Timeline of Western philosophers

Timeline of Eastern | Western philosophers

This is a list of philosophers from the Western tradition of philosophy.

Western philosophers

Greek philosophers

600–500 BC

Thales of Miletus (c. 624 – 546 BC). Of the Milesian school. Believed that all was made of water.
Pherecydes of Syros (c. 620 – c. 550 BC). Cosmologist.
Anaximander of Miletus (c. 610 – 546 BC). Of the Milesian school. Famous for the concept of Apeiron, or "the boundless".
Anaximenes of Miletus (c. 585 – 525 BC). Of the Milesian school. Believed that all was made of air.
Pythagoras of Samos (c. 580 – c. 500 BC). Of the Ionian School. Believed the deepest reality to be composed of numbers, and that souls are immortal.
Xenophanes of Colophon (c. 570 – 480 BC). Sometimes associated with the Eleatic school.
Epicharmus of Kos (c. 530 – 450 BC). Comic playwright and moralist.

500–400 BC

Heraclitus of Ephesus (c. 535 – c. 475 BC). Of the Ionians. Emphasized the mutability of the universe.
Parmenides of Elea (c. 515 – 450 BC). Of the Eleatics. Reflected on the concept of Being.
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (c. 500 – 428 BC). Of the Ionians. Pluralist.
Empedocles (492 – 432 BC). Eclectic cosmogonist. Pluralist.
Zeno of Elea (c. 490 – 430 BC). Of the Eleatics. Known for his paradoxes.
Protagoras of Abdera (c. 481 – 420 BC). Sophist. Early advocate of relativism.
Antiphon (480 – 411 BC). Sophist.
Hippias (Middle of the 5th century BC). Sophist.
Gorgias. (c. 483 – 375 BC). Sophist. Early advocate of solipsism.
Socrates of Athens (c. 470 – 399 BC). Emphasized virtue ethics. In epistemology, understood dialectic to be central to the pursuit of truth.
Critias of Athens (c. 460 – 413 BC). Atheist writer and politician.
Prodicus of Ceos (c. 465 – c. 395 BC). Sophist.
Leucippus of Miletus (First half of the 5th century BC). Founding Atomist, Determinist.
Thrasymachus of Miletus (c. 459 – c. 400 BC). Sophist.
Democritus of Abdera (c. 450 – 370 BC). Founding Atomist.
Diagoras of Melos (c. 450 – 415 BC). Atheist.
Archelaus. A pupil of Anaxagoras.
Melissus of Samos. Eleatic.
Cratylus. Follower of Heraclitus.
Ion of Chios. Pythagorean cosmologist.
Echecrates. Pythagorean.
Timaeus of Locri. Pythagorean.

400–300 BC

Antisthenes (c. 444 – 365 BC). Founder of Cynicism. Pupil of Socrates.
Aristippus of Cyrene (c. 440 – 366 BC). A Cyrenaic. Advocate of ethical hedonism.
Alcidamas c. 435 – c. 350 BC). Sophist.
Lycophron (Sophist) c. 430 – c. 350 BC). Sophist.
Diogenes of Apollonia (c. 425 BC – c 350 BC). Cosmologist.
Hippo (c. 425 – c 350 BC). Atheist cosmologist.
Xenophon (c. 427 – 355 BC). Historian.
Plato (c. 427 – 347 BC). Famed for view of the transcendental forms. Advocated polity governed by philosophers.
Speusippus (c. 408 – 339 BC). Nephew of Plato.
Eudoxus of Cnidus (c. 408 – 355 BC). Pupil of Plato.
Diogenes of Sinope (c. 399 – 323 BC). Cynic.
Xenocrates (c. 396 – 314 BC). Disciple of Plato.
Aristotle (c. 384 – 322 BC). A polymath whose works ranged across all philosophical fields.

Hellenistic era philosophers

300–200 BC

Theophrastus (c. 371 BC–c. 287 BC). Peripatetic.
Pyrrho of Elis (c. 360 – 270 BC). Skeptic.
Strato of Lampsacus (c. 340 BC–c. 268 BC). Atheist, Materialist.
Epicurus (c. 341 – 270 BC). Materialist Atomist, hedonist. Founder of Epicureanism
Zeno of Citium (c. 333 – 264 BC). Founder of Stoicism.
Timon (c. 320 – 230 BC). Pyrrhonist, skeptic.
Chrysippus of Soli (c. 280 – 207 BC). Major figure in Stoicism.

200–100 BC

Carneades (c. 214 – 129 BC). Academic skeptic. Understood probability as the purveyor of truth.

Roman era philosophers

100 BC – 1 AD

Lucretius (c. 99 – 55 BC). Epicurean.

1–100 AD

Cicero (c. 106 BC – 43 BC) Political theorist.
Philo (c. 20 BC – 40 AD). Believed in the allegorical method of reading texts.
Seneca the Younger (c. 4 BC – 65 AD). Stoic.
(Quintilian) Marcus Fabius Quintilianus (c. 35 – c. 100 AD). Rhetorician and teacher

100–200 AD

Epictetus (c. 55 – 135). Stoic. Emphasized ethics of self–determination.
Marcus Aurelius (121–180). Stoic.

200–400 AD

Sextus Empiricus (fl. during the 2nd and possibly the 3rd centuries AD). Skeptic, Pyrrhonist.
Plotinus (c. 205 – 270). Neoplatonist. Had a holistic metaphysics.
Porphyry (c. 232 – 304). Student of Plotinus.
Iamblichus of Syria (c. 245 – 325). Late neoplatonist. Espoused theurgy.
Augustine of Hippo (c. 354 – 430). Original Sin. Church father.
Proclus (c. 412 – 485). Neoplatonist.

Medieval philosophers

500–800 AD

Boethius (c. 480–524).
John Philoponus (c. 490–570).

800–900 AD

Al-Kindi (c. 801 – 873). Major figure in Islamic philosophy. Influenced by Neoplatonism.
John the Scot (c. 815 – 877). neoplatonist, pantheist.

900–1000 AD

al–Faràbi (c. 870 – 950). Major Islamic philosopher. Neoplatonist.
Saadia Gaon (c. 882 – 942).
al-Razi (c. 865 – 925). Rationalist. Major Islamic philosopher. Held that God creates universe by rearranging pre–existing laws.

1000–1100 AD

Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (c. 980 – 1037). Major Islamic philosopher.
Ibn Gabirol (Avicebron) (c. 1021–1058). Jewish philosopher.
Anselm (c. 1034–1109). Christian philosopher. Produced ontological argument for the existence of God.
Al-Ghazali (c. 1058–1111). Islamic philosopher. Mystic.

1100–1200 AD

Peter Abelard (c. 1079–1142). Scholastic philosopher. Dealt with problem of universals.
Abraham ibn Daud (c. 1110–1180). Jewish philosophy.
Peter Lombard (c. 1100–1160). Scholastic.
Averroes (Ibn Rushd, "The Commentator") (c. 1126–December 10, 1198). Islamic philosopher.
Maimonides (c. 1135–1204). Jewish philosophy.
St Francis of Assisi (c. 1182–1226). Ascetic.

1200–1300 AD

Robert Grosseteste (c. 1175–1253).
Albert the Great (c. 1193–1280). Early Empiricist.
Roger Bacon (c. 1214–1294). Empiricist, mathematician.
Thomas Aquinas (c. 1221–1274). Christian philosopher.
Bonaventure (c. 1225–1274). Franciscan.
Siger (c. 1240 – c. 1280). Averroist.
Boetius of Dacia. Averroist, Aristotelian.

1300–1400 AD

Ramon Llull (c. 1232–1315) Catalan philosopher
Meister Eckhart (c. 1260–1328). mystic.
Duns Scotus (c. 1266–1308). Franciscan, Scholastic, Original Sin.
Marsilius of Padua (c. 1270–1342). Understood chief function of state as mediator.
William of Ockham (c. 1288–1348). Franciscan. Scholastic. Nominalist, creator of Ockham's razor.
Gersonides (c. 1288–1344). Jewish philosopher.
Jean Buridan (c. 1300–1358). Nominalist.
John Wycliffe (c. 1320–1384).
Nicole Oresme (c. 1320–5 – 1382). Made contributions to economics, science, mathematics, theology and philosophy.
Hasdai Crescas (c. 1340 – c. 1411). Jewish philosopher.
Gemistus Pletho (c. 1355 – 1452/1454). Late Byzantine scholar of neoplatonic philosophy.

1400–1500 AD

Nicholas of Cusa (1401–1464). Christian philosopher.
Lorenzo Valla (1407–1457). Humanist, critic of scholastic logic.
Marsilio Ficino (1433–1499). Christian Neoplatonist, head of Florentine Academy and major Renaissance Humanist figure. First translator of Plato's complete extant works into Latin.
Pico della Mirandola (1463–1494). Renaissance humanist.

Early modern philosophers

1500–1550 AD

Desiderius Erasmus (1466–1536). Humanist, advocate of free will.
Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527). Political realism.
Sir Thomas More (1478–1535). Humanist, created term "utopia".
Martin Luther (1483–1546). Major Western Christian theologian.
Petrus Ramus (1515–1572).

1550–1600 AD

John Calvin (1509–1564). Major Western Christian theologian.
Michel de Montaigne (1533–1592). Humanist, skeptic.
Pierre Charron (1541–1603).
Giordano Bruno (1548–1600). Advocate of heliocentrism.
Francisco Suarez (1548–1617). Politically proto–liberal.

1600–1650 AD

Herbert of Cherbury (1583–1648). Nativist.
Francis Bacon (1561–1626). Empiricist.
Galileo Galilei (1564–1642). Heliocentrist.
Hugo Grotius (1583–1645). Natural law theorist.
François de La Mothe Le Vayer (1588–1672)
Marin Mersenne (1588–1648). Cartesian.
Robert Filmer (1588–1653).
Pierre Gassendi (1592–1655). Mechanicism. Empiricist.
René Descartes (1596–1650). Heliocentrism, mind-body dualism, rationalism.
Baltasar Gracián (1601–1658). Spanish catholic philosopher

1650–1700 AD

Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679). Political realist.
Antoine Arnauld (1612–1694).
François de La Rochefoucauld (1613-1680).
Henry More (1614–1687).
Jacques Rohault (1617–1672), Cartesian.
Ralph Cudworth (1617–1688). Cambridge Platonist.
Blaise Pascal (1623–1662). Physicist, scientist. Noted for Pascal's wager.
Margaret Cavendish (1623–1673). Materialist, feminist.
Arnold Geulincx (1624–1669). Important occasionalist theorist.
Pierre Nicole (1625–1695).
Geraud Cordemoy (1626–1684). Dualist.
Robert Boyle (1627–1691).
Anne Conway, Viscountess Conway (1631–1679).
Richard Cumberland (1631–1718). Early proponent of utilitarianism.
Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677).
Samuel von Pufendorf (1632–1694). Social contract theorist.
John Locke (1632–1704). Major Empiricist. Political philosopher.
Joseph Glanvill (1636–1680).
Nicolas Malebranche (1638–1715). Cartesian.
Isaac Newton (1643–1727).
Simon Foucher (1644–1696). Skeptic.
Pierre Bayle (1647–1706). Pyrrhonist.
Damaris Masham (1659–1708).
John Toland (1670–1722).

1700–1750 AD

Gottfried Leibniz (1646–1716). Co-inventor of calculus.
John Norris (1657–1711).
Jean Meslier (1664–1729). Atheist Priest.
Giambattista Vico (1668–1744).
Bernard Mandeville (1670–1733).
Anthony Ashley-Cooper (1671–1713).
Samuel Clarke (1675–1729).
Catherine Cockburn (1679–1749).
Christian Wolff (1679–1754). Determinist, rationalist.
George Berkeley (1685–1753). Idealist, empiricist.
Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu (1689–1755). Skeptic, humanist.
Joseph Butler (1692–1752).
Francis Hutcheson (1694–1746). Proto–utilitarian.
John Gay (1699–1745).
David Hartley (1705–1757).
Julien La Mettrie (1709–1751). Materialist, genetic determinist.

1750–1800 AD

Voltaire (1694–1778). Advocate for freedoms of religion and expression.
Thomas Reid (1710–1796). Member of Scottish Enlightenment, founder of Scottish Common Sense philosophy.
David Hume (1711–1776). Empiricist, skeptic.
Jean–Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778). Social contract political philosopher.
Denis Diderot (1713–1784).
Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten (1714–1762).
Claude Adrien Helvétius (1715–1771). Utilitarian.
Etienne de Condillac (1715–1780).
Jean d'Alembert (1717–1783).
Baron d'Holbach (1723–1789). Materialist, atheist.
Adam Smith (1723–1790). Economic theorist, member of Scottish Enlightenment.
Richard Price (1723–1791). Political liberal.
Immanuel Kant (1724–1804). Deontologist, proponent of synthetic a priori truths.
Moses Mendelssohn (1729–1786). Member of the Jewish Enlightenment.
Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729–1781).
Edmund Burke (1729–1797). Conservative political philosopher.
William Paley (1743–1805).
Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826). Liberal political philosopher.
Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832). Utilitarian, hedonist.
Sylvain Maréchal (1750–1803) Anarcho-Communist, Deist
Dugald Stewart (1753–1828).
William Godwin (1756–1836). Anarchist, utilitarian.
Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797). Feminist.
Friedrich Schiller (1759–1805).
Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762–1814).

Modern philosophers

1800–1850 AD

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829). Early evolutionary theorist.
Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749–1827). Determinist.
Joseph de Maistre (1753–1821) Conservative
Comte de Saint-Simon (1760–1825). Socialist.
Madame de Staël (1766–1817).
Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768–1834). Hermeneutician.
G. W. F. Hegel (1770–1831). German idealist.
James Mill (1773–1836). Utilitarian.
F. W. J. von Schelling (1775–1854). German idealist.
Bernard Bolzano (1781–1848).
Richard Whately (1787–1863).
Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860). Pessimism, Critic, Absurdist.
John Austin (1790–1859). Legal positivist, utilitarian.
William Whewell (1794–1866).
Auguste Comte (1798–1857). Social philosopher, positivist.
Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882). Transcendentalist, abolitionist, egalitarian, humanist.
Ludwig Feuerbach (1804–1872).
Alexis de Tocqueville (1805–1859).
Max Stirner (1806–1856). Anarchist.
Augustus De Morgan (1806–1871). Logician.
John Stuart Mill (1806–1873). Utilitarian.
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809–1865). Anarchist.
Charles Darwin (1809–1882).
Jaime Balmes (1810–1848)
Margaret Fuller (1810–1850). Egalitarian.
Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855). Existentialist.
Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862). Transcendentalist, pacifist, abolitionist.

1850–1900 AD

Sir William Hamilton, 9th Baronet (1788–1856).
Sojourner Truth (c. 1797–1883). Egalitarian, abolitionist.
Harriet Taylor Mill (1807–1858). Egalitarian, utilitarian.
Mikhail Bakunin (1814–1876). Revolutionary anarchist.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815–1902). Egalitarian.
Hermann Lotze (1817–1881).
Karl Marx (1818–1883). Socialist, formulated historical materialism.
Friedrich Engels (1820–1895). Egalitarian, dialectical materialist.
Herbert Spencer (1820–1903). Nativism, libertarianism, social Darwinism.
Susan B. Anthony (1820–1906). Feminist.
Wilhelm Dilthey (1833–1911).
Edward Caird (1835–1908). Idealist.
T.H. Green (1836–1882). British idealist.
Henry Sidgwick (1838–1900). Rationalism, utilitarianism.
Ernst Mach (1838–1916). Philosopher of science, influence on logical positivism.
Franz Brentano (1838–1917). Phenomenologist.
Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914). Pragmatist.
William James (1842–1910). Pragmatism, Radical empiricism.
Peter Kropotkin (1842–1921). Anarchist communism.
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900). Naturalistic philosopher, influence on Existentialism.
W. K. Clifford (1845–1879). Evidentialist.
F. H. Bradley (1846–1924). Idealist.
Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923). Social philosopher.
Bernard Bosanquet (1848–1923). Idealist.
Gottlob Frege (1848–1925). Influential analytic philosopher.
Cook Wilson (1849–1915).
Hans Vaihinger (1852–1933). Specialist in counterfactuals.
David George Ritchie (1853–1903). Idealist.
Alexius Meinong (1853–1920). Logical realist.
Henri Poincaré (1854–1912).
Josiah Royce (1855–1916). Idealist.
Andrew Seth Pringle-Pattison (1856–1931).
Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913). Linguist, Semiotics, Structuralism.
Émile Durkheim (1858–1917). Social philosopher.
Giuseppe Peano (1858–1932).
Edmund Husserl (1859–1938). Founder of phenomenology.
Samuel Alexander (1859–1938). Perceptual realist.
Henri Bergson (1859–1941).
John Dewey (1859–1952). Pragmatism.
Jane Addams (1860–1935). Pragmatist.
Pierre Duhem (1861–1916).
Karl Groos (1861–1946). Evolutionary instrumentalist theory of play.
Alfred North Whitehead (1861–1947). Process Philosophy, Mathematician, Logician, Philosophy of Physics, Panpsychism.
George Herbert Mead (1863–1931). Pragmatism, symbolic interactionist.
Max Weber (1864–1920). Social philosopher.
Miguel de Unamuno (1864–1936).
J. M. E. McTaggart (1866–1925). Idealist.
Benedetto Croce (1866–1952).
Emma Goldman (1869–1940). Anarchist.
Rosa Luxemburg (1870–1919). Marxist political philosopher.
G. E. Moore (1873–1958). Common sense theorist, ethical non–naturalist.
Martin Buber (1878–1965). Jewish philosopher, existentialist.

1900–2000 AD

George Santayana (1863–1952). Pragmatism, naturalism; known for many aphorisms.
H.A. Prichard (1871–1947). Moral intuitionist.
Bertrand Russell (1872–1970). Analytic philosopher, nontheist, influential.
A.O. Lovejoy (1873–1962).
Nikolai Berdyaev (1874–1948). Existentialist.
Ernst Cassirer (1874–1945).
Max Scheler (1874–1928). German phenomenologist.
Giovanni Gentile (1875–1944). Idealist and fascist philosopher.
Ralph Barton Perry (1876–1957).
W.D. Ross (1877–1971). Deontologist.
Ludwig von Mises (1881-1973).
Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1881–1955). Christian evolutionist.
Hans Kelsen (1881–1973). Legal positivist.
Moritz Schlick (1882–1936). Founder of Vienna Circle, logical positivism.
Otto Neurath (1882–1945). Member of Vienna Circle.
Nicolai Hartmann (1882–1950).
Jacques Maritain (1882–1973). Human rights theorist.
José Ortega y Gasset (1883–1955). Philosopher of History.
C.I. Lewis (1883–1964). Conceptual pragmatist.
Gaston Bachelard (1884–1962).
Georg Lukács (1885–1971). Marxist philosopher.
Walter Terence Stace (1886–1967)
Karl Barth (1886–1968).
C. D. Broad (1887–1971).
Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951). Analytic philosopher, philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, influential.
Gabriel Marcel (1889–1973). Christian existentialist.
Martin Heidegger (1889–1976). Phenomenologist.
Antonio Gramsci (1891–1937). Marxist philosopher.
Rudolf Carnap (1891–1970). Vienna Circle. Logical positivist.
Walter Benjamin (1892–1940). Marxist. Philosophy of language.
Brand Blanshard (1892–1987).
F. S. C. Northrop (1893–1992). Epistemologist.
Roman Ingarden (1893–1970). Perceptual realist, phenomenalist.
Susanne Langer (1895–1985).
Friedrich Waismann (1896–1959). Vienna Circle. Logical positivist.
Georges Bataille (1897–1962).
Herbert Marcuse (1898–1979). Frankfurt School.
Xavier Zubiri (1898–1983). Materialist open realism.
Leo Strauss (1899–1973). Political Philosopher.
H.H. Price (1899–1984).
Gilbert Ryle (1900–1976).
Hans-Georg Gadamer (1900–2002). Hermeneutics.
Jacques Lacan (1901–1981). Structuralism.
Alfred Tarski (1901–1983). Created T–Convention in semantics.
E. Nagel (1901–1985). Logical positivist.
Karl Popper (1902–1994). Falsificationist.
Mortimer Adler (1902–2001).
Frank P. Ramsey (1903–1930). Proposed redundancy theory of truth.
Theodor Adorno (1903–1969). Frankfurt School.
Ernest Addison Moody (1903–1975).
Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980). Humanism, existentialism.
Karl Jaspers (1905–1982). Existentialist.
Eugen Fink (1905–1975). Phenomenologist.
Ayn Rand (1905–1982). Objectivist, Individualist.
Kurt Gödel (1906–1978). Vienna Circle.
Emmanuel Levinas (1906–1995).
Hannah Arendt (1906–1975). Political Philosophy.
H.L.A. Hart (1907–1992). Legal positivism.
C.L. Stevenson (1908–1979).
Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908–1961). Influential French phenomenologist.
Simone de Beauvoir (1908–1986). Existentialist, feminist.
Willard van Orman Quine (1908–2000).
Simone Weil (1909–1943).
A.J. Ayer (1910–1989). Logical positivist, emotivist.
J.L. Austin (1911–1960).
Marshall McLuhan (1911–1980). Media theory.
Alan Turing (1912–1954). Functionalist in philosophy of mind.
Wilfrid Sellars (1912–1989). Influential American philosopher
Albert Camus (1913–1960). Absurdist.
Paul Ricœur (1913–2005). French philosopher and theologian.
Roland Barthes (1915–1980). French semiotician and literary theorist.
J. L. Mackie (1917–1981). Moral skeptic.
Donald Davidson (1917–2003).
Louis Althusser (1918–1990).
R. M. Hare (1919–2002).
P. F. Strawson (1919–2006).
John Rawls (1921–2002). Liberal.
Zygmunt Bauman (1925–2017). Polish sociologist and philosopher, who introduced the idea of liquid modernity.
Frantz Fanon (1925–1961). Postcolonialism
Gilles Deleuze (1925–1995). Post-structuralism
Zygmunt Bauman (1925-2017).
Michel Foucault (1926–1984). Structuralism, Post-structuralism, Postmodernism, and the concept of biopolitics.
Hilary Putnam (1926–2016).
David Malet Armstrong (1926–2014).
John Howard Yoder (1927–1997). Pacifist.
Noam Chomsky (born 1928). Linguist.
Robert M. Pirsig (1928–2017). Introduced the Methaphysics of Quality. MOQ incorporates facets of East Asian philosophy, pragmatism and the work of F. S. C. Northrop.
Bernard Williams (1929–2003). Moral philosopher.
Jean Baudrillard (1929–2007). Postmodernism, Post-structuralism.
Jürgen Habermas (born 1929).
Jaakko Hintikka (1929–2015).
Alasdair MacIntyre (born 1929). Aristotelian.
Allan Bloom (1930–1992). Political Philosopher.
Pierre Bourdieu (1930–2002). French psychoanalytic sociologist and philosopher.
Jacques Derrida (1930–2004). Deconstruction.
Guy Debord (1931–1994). French Marxist philosopher.
Richard Rorty (1931–2007). Pragmatism, Postanalytic philosophy.
Charles Taylor (born 1931). Political philosophy, Philosophy of Social Science, and Intellectual History
John Searle (born 1932).
Alvin Plantinga (born 1932). Reformed epistemology, Philosophy of Religion.
Jerry Fodor (1935–2017).
Thomas Nagel (born 1937).
Alain Badiou (born 1937).
Robert Nozick (1938–2002). Libertarian.
Tom Regan (1938–2017). Animal rights philosopher.
Saul Kripke (born 1940).
Jean-Luc Nancy (born 1940) French philosopher.
David K. Lewis (1941–2001). Modal realism.
Joxe Azurmendi (born 1941). Basque Philosopher, Political philosophy, Social philosophy, Philosophy of language.
Derek Parfit (1942–2017).
Giorgio Agamben (born 1942). state of exception, form–of–life, and homo sacer.
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (born 1942). Postcolonialism, Feminism, Literary theory.
Peter Singer (born 1946) Moral philosopher on animal liberation, effective altruism.
John Ralston Saul (born 1947).
Hans-Hermann Hoppe (born 1949).
Slavoj Žižek (born 1949). Hegelianism, Marxism and Lacanian psychoanalysis.
Ken Wilber (born 1949). Integral Theory.
Luc Ferry (born 1951).
André Comte-Sponville (born 1952).
Cornel West (born 1953).
Judith Butler (born 1956). Poststructuralist, feminist, queer theory.
Alexander Wendt (born 1958). Social constructivism.
Michel Onfray (born 1959).
Alain de Botton (born 1969).

References

Kemerling, Garth (2002). "Timeline of Western Philosophers". http://www.philosophypages.com
LaFave, Sandra (2006). "Chronological List of Western Philosophers". http://lafavephilosophy.x10host.com/CRONLIST.htm
Russell, Bertrand (1959). Wisdom of the West. London: Rathbone Books, Ltd.

External links

Jewish Intellectual Timeline, a parallel history of Jewish and non-Jewish intellectual ideas

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