek Bay. See "Board of Trade wreck report for Nautilus, 1892, No. 4630".
  431. ↑ Pacific Commercial Advertiser, Honolulu, October 22, 1907, Vol. XLVI, No. 7864.
  432. ↑ WSL, New Bedford, December 1, 1857, Vol. XV, No. 38.
  433. ↑ Friend, Honolulu, December 5, 1864, Vol. 13, No. 12.
  434. ↑ WSL, New Bedford, December 30, 1851, Vol. IX, No. 44, p. 174.
  435. ↑ Mary Frazier, of New Bedford, July 9, 1855, Ulban Bay, NWC.
  436. ↑ Friend, Honolulu, September 29, 1855, Vol. 4, No. 9, p. 68.
  437. ↑ Friend, Honolulu, December 1, 1855, Vol. 4, No. 12, pp. 90-91.
  438. ↑ Friend, Honolulu, November 15, 1856, Vol. 5, No. 11, p. 85.
  439. ↑ WSL, New Bedford, December 16, December 23, 1856, Vol. XIV, Nos. 41-42.
  440. ↑ Natchez, of New Bedford, October 1856, Nikolaya Bay. See Coady et al. v. 1,200 barrels oil, 15,000 pounds bone, etc., etc. in Reports of Supreme Court of Hawaii (1866).
  441. 1 2 Friend, Honolulu, December 4, 1858, Vol. 7, No. 12, p. 93.
  442. 1 2 3 Daily Alta California, San Francisco, Vol. 11, Nos. 332-335, November 30-December 3, 1859.
  443. ↑ Friend, Honolulu, November 1, 1859, Vol. 8, No. 11, p. 87.
  444. ↑ Rambler, of New Bedford, August 21, 1858, KWM.
  445. ↑ Friend, Honolulu, November 1, 1853, Vol. 2, No. 10, p. 93.
  446. ↑ City, of New Bedford, September 6-9, 1854, Sakhalin Gulf, NWC.
  447. ↑ WSL, New Bedford, October 29, 1867, Vol. XXV, No. 35.
  448. ↑ Friend, Honolulu, November 18, 1861, Vol. 10, No. 11, p. 84.
  449. ↑ Carolina, of New Bedford, July 23-26, 1858, Nikolaya Bay, ODHS.
  450. ↑ Lexington, of Nantucket, July 23, 1855, Uda Gulf, NHA.
  451. ↑ Betsey Williams, of Stonington, July 9, 1853, Taui Bay, NWC.
  452. ↑ Florida, of Fairhaven, July 6, 1860, Taui Bay, in One Whaling Family (1964).
  453. ↑ Mary and Helen II, of San Francisco, May 24, 1885, Gizhigin Bay, KWM.
  454. ↑ One reindeer was exhibited in Honolulu. See Charles Phelps, of Stonington, Tugur Bay, in Daily Alta California, San Francisco, December 16, 1857, Vol. 9, No. 239, and Polynesian, Honolulu, November 14, 1857, Vol. XIV, No. 28, p. 224.
  455. ↑ Golconda, of New Bedford, August 18-20, 1854, Tugur Bay, KWM.
  456. ↑ Navy, of New Bedford, September 17, 1861, Sakhalin Gulf, KWM.
  457. ↑ Florida, of Fairhaven, September 8, 1859, Okhotsk, in One Whaling Family (1964).
  458. ↑ Mary Frazier, of New Bedford, August 19, 1855, Tugur Bay, NWC.
  459. ↑ Huntress, of New Bedford, September 4, 1848, NWC.
  460. ↑ Favorite, of Fairhaven, July 5, 1860, Uda Gulf, NWC.
  461. ↑ Josephine, of New Bedford, August 16, 1865, Academy Gulf, KWM.
  462. ↑ Alice Frazier, of New Bedford, July 26, 1854, Tugur Bay, ODHS.
  463. ↑ Storfursten Constantin, of Helsinki, October 1860, near Aldoma River, in Beyond the Frontiers of Imperial Russia (2008), pp. 132-133.
  464. ↑ Cicero, of New Bedford, July 23, 1855, Feklistova Island, KWM.
  465. ↑ Frances Henrietta, of New Bedford, August 1, 1856, Tugur Bay, NWC.
  466. 1 2 India, of New Bedford, July 2, 1850, Talan, ODHS.
  467. ↑ Montezuma, of New London, June 18, 1858, NWC.
  468. ↑ Mary and Susan, of Stonington, September 17, 1848, NWC.
  469. ↑ Hannah Rice, 1871, Tyuleny Island, in Beyond the Frontiers of Imperial Russia (2008), p. 297.
  470. ↑ Frances Henrietta, of New Bedford, August 7, 1856, Tugur Bay, NWC.
  471. ↑ Arctic, of Fairhaven, 1853, western Kamchatka, in A Life on the Ocean (1917), p. 104.
  472. ↑ Arctic, of Fairhaven, 1852, Bolshoy Shantar Island, in A Life on the Ocean (1917), p. 89.
  473. ↑ Mamga, September 1867, Tugur Bay, in Beyond the Frontiers of Imperial Russia (2008), pp. 245-246.
  474. ↑ Rebecca Sims, of New Bedford, 1855, Uda Gulf, in Three Times Around the World (1867), pp. 93-94.
  475. ↑ Mary and Helen II, of San Francisco, August 11, 1885, Lebyazhya Bay, KWM.
  476. ↑ Betsey Williams, of Stonington, August 29, 1853, Taui Bay, NWC.
  477. ↑ Frances Henrietta, of New Bedford, July 4, 1857, Ayan, NWC.
  478. ↑ Callao, of New Bedford, June 21, 1857, Iony Island, NWC.
  479. ↑ Cicero, of New Bedford, June 19, 1861, Iony Island, KWM.
  480. ↑ Favorite, of Fairhaven, August 29, 1860, Yakshin Bay, NWC.
  481. ↑ Phillipe Delanoye, of Fairhaven, September 25, 1854, Academy Gulf, KWM.
  482. ↑ Cicero, of New Bedford, September 1, 1855, Tugur Bay, KWM.
  483. ↑ Mary and Helen II, of San Francisco, May 22, 1885, Gizhigin Bay, KWM.
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