The Quality of Nationality Index

The Quality of Nationality Index
The Quality of Nationality Index
Author Dr. Christian H. Kälin & Prof. Dr. Dimitry Kochenov
Language English
Release number
 2017
Publisher Henley & Partners
Website https://www.nationalityindex.com/

The Quality of Nationality Index (QNI) ranks the quality of nationalities based on internal and external factors.[1] Each nationality receives an aggregated score based on their economic strength, human development, ease of travel, political stability and overseas employment opportunities for their citizens. The data is collected from various sources with quantifiable data.[2] The QNI was created Dimitry Kochenov, an expert in citizenship, nationality and immigration law and constitutional law of the European Union at the University of Groningen and Christian Kälin, chairman of Henley & Partners.

Significance

Being a national of any country is a random consequence of birth, showing no correlation with a person’s achievements, ideas, feelings, and desires.[3] This phenomenon has also been described as ‘a birthright lottery’ by Professor of Law, Political Science, and Global Affairs Ayelet Shachar at the University of Toronto.[4] At the same time, the QNI shows that nationalities diverge greatly in their practical value which often does not run parallel with the characteristics of the countries with which nationalities are associated, such as the economic power or the level of human development of the countries. Applying the methodology of the QNI, some economically strong countries have relatively unattractive nationalities. For example, the nationality of India shares the 106th place with the nationality of Senegal (2017 data). By contrast, some small countries have nationalities of larger value, such as those of Lithuania and Romania, which are ranked 22nd and 25th respectively in the QNI 2017.

The QNI is frequently cited in media such as Forbes, Bloomberg, The Enquirer and Business Standard.[5][6][7][8]

QNI World Map

Methodology

The QNI takes a quantitative approach to determine the value of a nationality based on seven parameters, comprising both internal value (40%) and external value (60%). Three parameters reflect the internal value of a nationality: human development (15%), economic strength (15%), and peace and stability (10%). Four parameters reflect the external value of a nationality: diversity of travel freedom (15%), weight of travel freedom (15%), diversity of settlement freedom (15%), and weight of settlement freedom (15%).[9]

Virtually all nationalities of the world as well as EU citizenship are included in the ranking. Not included are fantasy passports and nationalities of non-recognized states such as Abkhazia, South-Ossetia, and Somaliland.[10] All nationalities receive a score from 0% to 100%.[11]

Weighted distribution of factors to calculate the QNI score

Internal parameters and sources

The data is aggregated from various objective sources. The internal factors present the quality of life and opportunities for personal growth within the country of origin of the holder of nationality.[12]

Human Development

Human Development is measured using the United Nations Development Programme Human Development Index (Human Development Index). The HDI was developed by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq and Indian economist Amartya Sen which was further used to measure the country's development by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). The index is based on the human development approach, developed by Ul Haq, often framed in terms of whether people are able to "be" and "do" desirable things in life. Examples include—Being: well fed, sheltered, healthy; Doings: work, education, voting, participating in community life. Consequently, this index centres on three different human development areas: life expectancy at birth, expected years of education, and standard of living.

The QNI normalizes the HDI scores of the countries with which a particular nationality is associated to a 0-15% scale. The nationality of the highest-scoring country on the HDI gets the full 15% score, with the other nationalities being ranked proportionately.[13][14]

Economic Strength

Economic Strength of a nationality is based on the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) of the country with which the nationality is associated. It is calculated from the data that is provided by the International Monetary Fund. If there is no reliable Purchasing Power Parity data available, non-PPP data from the World Bank [15] are used.[16] GDP at PPP scores are normalized to a 0-15% scale, the largest economy receiving the full 15% score.

Peace and Stability

Peace and Stability are calculated using data by the annual Global Peace Index (GPI). The index is published by the Institute for Economics and Peace.[17] Peace and Stability accounts for 10% of the total QNI General Ranking scale. Also here the nationality which is associated with the most peaceful country receives the full 10%. The other nationalities are ranked proportionately on the basis of the ranking scale used by the GPI.[18]

External parameters and sources

External factors identify the quality of opportunities and diversity the holder of a nationality can pursue outside the country of origin.[19]

Diversity of Travel Freedom

Diversity of Travel Freedom is based on how many destinations the holder of a particular nationality can visit without a visa or with a visa-on-arrival [20] for short-term tourist or business purposes. The data is sourced from the International Air Transport Association IATA. The diversity of Travel Freedom accounts for 15% of the total QNI General Ranking scale.

Weight of Travel Freedom

Weight of Travel Freedom evaluates the quality of the travel freedom the holder of a nationality has without a visa or with a visa-on-arrival for short term visits. Unlike Diversity of Travel Freedom, which looks only at the number of destinations, Weight of Travel Freedom looks at the value of having visa-free or visa-on-arrival travel access to a particular country. This value is based on the Human Development (50%) and Economic Strength (50%) of each country destination.[21] This is based on the presumption that for most people, having visa-free access to the United States of America is of higher value than having visa-free access to Sudan, for example. Weight of Travel Freedom accounts for 15% of the total QNI General Ranking scale.[22]

Diversity of Settlement Freedom

Diversity of Settlement Freedom is based on the number of foreign countries in which the holder of a nationality can freely settle for at least 360 days with automatic access to work there.[23] Diversity of Settlement Freedom accounts for 15% of the total QNI General Ranking scale. The most advanced example of a regional organization which allows nationals of its Member States to freely settle in each of the other Member States is the European Union. However, similar regional organizations which include free settlement among Member States are MERCOSUR, the Gulf Cooperation Council, and Economic Community of Western African States. Outside such regional organizations, Georgia is the only country that allows almost all foreigners to freely settle and work in its country.[24] After a ‘Hard Brexit’, British citizens will lose their settlement and working rights to more than 30 of the world’s leading countries, seriously affecting the quality of the British nationality.[25][26]

Weight of Settlement Freedom

Weight of Settlement Freedom evaluates the quality of the settlement freedom of the holder of a nationality. It does so by looking at the Human Development (50%) and Economic Strength (50%) of the countries to which the nationality holder has settlement access. Weight of Settlement Freedom accounts for 15% of the total QNI General Ranking scale.

As of 2017, France’s quality of nationality is ranked the best in the world, according to the latest edition of the Quality of Nationality Index (QNI).[27][28] The French nationality earned a score of 81.7% out of a possible 100%, fractionally ahead of Germany.[29] While the difference between France’s and Germany’s results is relatively small, France’s comparative advantage lies in its greater settlement freedom (attributable mainly to the country’s former colonial empire[30]).

Results

France’s quality of nationality is ranked the best in the world, according to the latest edition of the Quality of Nationality Index (2017 data). [31] The French nationality earned a score of 81.7% out of a possible 100%, fractionally ahead of Germany. While the difference between France’s and Germany’s result is relatively small, France’s comparative advantage lies in its greater settlement freedom (attributable mainly to the country’s former colonial empire[32]).

Full Ranking (2017)

RankCitizenshipScore
1 France81.7%
2 Germany81.6%
3 Iceland81.5%
4 Denmark80.9%
5 Netherlands80.8%
6 Norway80.4%
7 Sweden80.0%
8 Finland79.2%
8 Italy79.2%
9  Switzerland79%
9 Ireland79%
10 Austria78.9%
11 Spain78.7%
12 Portugal78.5%
13 United Kingdom78.2%
14 Belgium78.1%
14 Liechtenstein78.1%
15 Czech Republic78.0%
16 Luxembourg77.2%
17 Slovenia76.7%
18 Hungary76.3%
19 Slovakia75.6%
20 Poland75.4%
21 Estonia75.2%
21 Greece75.2%
22 Lithuania75.0%
23 Latvia74.9%
23 Malta74.9%
24 Cyprus73.3%
25 Romania73.1%
26 Bulgaria72.6%
27 United States69.4%
28 Croatia67.7%
29 Japan57%
30 Gibraltar55.7%.
31 New Zealand54.5%
32 Australia54.3%
33 Canada54.0%
34 Chile53.7%
35 Singapore53.2%
36 Argentina52.3%
36 South Korea52.3%
37 Brazil52.1%
38 Jersey51.9%
39 Guernsey51.8%
40 Isle of Man51.7%
41 Monaco50.8%
41 San Marino50.8%
42 Andorra50.3%
43 Malaysia49.0%
44 Uruguay48.6%
45 Brunei Darussalam47.6%
46 United Arab Emirates45.8%
47 Hong Kong45.5%
48 Israel45.1%
49 Seychelles44.9%
50 Paraguay44.5%
51 Barbados43.9%
52 Mauritius43.7%
52 Mexico43.7%
53 Taiwan43.6%
54 Bahamas43.2%
54 Costa Rica43.2%
55 Peru43.1%
56 Antigua and Barbuda41.9%
57 Panama41.7%
58 Saint Kitts and Nevis41.5%
59 China41.4%
60 Macao41.1%
61 Trinidad and Tobago40.7%
62 Colombia40.6%
62 Venezuela40.6’%
63 Palau40.5%
63 Russian Federation40.5%
64 Marshall Islands40.3%
65 Saint Vincent39.9%
66 Serbia39.7%
67 St. Lucia39.4%
67 Grenada39.4%
68 Montenegro38.6%
69 Dominica38.5%
70 Micronesia38.4%
71 El Salvador37.8%
72 Honduras37.3%
73 Ecuador37.2%
73 Moldova37.2%
74 Macedonia37.1%
75 Samoa37.0%
76 Bosnia36.8%
77 Albania36.7%
78 Guatemala36.6%
79 Tonga36.5%
80 Ukraine36.1%
80 Tuvalu36.1%
81 Nicaragua35.9%
82 Kuwait35.7%
83 Turkey35.4%
84 Georgia35.2%
85 Vanuatu35.0%
86 Kiribati34.3%
87 Qatar34.1%
88 Bolivia34.0%
89 Solomon Islands33.9%
89 Saudi Arabia33.9%
90 Bahrain33.6%
90 Oman33.6%
91 Kazakhstan33.4%
92 South Africa32.8%
92 Belarus32.8%
93 Cape Verde32.5%
94 Belize32.3%
95 Ghana32.1%
96 Botswana31.0%
97 Fiji30.9%
98 Guyana30.8%
99 Maldives30.6%
100 Suriname30.5%
101 Thailand30.2%
101 Nauru30.2%
102 Timor-Leste30.1%
103 Armenia29.9%
103 Jamaica29.9%
103 Gambia29.9%
104Israeli Laissez-Passer29.7%
104 Sierra Leone29.7%
105 Benin29.5%
106 India29.3%
106 Senegal29.3%
107 Indonesia29.1%
107 Latvia29.1%
108 Togo29.0%
109 Kyrgyzstan28.4%
110 Tunisia28.3%
110 Azerbaijan28.3%
111 Namibia28.2%
112 Côte d’Ivoire28.0%
113 Cuba27.9%
114 Burkina Faso27.6%
115 Nigeria27.4%
115 Dominican Republic27.4%
116 Guinea27.3%
117 Uzbekistan27.2%
118 Mongolia27.0%
119 Mali26.9%
120 Liberia26.5%
120 Papua New Guinea26.5%
121 Guinea-Bissau26.4%
122 Bhutan26.3%
123 Morocco26.1%
124 Zambia26.0%
125 Philippines25.9%
126 Tajikistan25.6%
126 Niger25.6%
127 Swaziland25.5%
128British overseas territories citizenship25.3%
128 Tanzania25.3%
129British Nationals (Overseas)25.2%
129 Algeria25.2%
130 Jordan24.9%
130 Gabon24.9%
131 Malawi24.8%
132 Lesotho24.6%
132 Vietnam24.6%
132 Kenya24.6%
133 Turkmenistan24.5%
134 Sri Lanka24.4%
135 Egypt24.2%
136 Sao Tome23.9%
137 Kosovo23.8%
137 Iran23.8%
138 Lebanon23.7%
139 Laos23.2%
140 Uganda23.1%
141 Madagascar22.8%
141 Equatorial Guinea22.8%
142 Zimbabwe22.7%
142British Subjects22.7%
143British Overseas citizenship22.6%
143 Comoros22.6%
144 Mauritania22.5%
145 Cambodia22.4%
146British protected persons22.3%
147 Haiti21.8%
148 North Korea21.7%
149 Bangladesh21.4%
149 Angola21.4%
150 Palestinian Territory21.3%
150 Mozambique21.3%
151 Libya21.1%
152 Myanmar21.0%
152   Nepal21.0%
153 Rwanda20.9%
154 Congo20.5%
155 Djibouti20.1%
155 Cameroon20.1%
156 Chad18.9%
157 Sudan18.2%
158 Ethiopia18.0%
159 Pakistan17.9%
160 Burundi17.5%
160 Congo17.5%
161 Eritrea17.1%
161 Yemen17.1%
162 Syrian Arab Republic16.8%
163 Central African Republic16.6%
164 South Sudan16.1%
165 Iraq15.1%
166 Afghanistan14.5%
167 Somalia13.4%

Top 10 Nations (2017)

Country 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013
 France 1
81.7%		 2
82.4%		 7
80.9%		 8
80.8%		 3
81.3%
 Germany 2
81.6%		 1
82.7%		 1
83.1%		 1
83.1%		 1
83.1%
 Iceland 3
81.5%		 3
81.3%		 5
81.6%		 6
81.1%		 4
80.9%
 Denmark 4
80.9%		 2
82.4%		 2
83.0%		 2
82.8%		 2
81.7%
 Netherlands 5
80.8%		 8
79.7%		 9
80.3%		 10
80.4%		 7
80.3%
 Norway 6
80.4%		 5
81.0%		 4
81.7%		 5
81.2%		 4
80.9%
 Sweden 7
80.0%		 9
81.2%		 5
81.6%		 4
81.7%		 5
80.8%
 Finland 8
79.2%		 6
80.7%		 3
82.0%		 3
82.2%		 3
81.3%
 Italy 8
79.2%		 7
79.9%		 13
79.8%		 13
80.0%		 8
80.2%
 Ireland 9
79.0%		 11
79.4%		 6
81.0%		 5
81.2%		 6
80.4%
  Switzerland 9
79.0%		 9
79.6%		 8
80.7%		 7
81.0%		 5
80.8%
 Austria 10
78.9%		 7
79.9%		 6
81.0%		 9
80.7%		 8
80.2%
References [33]

! References ! [34] |}

References

  1. ↑ "Germany Tops Quality of Nationality Index". cnbc.com. 2017-09-13. Retrieved 2018-08-16.
  2. ↑ Kochenov, Dimitry; Lindeboom, Justin (October 2017). "Empirical Assessment oft he Quality of Nationalities: The Quality of Nationality Index (QNI)". European Journal of Comparative Law and Governance. 4 (4): 314–336. doi:10.1163/22134514-00404007.
  3. ↑ "A new ranking of every country's citizenship". Economist. 2018-08-17. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
  4. ↑ "Birtright is a Lottery". rorotoko.com. 2018-08-17. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
  5. ↑ "The World's Top Nationalities". Forbes. 2018-08-17. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
  6. ↑ "Where the Super-Rich go to buy their second Passport". Bloomberg. 2018-08-17. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
  7. ↑ "World's best Nationalities for 2017 revealed". The Enquirer. 2018-08-17. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
  8. ↑ "Looking for another Passport - Here are the most sought after countries". Business Standard. 2018-08-17. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
  9. ↑ Kochenov, Dimitry; Lindeboom, Justin (2018) [2018]. "Methodology of the QNI". The Quality of Nationality Index (3rd ed.). Ideos Publishing.
  10. ↑ Lindeboom, Justin (2018). "The Quality of Nationalities of Countries That Don't Exist: Measuring the Value of Unrecognized Nationalities". In Kochenov, Dimitry; Lindeboom, Justin. The Quality of Nationality Index (3rd ed.). Ideos. ISBN 978-3952474259.
  11. ↑ "The 41 nationalities with the best quality of life". www.businessinsider.de. 2016-06-02. Retrieved 2018-07-30.
  12. ↑ "The world's best and worst nationalities in 2018 – including South Africa". www.businesstech.co.za. Retrieved 2018-08-07.
  13. ↑ "Global Launch of the First Edition oft he Henley & Partners – Kochenov Quality of Nationality Index". www.ireland.co.nz /. Retrieved 2018-08-07.
  14. ↑ "German citizenship is ranked the most valuable in the world". www. qz.com /. Retrieved 2018-08-07.
  15. ↑ "These are the richest countries with the weakest passports". www.weforum.org. 2018-05-02. Retrieved 2018-07-30.
  16. ↑ "Economic Strength". www.nationalityindex.com/. Retrieved 2018-07-30.
  17. ↑ "Peace and Stability". www.nationalityindex.com/. Retrieved 2018-07-30.
  18. ↑ "First index to rank quality of nationalities". www.emirates247.com/. Retrieved 2018-08-06.
  19. ↑ "A new ranking of every country's citizenship". www.economist.com. 2016-06-02. Retrieved 2018-07-31.
  20. ↑ "France's Macron uses culture to assert world's top 'soft power' nationality". www.nbr.co.nz. Retrieved 2018-07-30.
  21. ↑ "Quality of Nationality Index Methodology". www.nationalityindex.com/. Retrieved 2018-08-06.
  22. ↑ "Which One is the Best Passport to Have?". http://www.fundssociety.com/. Retrieved 2018-08-06. External link in |website= (help)
  23. ↑ "World's Top Nationalities Revealed: France Is No. 1, U.S. Ranks 27". www.forbes.com. 2018-04-26. Retrieved 2018-07-30.
  24. ↑ Delcour, Laure (2017). "Georgia". In Kochenov, Dimitry. The Quality of Nationality Index (2nd ed.). Ideos Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9935866-6-8.
  25. ↑ "FRANCE is the world's best nationality according to new data - where does the UK rank?". www.express.co.uk. 2018-04-20. Retrieved 2018-07-31.
  26. ↑ "A new ranking of every country's citizenship". www.economist.com. 2016-06-02. Retrieved 2018-07-31.
  27. ↑ Platon, Sébastien (2018). "The French Nationality". In Kochenov, Dimitry; Lindeboom, Justin. The Quality of Nationality Index (3rd ed.). Ideos. ISBN 978-3952474259.
  28. ↑ "France's Macron uses culture to assert world's top'soft power' nationality". www.nbr.co.nz. 2016-05-29. Retrieved 2018-08-08.
  29. ↑ Thym, Daniel (2018). "The German Nationality". In Kochenov, Dimitry; Lindeboom, Justin. The Quality of Nationality Index. Ideos. ISBN 978-3952474259.
  30. ↑ "World's Top Nationalities Revealed: France Is No. 1, U.S. Ranks 27". www.forbes.com. 2018-04-26. Retrieved 2018-07-30.
  31. ↑ "France's Macron uses culture to assert world's top'soft power' nationality". www.nbr.co.nz. 2016-05-29. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
  32. ↑ "World's Top Nationalities Revealed: France Is No. 1, U.S. Ranks 27". www.forbes.com. 2018-04-26. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
  33. ↑ "QNI Quality of Nationality Index Ranking". www.nationalityindex.com/. Retrieved 2018-07-31.
  34. ↑ "QNI Quality of Nationality Index Ranking". www.nationalityindex.com/. Retrieved 2018-07-31.
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