United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit

United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
(D.C. Cir.)
Location E. Barrett Prettyman U.S. Courthouse
Appeals from
Established February 9, 1893
Judges 11
Circuit Justice John Roberts
Chief Judge Merrick Garland
www.cadc.uscourts.gov

The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (in case citations, D.C. Cir.) known informally as the D.C. Circuit, is the federal appellate court for the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia. Appeals from the D.C. Circuit, as with all U.S. Courts of Appeals, are heard on a discretionary basis by the Supreme Court. It should not be confused with the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, which is limited in jurisdiction by subject matter rather than geography, or with the District of Columbia Court of Appeals, which is roughly equivalent to a state supreme court in the District of Columbia, and was established in 1970 to relieve the D.C. Circuit from having to take appeals from the local D.C. trial court.

While it has the smallest geographic jurisdiction of any of the United States courts of appeals, the D.C. Circuit, with eleven active judgeships, is arguably the most important inferior appellate court. The court is given the responsibility of directly reviewing the decisions and rulemaking of many federal independent agencies of the United States government based in the national capital, often without prior hearing by a district court. Aside from the agencies whose statutes explicitly direct review by the D.C. Circuit, the court typically hears cases from other agencies under the more general jurisdiction granted to the Courts of Appeals under the Administrative Procedure Act. Given the broad areas over which federal agencies have power, this often gives the judges of the D.C. Circuit a central role in affecting national U.S. policy and law. Because of this, the D.C. Circuit is often referred to as the second-most powerful court in the United States, second only to the Supreme Court.[1]

A judgeship on the D.C. Circuit is often thought of as a stepping-stone for appointment to the Supreme Court. As of October 2018, four of the nine justices on the Supreme Court are alumni of the D.C. Circuit: Chief Justice John Roberts and Associate Justices Clarence Thomas, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, and Brett Kavanaugh. Associate Justice Elena Kagan was nominated by President Bill Clinton to the same seat that Roberts would later fill, but was never given a vote in the Senate. In addition, Chief Justices Fred M. Vinson and Warren Burger, as well as Associate Justices Wiley Blount Rutledge and Antonin Scalia, served on the D.C. Circuit before their elevations to the Supreme Court. In 1987, President Ronald Reagan put forth two failed nominees from the D.C. Circuit: former Judge Robert Bork, who was rejected by the Senate, and former (2001–2008) Chief Judge Douglas H. Ginsburg (no relation to Ruth Bader Ginsburg), who withdrew his nomination after it became known that he had used marijuana as a college student and professor in the 1960s and 1970s. Likewise, in 2016 President Barack Obama nominated Merrick Garland from the D.C. Circuit to replace the late Scalia, but the Senate controversially never gave Garland a full vote.

E. Barrett Prettyman Federal Courthouse

Because the D.C. Circuit does not represent any state, confirmation of nominees can be procedurally and practically easier than for nominees to the Courts of Appeals for the other geographical districts, as home-state senators have historically been able to hold up confirmation through the "blue slip" process. However, in recent years, several nominees to the D.C. Circuit were stalled and some were ultimately not confirmed because senators claimed that the court had become larger than necessary to handle its caseload. The court has a history of reversing the Federal Communications Commission's major policy actions.[2]

The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit meets at the E. Barrett Prettyman Federal Courthouse, near Judiciary Square in downtown Washington, D.C.

From 1984 to 2009, there were twelve seats on the D.C. Circuit. One of those seats was eliminated by the Court Security Improvement Act of 2007 on January 7, 2008, with immediate effect, leaving the number of authorized judgeships at eleven. (The eliminated judgeship was assigned to the Ninth Circuit effective January 21, 2009).

Decisions of the U.S. Courts of Appeals are published in the Federal Reporter, an unofficial reporter from Thomson Reuters.[3]

Current composition of court

# Title Judge Duty station Born Term of service Appointed by
Active Chief Senior
53 Chief Judge Merrick Garland Washington, D.C. 1952 1997–present 2013–present — Clinton
49 Circuit Judge Karen L. Henderson Washington, D.C. 1944 1990–present — — G.H.W. Bush
51 Circuit Judge Judith W. Rogers Washington, D.C. 1939 1994–present — — Clinton
52 Circuit Judge David S. Tatel Washington, D.C. 1942 1994–present — — Clinton
56 Circuit Judge Thomas B. Griffith Washington, D.C. 1954 2005–present — — G.W. Bush
58 Circuit Judge Sri Srinivasan Washington, D.C. 1967 2013–present — — Obama
59 Circuit Judge Patricia Millett Washington, D.C. 1963 2013–present — — Obama
60 Circuit Judge Cornelia Pillard Washington, D.C. 1961 2013–present — — Obama
61 Circuit Judge Robert L. Wilkins Washington, D.C. 1963 2014–present — — Obama
62 Circuit Judge Gregory G. Katsas Washington, D.C. 1964 2017–present — — Trump
63 Circuit Judge vacant Washington, D.C. — — — — —
38 Senior Circuit Judge Harry T. Edwards Washington, D.C. 1940 1980–2005 1994–2001 2005–present Carter
43 Senior Circuit Judge Laurence Silberman Washington, D.C. 1935 1985–2000 — 2000–present Reagan
44 Senior Circuit Judge James L. Buckley inactive 1923 1985–1996 — 1996–present Reagan
45 Senior Circuit Judge Stephen F. Williams Washington, D.C. 1936 1986–2001 — 2001–present Reagan
46 Senior Circuit Judge Douglas H. Ginsburg Washington, D.C. 1946 1986–2011 2001–2008 2011–present Reagan
47 Senior Circuit Judge David B. Sentelle Washington, D.C. 1943 1987–2013 2008–2013 2013–present Reagan
50 Senior Circuit Judge A. Raymond Randolph Washington, D.C. 1943 1990–2008 — 2008–present G.H.W. Bush

Vacancies and pending nominations

Seat Prior Judge's Duty Station Seat Last Held By Vacancy Reason Date of Vacancy Nominee Date of Nomination
12 Washington, D.C. Brett Kavanaugh Elevation October 6, 2018 – –

List of former judges

# Judge State Born–died Active service Chief Judge Senior status Appointed by Reason for
termination
1 Richard Henry Alvey MD 1826–1906 1893–1905 1893–1905 — Cleveland retirement
2 Martin Ferdinand Morris DC 1834–1909 1893–1905 — — Cleveland retirement
3 Seth Shepard TX 1847–1917 1893–1917 1905–1917 — Cleveland (associate);
T. Roosevelt (chief)[4]		 retirement
4 Charles Holland Duell NY 1850–1920 1905–1906 — — T. Roosevelt resignation
5 Louis E. McComas MD 1846–1907 1905–1907 — — T. Roosevelt death
6 Charles Henry Robb VT 1867–1939 1906[5]–1937 — 1937–1939 T. Roosevelt death
7 Josiah Alexander Van Orsdel WY 1860–1937 1907[5]–1937 — — T. Roosevelt death
8 Constantine Joseph Smyth NE 1859–1924 1917–1924 1917–1924 — Wilson death
9 George Ewing Martin OH 1857–1948 1924–1937 1924–1937 1937–1948 Coolidge death
10 William Hitz DC 1872–1935 1931–1935 — — Hoover death
11 Duncan Lawrence Groner VA 1873–1957 1931–1948 1937–1948 1948–1957 Hoover (associate);
F. Roosevelt (chief)[4]		 death
12 Harold Montelle Stephens UT 1886–1955 1935–1955 1948–1955 — F. Roosevelt (associate);
Truman (chief)[4]		 death
13 Justin Miller CA 1888–1973 1937–1945 — — F. Roosevelt resignation
14 Henry White Edgerton DC 1888–1970 1937–1963 1955–1958 1963–1970 F. Roosevelt death
15 Fred M. Vinson KY 1890–1953 1938–1943 — — F. Roosevelt resignation
16 Wiley Blount Rutledge KY 1894–1949 1939–1943 — — F. Roosevelt elevated to Supreme Court
17 Thurman Arnold WY 1891–1969 1943–1945 — — F. Roosevelt resignation
18 Bennett Champ Clark MO 1890–1954 1945–1954 — — Truman death
19 Wilbur Kingsbury Miller KY 1892–1976 1945–1964 1960–1962 1964–1976 Truman death
20 E. Barrett Prettyman DC 1891–1971 1945–1962 1958–1960 1962–1971 Truman death
21 James McPherson Proctor DC 1882–1953 1948–1953 — — Truman death
22 David L. Bazelon IL 1909–1993 1949[5]–1979 1962–1978 1979–1993 Truman death
23 Charles Fahy GA 1892–1979 1949[5]–1967 — 1967–1979 Truman death
24 George Thomas Washington OH 1908–1971 1949[5]–1965 — 1965–1971 Truman death
25 John A. Danaher CT 1899–1990 1953[5]–1969 — 1969–1990 Eisenhower death
26 Walter Maximillian Bastian DC 1891–1975 1954[5]–1965 — 1965–1975 Eisenhower death
27 Warren E. Burger MN 1907–1995 1956–1969 — — Eisenhower elevated to Supreme Court
28 James Skelly Wright LA 1911–1988 1962–1986 1978–1981 1986–1988 Kennedy death
29 Carl E. McGowan IL 1911–1987 1963–1981 1981–1981 1981–1987 Kennedy death
30 Edward Allen Tamm DC 1906–1985 1965–1985 — — L. Johnson death
31 Harold Leventhal DC 1915–1979 1965–1979 — — L. Johnson death
32 Spottswood William Robinson III VA 1916–1998 1966–1989 1981–1986 1989–1998 L. Johnson death
33 George MacKinnon MN 1906–1995 1969–1983 — 1983–1995 Nixon death
34 Roger Robb DC 1907–1985 1969–1982 — 1982–1985 Nixon death
35 Malcolm Richard Wilkey TX 1918–2009 1970–1984 — 1984–1985 Nixon retirement
36 Patricia Wald DC 1928–present 1979–1999 1986–1991 — Carter retirement
37 Abner Mikva IL 1926–2016 1979–1994 1991–1994 — Carter resignation
39 Ruth Bader Ginsburg NY 1933–present 1980–1993 — — Carter elevated to Supreme Court
40 Robert Bork CT 1927–2012 1982–1988 — — Reagan resignation
41 Antonin Scalia IL 1936–2016 1982–1986 — — Reagan elevated to Supreme Court
42 Kenneth Starr VA 1946–present 1983–1989 — — Reagan resignation
48 Clarence Thomas GA 1948–present 1990–1991 — — G.H.W. Bush elevated to Supreme Court
54 John Roberts MD 1955–present 2003–2005 — — G.W. Bush elevated to Supreme Court
55 Janice Rogers Brown CA 1949–present 2005–2017 — — G.W. Bush retirement
57 Brett Kavanaugh MD 1965–present 2006–2018 — — G.W. Bush elevated to Supreme Court

Chiefs

Chief
as Chief Justice
Alvey1893–1905
Shepard1905–1917
Smyth1917–1924
Martin1924–1937
Groner1937–1948
Stephens1948
as Chief Judge
Stephens1948–1955
Edgerton1955–1958
Prettyman1958–1960
W. Miller1960–1962
Bazelon1962–1978
Wright1978–1981
McGowan1981–1981
Robinson1981–1986
Wald1986–1991
Mikva1991–1994
Edwards1994–2001
D. Ginsburg2001–2008
Sentelle2008–2013
Garland2013–present

When Congress established this court in 1893 as the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia, it had a Chief Justice, and the other judges were called Associate Justices, which was similar to the structure of the Supreme Court. The Chief Justiceship was a separate seat: the President would appoint the Chief Justice, and that person would stay Chief Justice until he left the court.

On June 25, 1948, 62 Stat. 869 and 62 Stat. 985 became law. These acts made the Chief Justice a Chief Judge. In 1954, another law, 68 Stat. 1245, clarified what was implicit in those laws: that the Chief Judgeship was not a mere renaming of the position but a change in its status that made it the same as the Chief Judge of other inferior courts.

Chief judges have administrative responsibilities with respect to their circuits, and preside over any panel on which they serve unless the circuit justice (i.e., the Supreme Court justice responsible for the circuit) is also on the panel. Unlike the Supreme Court, where one justice is specifically nominated to be chief, the office of chief judge rotates among the circuit judges. To be chief, a judge must have been in active service on the court for at least one year, be under the age of 65, and have not previously served as chief judge. A vacancy is filled by the judge highest in seniority among the group of qualified judges. The chief judge serves for a term of seven years or until age 70, whichever occurs first. The age restrictions are waived if no members of the court would otherwise be qualified for the position.

When the office was created in 1948, the chief judge was the longest-serving judge who had not elected to retire on what has since 1958 been known as senior status or declined to serve as chief judge. After August 6, 1959, judges could not become or remain chief after turning 70 years old. The current rules have been in operation since October 1, 1982.

Succession of seats

The court has eleven seats for active judges after the elimination of seat seven under the Court Security Improvement Act of 2007. The seat that was originally the Chief Justiceship is numbered as Seat 1; the other seats are numbered in order of their creation. If seats were established simultaneously, they are numbered in the order in which they were filled. Judges who retire into senior status remain on the bench but leave their seat vacant. That seat is filled by the next circuit judge appointed by the President.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ John Roberts (2006). "What Makes the D.C. Circuit Different? A Historical View" (PDF). Virginia Law Review. 92: 375. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 25, 2012.
  2. ↑ Hearn, Ted (September 4, 2008). "Comcast Sues FCC Over Network Management Finding: Cabler Wants Agency's Decision on Its P2P Policies Reversed". Multichannel News.
  3. ↑ "Judicial Decisions | Law Library of Congress". loc.gov. Library of Congress. 2014-12-31. Retrieved 2015-11-18.
  4. 1 2 3 Prior to 1948, the court consisted of a Chief Justice and up to five Associate Justices. Much like with the Supreme Court of the United States, the Chief Justice would be separately nominated and subject to a separate confirmation process, regardless of whether or not he was elevated from an associate justice position. In 1948, the positions of Chief Justice and Associate Justice were reassigned to Circuit Judge positions and the position of Chief Judge was assigned based on seniority.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Recess appointment, confirmed by the Senate at a later date.

References

  • "Standard Search". Federal Law Clerk Information System. Archived from the original on 2005-10-21. Retrieved 2005-06-02.
    • Source for the duty station for Judge Williams
  • "Instructions for Judicial Directory". Website of the University of Texas Law School. Archived from the original on 2005-11-11. Retrieved 2005-07-04.
    • Source for the duty station for Judges Silberman and Buckley
    • Data is current to 2002
  • "U. S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit". Official website of the Federal Judicial Center. Archived from the original on 2005-04-04. Retrieved 2005-05-26.
    • Source for the state, lifetime, term of active judgeship, term of chief judgeship, term of senior judgeship, appointer, termination reason, and seat information
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