Sustainable fashion

Organic cotton yarn

Sustainable fashion, also called eco fashion, is a part of the growing design philosophy and trend of sustainability, the goal of which is to create a system which can be supported indefinitely in terms of human impact on the environment and social responsibility. It can be seen as an alternative trend against fast fashion.

Introduction

Origin

Sustainable fashion came into the public foray in the late 1980s and early 1990s as well-known companies such as Patagonia and ESPRIT brought "sustainability" into their businesses. The owners of those companies at that time, Yvon Chouinard and Doug Tompkins were outdoorsmen and witnessed the environment being harmed by over consumption. They commissioned research into the impacts of fibers used in their companies. For Patagonia, this resulted in a lifecycle assessment for four fibers, cotton, wool, nylon and polyester. For ESPRIT the focus was on cotton, which represented 90% of their business at that time.

The principles of sustainable fashion as put forward by these two companies was based on the philosophy of the deep ecologists Arne Næss, Fritjof Capra, and Ernest Callenbach.

The work of these companies influenced a whole movement in fashion and sustainability. They co-funded the first organic cotton conference held in 1991 in Visalia, California. ESPRIT ecollection, developed by head designer Lynda Grose,[1] was launched at retail in 1992 and was based on the Eco Audit Guide, published by the Elmwood Institute. It comprised organic cotton, recycled wool, naturally processed wool, "low impact" dyes (focusing on water energy and toxicity), naturally colored cotton, non electroplated hard wear. Patagonia made a commitment to recycled polyester in 1992 and a company wide commitment to organic cotton in 1996. Both communicated their action for "sustainability" through point-of-sale materials, catalogues and PR. Both supported the work of The Sustainable Cotton Project, which ran farm tours for fashion industry professionals to meet directly with farmers growing organic and IPM cotton in California. Both companies contributed to the US NOSB standards to include organic fiber as well as food.

Throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, the movement in sustainable fashion broadened to include many brands. Though the primary focus has remained on improving the impacts of products through fiber and fabric processing and material provenance, Doug Tompkins and Yvon Chouinard were early to note the fundamental cause of unsustainability: exponential growth and consumption. ESPRIT placed and ad in Utne Reader in 1990 making a plea for responsible consumption. Patagonia has since made headlines with its "Don't buy this Jacket" ad in The New York Times.

With the average American throwing away nearly 70 pounds of clothing per year,[2] the fashion industry is the second largest cause of pollution worldwide.[3] Sustainable fashion approaches this issue with an ethical response to potential environmental and occupational hazards.

Purpose

The fashion industry has a clear opportunity to act differently, pursuing profit and growth while also creating new value for society and therefore for the world economy. It comes with an urgent need to place environmental, social, and ethical improvements on management’s agenda.[4] The goal of sustainable fashion is to increase the value of local production and products, to prolong the lifecycle of materials, to increase the value of timeless garments, to reduce the amount of waste, and to reduce the harm to the environment. It aims to educate people to practice environmentally friendly consumption by promoting the "green consumer".[5]

Representation

Sustainable fashion resists fast fashion. It represents one of the forms of anti-consumption or alternative consumption, such as eco-consumption, green consumption, ethical consumption, and political consumption.[5]

Characteristics of sustainable fashion match the philosophies of "slow fashion": buying vintage clothes, redesigning old clothes, shopping from smaller producers, making clothes and accessories at home and buying garments that last longer. New ideas and product innovations are constantly redefining slow fashion, so using a static, single definition would ignore the evolving nature of the concept.

The empirical definition of sustainable fashion is as follows: a fashion production which is locally embedded, slow in terms of production cycles, with a quantity of produced goods that corresponds to demand and without overproduction. It utilizes eco-friendly and qualitative materials, yet it is not cheap, the idea being to stimulate prolonged use of the clothing.[5]

Ethics

The clothing industry has an impact on the environment. Globalization, consumerism, and recycling are all a part of a clothing life cycle. Globalization has made it possible to produce clothing at increasingly lower prices, prices so low that many consumers consider this clothing to be disposable.[6] Disposable clothing appears popular throughout many malls in America and Europe. This is a key characteristic of fast fashion. However, fast fashion adds to pollution and generates potential environmental and occupational hazards.

Occupational Hazards

China has emerged as the largest exporter of fast fashion, accounting for 30% of world apparel exports.[7] However, some Chinese workers make as little as 12–18 cents per hour working in poor conditions.[6] Each year Americans purchase approximately 1 billion garments made in China. Fierce global competition in the garment industry translates into poor working conditions for many laborers in developing nations. Developing countries aim to become a part of the world’s apparel market despite poor working conditions and low pay. Countries such as Honduras and Bangladesh import large amounts of clothing into the United States every year.[6]

Environmental Hazards

The clothing industry has one of the highest impacts on the planet. High water usage, pollution from chemical treatments used in dyeing and preparation and the disposal of large amounts of unsold clothing through incineration or landfill deposits are hazardous to the environment.[8] There is a growing water scarcity, the current usage level of fashion materials (79 billion cubic meters annually) is very concerning, because textile production mostly takes place in areas of fresh water stress.[4] Only around 20% of clothing is recycled or reused, huge amounts of fashion product end up as waste in landfills or is incinerated.[9] It has been estimated that in the UK alone around 350,000 tons of clothing ends up as landfill every year. According to Earth Pledge, a non-profit organization committed to promoting and supporting sustainable development, "At least 8,000 chemicals are used to turn raw materials into textiles and 25% of the world's pesticides are used to grow non-organic cotton. This causes irreversible damage to people and the environment, and still two thirds of a garment's carbon footprint will occur after it is purchased."[10]

Materials

There are many factors when considering the sustainability of a material. The renewability and source of a fiber, the process of how a raw fiber is turned into a textile, the working conditions of the people producing the materials, and the material's total carbon footprint.

Natural fibers

Natural fibers are fibers which are found in nature and are not petroleum-based. Natural fibers can be categorized into two main groups, cellulose or plant fiber and protein or animal fiber. Uses of these fibers can be anything from buttons to eyewear such as sunglasses.[6]

Cellulose

Cotton is one of the most widely grown and chemical-intensive crops in the world.[7] Conventionally grown cotton uses approximately 25% of the world's insecticides and more than 10% of the world's pesticides.[8] Other cellulose fibers include: jute, flax, hemp, ramie, abaca, bamboo (used for viscose), soy, corn, banana, pineapple, beechwood (used for rayon). Alternative fibers such as bamboo (in yarn) and hemp (of a variety that produces only a tiny amount of the psychoactive component found in cannabis) are coming into greater use in so-called eco-fashions.[9]

Protein

Protein fibers originate from animal sources and are made up of protein molecules. The basic elements in these protein molecules being carbon, hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen.[10] Natural protein fibers include: wool, silk, angora, camel, alpaca, llama, vicuna, cashmere, and mohair.

Manufactured

Fibers manufactured from natural materials include: Lyocell and polylactic acid (PLA).

Recycled fibers

Recycled or reclaimed fibers are made from scraps of fabrics collected from clothing factories, which are processed back into short fibers for spinning into a new yarn. There are only a few facilities globally that are able to process the clippings. Variations range from a blend of recycled cotton fibers with added RePET yarns for strength to recycled cotton fibers with virgin acrylic fibers which are added for color consistency and strength.

Upcycled fibers

Upcycling is the practice of converting materials into something with greater value in a second life.[5] Upcycling is a form of recycling, which refers to the reuse of material for the purpose of waste reduction. Upcycled fibers are made from materials that are not originally used to make fibers. This includes fibers made of plastic and gillnets. An example of the use of this type of fiber can be seen in the shoe Adidas made with Parley for the Oceans.[11]

Another example is fish leather made from fish skins that are a by-product of the food industry.[12] Fish leather tanning is less harmful on the environment due to no hair-removal being required, leading to less solid waste and organic pollutants in the wastewater from the process.[13] Also, no poisonous, explosive hydrogen sulfide gas is released in the process.[14]

Upcycling also pre-supposes that designers invest creativity in their products and act as “entrepreneurs of taste” by adding design ideas for the purpose of creating a new garment from an old one.[5] Designer Conny Groenewegen focuses on using fishing wire and old fleece sweaters to re-design form and function in fashion.[15]

Producers

A mannequin wears a multicolored gown with a golden bodice, full skirt, and flowing train.
The Golden Book Gown made of recycled book pages.

Due to the efforts taken to minimize harm in the growth, manufacturing, and shipping of the products, sustainable fashion is typically more expensive than clothing produced by conventional methods.[16] However, various celebrities, models, and designers have recently drawn attention to socially conscious and environmentally friendly fashion. More innovative eco-fashions are being developed and made available to consumers at different levels of the fashion spectrum, from casual clothing to haute couture.[9]

Designers, retailers, and labels

  • Eastern European prisoners are designing sustainable prison fashion in Latvia and Estonia under the Heavy Eco label,[17] part of a trend called "prison couture".[18]
  • Ryan Jude Novelline created a ballroom gown constructed entirely from the pages of recycled and discarded children's books known as The Golden Book Gown that "prove[d] that green fashion can provide as rich a fantasia as can be imagined."[19][20]
  • Eco-couture designer Lucy Tammam uses eri silk (ahimsa/peace silk) and organic cotton to create her eco friendly couture evening and bridal wear collections.[21][22]
  • Other sustainable fashion labels include Elena Garcia, Nancy Dee, By Stamo, Outsider Fashion, Beyond Skin, Oliberté, Hetty Rose, DaRousso, KSkye the Label,[23] and Eva Cassis.[24][25][26][27][28][29][30]
  • The brand Boll & Branch make all of their bedding products from organic cotton and have been certified by Fair Trade USA.[31]
  • The Hemp Trading Company is an ethically driven underground clothing label, specializing in environmentally friendly, politically conscious street wear made of hemp, bamboo, organic cotton and other sustainable fabrics.[32]
  • Patagonia, a major retailer in casual wear, has been selling fleece clothing made from post-consumer plastic soda bottles since 1993.[9]

There is no certain stable model among the designers for how to be sustainable in practice, and the understanding of sustainability is always a process or a work-in-progress.[5]

Companies and Organizations

Some companies and organizations are working to combat clothing pollution, increase sustainable design opportunities, and increase the visibility of the sustainable fashion movement.

  • The National Association of Sustainable Fashion Designers is an organization aimed to assist entrepreneurs with growing fashion businesses that create social change and respect the environment. They provide specialized education, training and programs that can transform the fashion industry by cultivating collaboration, sustainability and economic growth.
  • Eco Age, a consultancy company specializing in enabling businesses to achieve growth and add value through sustainability is one of the most recognizable organizations that promote sustainable fashion. Its creative director, Livia Firth, is also the founder of the Green Carpet Challenge which aims to promote ethically made outfits from fashion designers.[35]
  • Ecoluxe London, a not-for-profit platform, supports luxury with ethos through hosting a biannual exhibition during London Fashion Week and showcasing eco-sustainable and ethical designers.[24][36]
  • Fashion Takes Action formed in 2007 and received a non-profit status in 2011. It is an organization that promotes social justice, fair trade and sustainable clothing production as well as advances sustainability in the fashion system through education, awareness and collaboration. FTA promotes sustainable fashion via social media, PR, hosting fashion shows, public talks, school lectures and conferences.[37]
  • Trans-America Trading Company is one of the biggest of about 3,000 textile recycler's in the United States.[9] Trans-America has processed more than 12 million pounds of post consumer textiles per year since 1942. At its 80,000-square-foot sorting facility, workers separate used clothing into 300 different categories by type of item, size, and fiber content. About 30% of the textiles are turned into absorbent wiping rags for industrial uses, and another 25–30% are recycled into fiber for use as stuffing for upholstery, insulation, and the manufacture of paper products.[42]

Controversies

Materials Controversy

Though organic cotton is considered a more sustainable choice for fabric, as it uses fewer pesticides and chemical fertilizers, it remains less than 1% global cotton production. Hurdles to growth include cost of hand labor for hand weeding, reduced yields in comparison to conventional cotton and absence of fiber commitments from brands to farmers before planting seed. The up front financial risks and costs are therefore shouldered by the farmers, many of whom struggle to compete with economies of scale of corporate farms.

Though some designers have marketed bamboo fiber, as an alternative to conventional cotton, citing that it absorbs greenhouse gases during its life cycle and grows quickly and plentifully without pesticides, the conversion of bamboo fiber to fabric is the same as rayon and is highly toxic. The FTC ruled that labeling of bamboo fiber should read "rayon from bamboo". Bamboo fabric can cause environmental harm in production due to the chemicals used to create a soft viscose from hard bamboo.[43] Impacts regarding production of new materials make recycled, reclaimed, surplus, and vintage fabric arguably the most sustainable choice, as the raw material requires no agriculture and no manufacturing to produce.[44] However, it must be noted that these are indicative of a system of production and consumption that creates excessive volumes of waste.

Second-Hand Controversy

Used clothing is sold in more than 100 countries. In Tanzania, used clothing is sold at the mitumba (Swahili for "secondhand") markets. Most of the clothing is imported from the United States.[9] However, there are concerns that trade in secondhand clothing in African countries decreases development of local industries even as it creates employment in these countries.[45] And the authors of Recycling of Low Grade Clothing Waste warn that in the long run, as prices and quality of new clothing continue to decline, the demand for used clothing will also diminish.

Marketing Controversy

The increase in western consumers’ environmental interest is motivating companies to use sustainable and environmental arguments solely to increase sales. And because environmental and sustainability issues are complex, it is also easy to mislead consumers. Companies can use sustainability as a “marketing ploy” something that can be seen as greenwashing.[46] Greenwashing is the deceptive use of an eco-agenda in marketing strategies.[5] It refers mostly to corporations that make efforts to clean up their reputation because of social pressure or for the purpose of financial gain.

Future of fashion sustainability

In the European Union, the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) regulations required in 2007 that clothing manufacturers and importers identified and quantified the chemicals used in their products.[9]

On May 3, 2012, the world's largest summit on fashion sustainability was held in Copenhagen, gathering more than 1,000 key stakeholders in the industry to discuss the importance of making the fashion industry sustainable. Copenhagen Fashion Summit has since then gathered thousands of people from the fashion industry in their effort to create a movement within the industry.[47]

In July 2012, the Sustainable Apparel Coalition launched the Higg Index, a self-assessment standard designed to measure and promote sustainable supply chains in the apparel and footwear industries.[48][49] Founded in 2011, the Sustainable Apparel Coalition is a nonprofit organization whose members include brands producing apparel or footwear, retailers, industry affiliates and trade associations, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, academic institutions and environmental nonprofits.[50][51][52]

The Global Change Award, is a innovation challenge created by the H&M foundation.[53] It created a trend report in 2017 to look at the future of sustainable fashion. Five mega trends are identified by the organization that will lead the future of sustainable fashion. The first mega trend is "Power of Nature" which is the industry looking into materials that have always been looked at as waste as a more sustainable method to making new clothing.[53] The materials that will mitigate negative impacts from the industry include vegan materials from the earth and recycling old fabric into new clothing. The second mega trend is "Rent a Closet" this initiative has been around for a while. This trend ultimately lowers the new purchase of clothing and disposal of clothing, which means less waste.[53] Rent the Runway is an example of the "Rent a Closet" trend. Rent the Runway started as a company that would give luxury brands like Hervé Leger, Vera Wang, Etro to people who may not be able to afford the clothing at regular retail price. Renting and sharing clothing is also known as CFC (collaborative fashion consumption) a sustainable fashion trend consumers are getting involved in.[54] The third trend is "Long Live Fashion" is the revival of Vintage clothing.[53] Vintage clothing is a way to lower the amount of clothing that gets disposed of and ends up in landfills. Companies like RE/DONE, Vintage Twin and Frankie Collective sell re-paired vintage clothing. Repairing and reselling clothing has less negative impact than creating new clothing does. The fourth mega trend is "Innovative Recycling" which is looking at waste as value. The industry is starting to create incentives for consumers to participate in the recycling of clothing.[53]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Lynda Grose - PIONEERING ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS FOR THE CLOTHING INDUSTRY - CE NEWS". CE NEWS. Retrieved 2017-03-11.
  2. ↑ Culp, Alice (11 July 2014). "Thrift stores sell damaged items to textile recyclers". South Bend Tribune. Retrieved 2016-04-25.
  3. ↑ Sweeny, Glynis (13 August 2015). "It's the second dirtiest thing in the world—and you're wearing it". AlterNet. Retrieved 2016-04-25.
  4. ↑ "Pulse of The Fashion Industry" (PDF). Global Fashion Agenda.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Gurova, Olga; Morozova, Daria (2016-09-15). "A critical approach to sustainable fashion: Practices of clothing designers in the Kallio neighborhood of Helsinki". Journal of Consumer Culture. 18 (3): 397–413. doi:10.1177/1469540516668227. ISSN 1469-5405.
  6. ↑ Capulet, Ian (12 February 2015). "Go wood: sunglasses for sustainable living". CEFashion.net. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
  7. ↑ "Sustainable Cotton Project: Who we are". Sustainablecotton.org. Archived from the original on 14 February 2005. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
  8. ↑ "Cotton and the environment". Organic Trade Association. Archived from the original on 16 April 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Claudio, Luz (2007-9). "Waste Couture: Environmental Impact of the Clothing Industry". Environmental Health Perspectives. 115 (9): A449–A454. ISSN 0091-6765. PMC 1964887. PMID 17805407. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ↑ Haung, HC (1994). "Classification and general properties of textile fibres" (PDF). Retrieved March 1, 2018.
  11. ↑ Binlot, Ann (30 June 2015). "Adidas and Parley team up for sneakers made from recycled ocean waste". Forbes. Archived from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
  12. ↑ Braw, Elisabeth (16 October 2014). "Prada, Dior and Nike are finding a fashionable new purpose for fish skins". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
  13. ↑ "Fish Leather A Non-Wastage Material - The Fish Leather Company". The Fish Leather Company. 2015-08-13. Retrieved 2018-03-01.
  14. ↑ Bryson, Peter D. (1996). "Sulfide poisoning". Comprehensive review in toxicology for emergency clinicians (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis. p. 367. ISBN 1560326123. OCLC 34905986. Occupational exposure to hydrogen sufide is prevalent in the petrochemical, paper pulp, leather tanning, food processing, and sewage industries. The general public also faces the risk of H2S exposure as a result of major industrial accidents emanating from these industries.
  15. ↑ "ReSearch - electricco.co". electricco.co. Retrieved 2018-10-13.
  16. ↑ Singer, Sally; Sullivan, Robert (May 2007). "Earth to fashion". Vogue. 197 (5): 128–132.
  17. ↑ "Prison Couture mainlines eco-ethics". Estonian Public Broadcasting. 9 January 2011. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
  18. ↑ de Leon, Christine (15 September 2011). "The Malcolm X T-shirt Revisited". Huffingtonpost.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
  19. ↑ Pham, Diane (October 1, 2012), "High Fashion as Eco-Friendly Child's Play", Chevrolet, archived from the original on October 3, 2012, retrieved January 23, 2014
  20. ↑ Bluemle, Elizabeth (October 11, 2013), "A Talk with the Creator of the Gown Made of Golden Books", Publishers Weekly, retrieved June 11, 2014
  21. ↑ Jones, Liz. "You can't have bridal gown without silk - but it's hideously cruel, so what should Kate wear?". Dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
  22. ↑ Malik Chua, Jasmin. "House of Tammam Debuts U.K.'s Only Ethical Ready-to-Wear Bridal Gowns". Ecouterre. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
  23. ↑ "Ethical Style Journal, Issue 2, March 2017 - Page 26-27". view.publitas.com. Retrieved 2018-01-22.
  24. 1 2 Camilli, Sascha. "Chic With A Conscience: Ecoluxe At London Fashion Week". Vilda Magazine. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
  25. ↑ "By Stamo". Ecoluxe London. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
  26. ↑ Wicker, Alden. "9 Ethical And Sustainable Brands I Found This Month That I Know You'll Love". Ecocult.com. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
  27. ↑ "Competition: Design Beyond Skin's Next Vegan Shoe!". PETA. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
  28. ↑ Klein, Victoria. "Hetty Rose Launches Ready-to-Wear Versions of Its Vintage-Kimono Shoes". Ecouterre. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
  29. ↑ Nini, Jennifer. "Simple, Stylish & Sustainable: Eva Cassis". ecowarriorprincess.net. Retrieved 16 Apr 2015.
  30. ↑ Baker, Brandon. "Oliberté Becomes World's First Fair Trade USA Certified Shoemaker". Eco Watch. Retrieved 12 September 2016.
  31. ↑ Gelles, David (2016-06-16). "With Organic Cotton and Online Ads, Boll & Branch Helps Indian Farmers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-10-22.
  32. ↑ Roberts, Zoe. "THTC – Inspiring change; one Hip-Hop head at a time". B-Boy News. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
  33. ↑ Carlson, Jane (11 October 2013). "Annual red carpet green dress contest kicks off once again". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
  34. ↑ Dunn, Claire (8 April 2013). "Ethical fashion pops up for fashion week". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
  35. ↑ Menkes, Suzy (13 September 2013). "Designing for the Green Carpet". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
  36. ↑ Carter, Amber (20 February 2013). "Event Review: Ecoluxe London A/W 2013". Ethical Fashion Forum. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
  37. ↑ https://fashiontakesaction.com/about/mission-vision/
  38. ↑ "The year fashion woke up". Businessoffashion.com. 19 December 2014. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
  39. ↑ Groom, Avril. "Sustainable and Ethical Fashion". Financial Times How to Spend It.
  40. ↑ Menkes, Suzy. "The Beat of Africa Resounds on the Catwalk". Vogue - Conde Nast.
  41. ↑ Maveau, Roger. "Afrique-Mode éthique : Simone Cipriani, le bon samaritain". Le Point Afrique.
  42. ↑ "Trans-Americas Trading Company – World Leader in Recycled Clothing Solutions". tranclo.com. Retrieved 2018-10-13.
  43. ↑ Smith, Ray A. (24 May 2008). "Shades of green: decoding eco fashion's claims". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2016-04-25.
  44. ↑ Gould, Hannah (2015-02-26). "Waste is so last season: recycling clothes in the fashion industry". the Guardian. Retrieved 2018-03-01.
  45. ↑ M., Allwood, Julian (2006). Well dressed? : the present and future sustainability of clothing and textiles in the United Kingdom. Univ. of Cambridge Inst. for Manufacturing. ISBN 1902546520. OCLC 441247814.
  46. ↑ Niinimäki, Kirsi (2015-04-20). "Ethical foundations in sustainable fashion". Textiles and Clothing Sustainability. 1: 3. doi:10.1186/s40689-015-0002-1. ISSN 2197-9936.
  47. ↑ "Copenhagen Fashion Summit". Copenhagen Fashion Summit. 2012-05-03. Archived from the original on 2012-05-24. Retrieved 2012-05-19.
  48. ↑ Clark, Evan. "Sustainability Index Unveiled", Women's Wear Daily, 25 July 2012. Retrieved on 20 December 2012.
  49. ↑ Binkley, Christina. "Which Outfit Is Greenest? A New Rating Tool", Wall Street Journal, 25 July 2012. Retrieved on 20 December 2012.
  50. ↑ "AAFA, SAC Sign MoU" Archived 2013-02-03 at Archive.is, Textile World Magazine, November/December 2012. Retrieved on 20 December 2012.
  51. ↑ Gunther, Marc. "Behind the Scenes at the Sustainable Apparel Coalition", GreenBiz, 26 July 2012. Retrieved on 20 December 2012.
  52. ↑ "Current Members", Sustainable Apparel Coalition. Retrieved on 20 December 2012.
  53. 1 2 3 4 5 "Trend report: Future of Sustainable Fashion" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-03-21.
  54. ↑ Samira Iran (2017). "Collaborative fashion consumption and its environmental effects". Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal.

Further reading

  • Choi, Tsan-Ming; Cheng, T. C. Edwin, eds. (2015). Sustainable fashion supply chain management: from sourcing to retailing. Springer series in supply chain management. New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-12703-3. ISBN 9783319127026. OCLC 907012044.
  • Farley, Jennifer; Hill, Colleen (2015). Sustainable fashion: past, present, and future. New York: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9780857851857. OCLC 860754344.
  • Fletcher, Kate (2014) [2008]. Sustainable fashion and textiles: design journeys (2nd ed.). London; Washington, DC: Earthscan. ISBN 9780415644556. OCLC 846847018.
  • Fletcher, Kate; Grose, Lynda (2012). Fashion & sustainability: design for change. London: Laurence King Publishing. ISBN 9781856697545. OCLC 778610112.
  • Fletcher, Kate; Tham, Mathilda, eds. (2015). Routledge handbook of sustainability and fashion. Routledge international handbooks. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780415828598. OCLC 820119510.
  • Gardetti, Miguel Ángel; Torres, Ana Laura, eds. (2013). Sustainability in fashion and textiles: values, design, production and consumption. Sheffield, UK: Greenleaf Publishing. ISBN 9781906093785. OCLC 827952084.
  • Gwilt, Alison; Rissanen, Timo (2010). Shaping sustainable fashion: changing the way we make and use clothes. London; Washington, DC: Earthscan. ISBN 9781849712415. OCLC 656849440.
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