Small Arms Ammunition Factory

Women bundling ammunition in a Commonwealth Small Arms Ammunition Factory, c. 1944

The Small Arms Ammunition Factories were ammunition manufacturing plants run by the Australian government. Nearly all of their production was for domestic use by their military, the police forces, and government-appointed agents.

Founding (1888–1939)

In 1888 the Colonial Ammunition Company of New Zealand founded an ammunition factory in Footscray, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria. During World War One from 1915 to 1918 the plant made over 2 million rounds of rifle ammunition a year. It was purchased by the Australian government in 1927.[1]

An explosives factory was created in Maribyrnong in 1908. A factory annexe was built in 1912 to supply Footscray with domestically-produced cordite. It also had an ordnance annexe that produced artillery pieces, mortars, and shells. During World War One, the phrase "Made in Maribyrnong" referred to how central the town and its industries were to the Australian war effort.

The Footscray plant's headstamp was originally CAC from 1888 to 1918 and ->CAC<- (the letters between two horizontal "Government Property" arrowheads) from 1918 to 1920. The headstamp was changed to ->SAAF<- (for "Small Arms Ammunition Factory") from 1921 to 1923 and one lot in March 1924, A↑F ("AF" for "Ammunition Factory", the letters flanking a vertical arrowhead) during 1924 to 1925, "↑F" (vertical arrowhead to the left of the F) from 1925 to 1926, and MF (for "Military Factory") from 1926 to 1945. [2]

World War Two production (1939–1945)

In August, 1939, a plan was created to expand native ordnance production in case a war cut Australia off from the rest of the Commonwealth. The antiquated ammunition plant at Footscray was to be abandoned as soon as a more modern and efficient factory was built nearby. To differentiate between them, in 1940 the old factory briefly received the designation of Munitions Factory No.1 (MF1) and the new factory was designated Munitions Factory No.2 (MF2). Demand forced the old factory (later redesignated SAAF No.1) to remain open until the war's end. The new factory (now designated SAAF No. 2) would be the only one to remain open after the war. The plans to make one factory at Hendon was expanded to two factories (designated SAAFs No. 3 & No. 4) that were built only a few hundred metres apart. Conversely, the original plans to make two small factories at Rocklea (originally designated SAAFs No. 5 & No. 6) was abandoned and one large facility was made instead (SAAF No. 5). The sixth and last factory at Welshpool (originally to be designated SAAF No. 7) received the designation of SAAF No. 6.

In 1940 the workforce at Footscray grew from a few hundred men to 6,000 men and women at its peak. Employees worked 12-hour shifts for six days a week. A women's hostel was opened across the street to house the female workforce and ensure continuous operation of the production lines. The Maribyrnong complex employed 20,000 men and women at its peak, with women making up 52% of the workforce.


Note: The acronym in parentheses following the factory's name is the facility's contractor code and headstamp. For example, a rifle cartridge with the headstamp "MH" was made at SAAF No.3 at Hendon. A 25-pounder shell casing with an "MR" headstamp was made at GAF Rutherford.

Headstamp is the facility's code letters at 10 o'clock, the two-digit year of production at 2 o'clock, and the type and mark of cartridge at 6 o'clock.

Small Arms Ammunition Factories (SAAF)

  • Small Arms Ammunition Factory No.1 (MF1 or MF) – Footscray; Melbourne, Victoria (1888–1945)[3] Manufactured .303 rifle ammunition. Headstamp was initially "MF1" (1940) – later changed to "MF" (1940–1945).
  • Small Arms Ammunition Factory No.2 (MF2 or MG) – Footscray; Melbourne, Victoria (1940–1994)[3] Manufactured .303 rifle ammunition. Also manufactured .45 ACP submachine gun ammunition (February, 1943 – July, 1944). Headstamp was initially "MF2" (1940) – later changed to "MG" (1940–1948), "MF" (1949 to 1987), "AFF" (1988 to 1993), and "ADI" (1993–1994). ADI moved production to a new site in Benalla, Victoria and finally closed down the Footscray site in 1994.
  • Small Arms Ammunition Factory No.3 (MH) – Hendon; Adelaide, South Australia (1940–1945)[3][4] Manufactured .303 rifle and 9mm Parabellum submachine-gun (1943-1944) ammunition.
  • Small Arms Ammunition Factory No.4 (MJ) – Hendon; Adelaide, South Australia (1940–1945)[3][4] Manufactured .303 rifle ammunition.
    • Small Arms Ammunition Factory No.4, Annexe B (MJB) – Hendon; Adelaide, South Australia[3][4] Originally manufactured Australian standard .303 B IV (.303 Incendiary Mark 4) rifle ammunition in 1942. Only 9,000 .303 B IV incendiary rounds were made before the lines were upgraded to produce British standard .303 B VII (.303 Incendiary Mark 7) ammunition.
  • Small Arms Ammunition Factory No.5 (MQ) – Rocklea; Brisbane, Queensland (1942–1945)[3] Manufactured .303 rifle ammunition (1942–1943), .380 Enfield and .455 Webley revolver ammunition, .45 ACP submachine gun ammunition (1942–1943), and smoke shells for 2-inch mortars. Machined 25-Pounder Q.F. gun shell casings.
  • Small Arms Ammunition Factory No.6 (MW) – Welshpool, Western Australia (1942–1945)[3] Manufactured .303 rifle ammunition.

Ammunition factories

The small arms ammunition factories were fed by specialized facilities designed to supply their components.

Post-war production (1945–1994)

In 1945, the original old Footscray ammunition factory (MF) was finally closed, as were the facilities at Hendon (MH & MJ), Rocklea (MQ), and Welshpool (MW). The second Footscray facility was later redesignated from MG to MF in 1949.

In 1989 the Australian government nationalized munitions manufacture under a government-owned company called Australian Defence Industries (Ltd.).[11] Its first round of business was to consolidate and regulate ordnance production.[11] Production at Ammunition Factory Footscray (AFF) was slowly wound down beginning in 1991 until it was closed in 1994.[12]

A new factory run by Australian Defence Industries was opened elsewhere at Benalla, Victoria. When ADI was bought out by Thales in 2006, ADI was renamed Thales Australia. Benalla used the ADI headstamp from 1994 to as recently as 2014.

References

  1. 1 2 Mayne, p. 58
  2. ↑ Australian SAA Military Headstamp Codes, John Kindred
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Australian Military Headstamps (1939–1945)
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Hendon Ammunition Factory
  5. 1 2 3 4 Mellor, p. 358
  6. 1 2 "Ammo Box ID: Australian Military Station Codes and Cartridge/Shell Headstamps", gunboards.com
  7. ↑ Footscray Ammunition Factory, Maribyrnong
  8. 1 2 3 "7,62x51 case with headstamp MS", iaaforum.org, IAA Forum
  9. ↑ Encyclopedia of Australian Science - Corporate entry: Munitions Supply Laboratories (MSL) (1922 - 1948)
  10. ↑ "Echuca Ordnance Factory – Ball Bearing Factory – Echuca, Victoria – During Ww2", AUSTRALIA @ WAR ozatwar.com
  11. 1 2 Mayne, p. 132
  12. ↑ Mayne, pp. 132–133

Sources

  • Mayne, David A. (2004). Australian Military Small Arms Ammunition Production (1888–2003) Revision 1.
  • Mellor, David Paver (1958). "Chapter 16: Ammunition and Explosives" (PDF). Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 4 – Civil. Volume 5: The Role of Science and Industry. Australian War Memorial. p. 358.
  • "Australian Military Headstamps (1939–1945)". acant.org.au. Arms Collectors Association of the Northern Territory.
  • "Hendon Ammunition Factory". auspostalhistory.com. Australian Postal History and Social Philately.
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