Small-lift launch vehicle

Launch of a Vanguard rocket
Scout rocket launch (NASA)

A small-lift launch vehicle is a rocket orbital launch vehicle that is capable of lifting up to 2,000 kg (4,400 lb) of payload into low Earth orbit (LEO). The next larger category consists of medium-lift launch vehicles.[1]

The first small-lift launch vehicle was the Sputnik rocket, it put into orbit an unmanned orbital carrier rocket designed by Sergei Korolev in the Soviet Union, derived from the R-7 Semyorka ICBM. On 4 October 1957, the rocket was used to perform the world's first satellite launch, placing Sputnik 1 satellite into a low Earth orbit.[2][3][4] The USA responded by launching the Vanguard rocket,[5][6] that was intended to be the first launch vehicle the United States would use to place a satellite into orbit. Instead, the Sputnik crisis caused by the surprise launch of Sputnik 1 led the U.S., after the failure of Vanguard TV3, to quickly orbit the Explorer 1 satellite using a Juno I rocket launched on January 31, 1958. Vanguard I was the second successful U.S. orbital launch. Thus started the space race, that gave the drive to put men on the moon with the USA's Apollo program.[7][8]

Small-lift launch vehicles

Vehicle Origin Manufacturer Mass to
LEO
(kg)		 Mass to
other orbits
(kg)		 Launches Status First flight Last flight
SS-520  Japan IHI 3 2 Operational 2017
Vanguard  United States Martin 9[9] 11(+1) Retired 1957 1959
Lambda 4S  Japan Nissan Motors[10] 26[11] 5 Retired 1966 1977[12]
SLV  India ISRO 40[13] 4 Retired 1979 1983
Safir  Iran Iranian Space Agency 50[14] 6+1[15][16] Operational 2008
Vector-R  United States Vector Space Systems 60[17] 0(+2) Development 2017
Black Arrow  United Kingdom RAE 73[18] 4 Retired 1969[note 1] 1971
ARION-1  Spain PLD Space 100[19] 0 Development
Simorgh  Iran Iranian Space Agency 100-350[20] 1(+1)[21] Operational 2016
Naro-1  South Korea
 Russia		 KARI/Khrunichev 100[22] 3 Retired 2009 2013
Unha  North Korea KCST 100[23] 3 Operational 2009
Volna  Russia Makeyev 100[24] 1(+5)[25] Retired 1995[note 2] 2005[25]
Kaituozhe-1  China CALT 100[26] 2 Retired 2002 2003[27]
Diamant  France SEREB 107[28][29] 12 Retired 1965 1975
Vector-H  United States Vector Space Systems 110[30] 0 Development
Electron  New Zealand Rocket Lab 150 2 Operational 2017
Shavit  Israel IAE 160[31] 10 Operational 1988
Scout  United States US Air Force/NASA 174[32] 125 Retired 1961 1994
Mu-4S  Japan Nissan Motors[10] 180[11] 4 Retired 1971 1972
Mu-3C  Japan Nissan Motors[10] 195[11] 4 Retired 1974 1979
ARION-2  Spain PLD Space 150[19] 0 Development
Tronador II  Argentina CONAE 250[33] 0 Development
Shtil'  Russia Makeyev 280 - 420 [34] 2[25] Retired 1998 2006
Mu-3H  Japan Nissan Motors[10] 300[11] 3 Retired 1977 1978
Mu-3S  Japan Nissan Motors[10] 300[11] 4 Retired 1980 1984
Long March 1 (CZ-1)  China CALT 300[35] 2[36] Retired[37] 1970[36] 1971[36]
Delta 1913  United States McDonnell Douglas 328[38] 1[39] Retired 1973 1973
Delta 2310  United States McDonnell Douglas 336[40] 3[39] Retired 1974 1981
Delta 1410  United States McDonnell Douglas 340[41] 1[39] Retired 1975 1975
Intrepid 1  United States Rocket Crafters Inc. 376[42] 0 Development
VLS-1  Brazil AEB, INPE 380[43] 2[note 3] Retired 1997 2003
Delta 1604  United States McDonnell Douglas 390[44] 2[39] Retired 1972 1973
Kuaizhou-1  China CASC 400[45] 3[45] Operational 2013[45]
Kuaizhou-11  China CASC 1,500 0 Development
Falcon 1  United States SpaceX 420[46] 5 Retired[47] 2006 2009
Pegasus  United States Orbital 443[48] 43[49] Operational 1990
Sputnik 8K71PS  Soviet Union RSC Energia 500[50] 2 Retired 1957 1957
Start-1  Russia MITT 532[51] 350 to SSO[52] 5[53] Operational 1993
Minotaur I  United States Orbital 580[54] 11[55] Operational 2000
Minotaur IV  United States Orbital 1,735[56] 4(+2)[57] Operational 2010[57]
Minotaur-C  United States Orbital 1,450[58] 1,050[58] to SSO 10[59] Operational[60] 1994
Long March 6  China CALT 500 to SSO 2 Operational 2015
Long March 11  China CALT 700[61] 3 Operational 2015[62]
Paektusan  North Korea KCST 700[63] 1 Retired 1998
Long March 1D(CZ-1D)  China CALT 740[64] 0(+3) Retired 1995[note 4] 2002
Mu-3SII  Japan Nissan Motors[10] 770[11] 8 Retired 1985 1995
Athena I  United States Lockheed Martin 795[65] 515 to GTO 4[66] Retired 1995 2001
Delta 3913  United States McDonnell Douglas 816[67] 1[39] Retired 1981 1981
J-I  Japan IHI Corporation
Nissan Motors[10]		 1,000[68] 0(+1) Retired 1996 1996
Delta 1910  United States McDonnell Douglas 1,066[69] 1[39] Retired 1975 1975
N-I  Japan
 United States		 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries 1,200[70] 7 Retired 1975 1982
Atlas-Centaur  United States Lockheed 1,134[71] 2,222 to GTO [72] 148 Retired 1962 1983
Epsilon  Japan IHI Aerospace[73]　　　　　 1,200[11] 3 Operational[11] 2013
Delta 0900  United States McDonnell Douglas 1,300[74] 818 to SSO[39] 2[39] Retired 1972 1972
Sputnik 8A91  Soviet Union RSC Energia 1,327 2 Retired 1958 1958
Ariane 1  Europe Aérospatiale 1,400 1,830 to GTO[75] 11[75] Retired 1979 1986
Kosmos-3M  Soviet Union
 Russia		 NPO Polyot 1,500[76] 442[77] Retired 1967 2010
Strela  Russia Khrunichev 1,400[78] 3[79] Operational[79] 2003
H-I  Japan
 United States		 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries 1,400[80] 9 Retired 1986 1992
M-V  Japan Nissan Motors[10] (-2000)
IHI AEROSPACE[73] (-2006)		 1,800 - 1,850[11] 7 Retired 1997 2006
Athena II  United States Lockheed Martin 1,800[81] 3[82] Retired[83] 1998 1999
Delta 1900  United States McDonnell Douglas 1,800[39] 1[39] Retired 1973 1973
Delta 2910  United States McDonnell Douglas 1,887[39] 6[39] Retired 1975 1978
Rokot  Russia Khrunichev 1,950[84] 1,200 to SSO 30[85][86] Operational 1990
ASLV  India ISRO 150 4 Retired 1987 1994
Vega  Italy Avio 11 Operational 2012 2018
SSLV  India ISRO 500 300 to SSO 0 Development

See also

References

  1. ↑ NASA Space Technology Roadmaps - Launch Propulsion Systems, p.11: "Small: 0-2t payloads, Medium: 2-20t payloads, Heavy: 20-50t payloads, Super Heavy: >50t payloads"
  2. ↑ NASA, Sputnik 1
  3. ↑ russianspaceweb.com Sputnik
  4. ↑ (in Russian) Sputnik Rocket
  5. ↑ US Navy, Vanguard Project
  6. ↑ "The Vanguard Satellite Launching Vehicle — An Engineering Summary". B. Klawans. April 1960, 212 pages. Martin Company Engineering Report No 11022, PDF of an optical copy.
  7. ↑ Kennedy, John F. (April 20, 1961). "Memorandum for Vice President". The White House (Memorandum). Boston, MA: John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
  8. ↑ Launius, Roger D. (July 1994). "President John F. Kennedy Memo for Vice President, 20 April 1961" (PDF). Apollo: A Retrospective Analysis (PDF). Monographs in Aerospace History Number 3. Washington, D.C.: NASA. OCLC 31825096. Retrieved August 1, 2013. Key Apollo Source Documents.
  9. ↑ astronautix.com, vanguard Archived 2002-05-06 at the Wayback Machine.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "NISSAN HERITAGE COLLECTION online【その他】プリンス自動車工業小史". Nissan Motors. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Satellite Launch Vehicles". Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS). Retrieved 4 March 2011.
  12. ↑ http://www.astronautix.com/l/lambda.html
  13. ↑ "Launch Vehicles". Department of Space, Government of India. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  14. ↑ jamejamonline.ir, Safir (rocket)
  15. ↑ "State television reports Iran launches satellite called 'Fajr' into space amid rocket tests". Fox Business. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  16. ↑ "Safir". Retrieved 2014-12-23.
  17. ↑ http://vectorspacesystems.com/technology-4
  18. ↑ Encyclopedia Astronautica, Black Arrow Archived 6 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  19. 1 2 Peláez, Javier. "PLD Space, la empresa española camino de lanzar satélites e incluso alcanzar la Luna". Yahoo noticias. Yahoo. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
  20. ↑ http://i004.radikal.ru/1508/a7/94ca7ddf9113.jpg
  21. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Simorgh (Safir-2)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
  22. ↑ Space Skyrocket STSAT 2C on Naro-1
  23. ↑ Space Skyrocket, kwangmyongsong-3 on a Unha
  24. ↑ irdt-1 Space Skyrocket on a Volna
  25. 1 2 3 "Vysota / Volna / Shtil". Retrieved 2014-12-23.
  26. ↑ astronautix.com Kaituozhe-1, also called KY-1 Archived 12 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  27. ↑ http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/kaituozhe-1.htm
  28. ↑ Space Skyrocket, Aura (D 2B) on a Diamant
  29. ↑ Space Skyrocket, Diamant, retrieved 19 December 2015
  30. ↑ http://vectorspacesystems.com/vectorh
  31. ↑ spacelaunchreport.com, Shavit Shavit-1 = 250, Shavit-2 = 300 LEO
  32. ↑ nasa.gov, NASA, Scout Launch Vehicle Program
  33. ↑ lanacion.com.ar, Tronador II
  34. ↑ Space Skyrocket, Shtil
  35. ↑ astronautix.com, Long March 1, also called CZ-1
  36. 1 2 3 "CZ-1". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
  37. ↑ "CZ-1". Astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
  38. ↑ Space Skyrocket, Explorer 49 RAE B
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Gunter, Krebs. "Delta". Gunter's Space Page. Archived from the original on 2 August 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
  40. ↑ NASA - National Space Science Data Center, NOAA 5 on a Delta 2310
  41. ↑ Space Skyrocket, GEOS 3-Delta 1410
  42. ↑ http://rocketcrafters.space/products-services/intrepid-launcher-family/intrepid-1/
  43. ↑ Space Skyrocket, VLS-1
  44. ↑ Aviation History, Explorer 47 on Delta 1604, Sept. 38, 1972
  45. 1 2 3 "Kuaizhou". Gunter's Space Pages. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
  46. ↑ Space Skyrocket, Falcon 1
  47. ↑ "Space Exploration Technologies Corporation - Falcon 1". Archived from the original on 30 April 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2010.
  48. ↑ Parabolicarc.com, NASA Awards Launch for Orbital’s Pegasus Rocket, by Doug Messier, April 2, 2014
  49. ↑ "Pegasus". Gunter's Space Pages. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
  50. ↑ Space Skyrocket, Sputnik 8K71PS
  51. ↑ fas.org Start1
  52. ↑ Space Skyrocket, EROS B on Start-1
  53. ↑ Space Skyrocket, Start-1
  54. ↑ "Minotaur I Space Launch Vehicle—Fact Sheet" (PDF). Orbital Sciences Corporation. 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-28. Spacecraft mass-to-orbit of up to 580 kg to LEO (28.5 deg, 185 km)
  55. ↑ "Minotaur". Orbital Sciences Corporation. 2018. Retrieved 2018-02-07. To date, Minotaur I has conducted 11 missions with a 100% success rate, delivering 62 satellites into orbit.
  56. ↑ "Minotaur IV Fact sheet" (PDF). Orbital Sciences Corporation. 2010. Retrieved 2009-03-04.
  57. 1 2 Krebs, Gunter. "Minotaur-3/-4/-5 (OSP-2 Peacekeeper SLV)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2018-02-07.
  58. 1 2 "Minotaur-C Factsheet" (PDF). Orbital Science Corporation. 2014.
  59. ↑ "Taurus / Minotaur-C". Gunter's Space Page. May 2014.
  60. ↑ "Taurus". Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
  61. ↑ China daily mail, China reveals CZ-11 anti-ASAT rocket, by chankaiyee2, October 8, 2015
  62. ↑ Barbosa, Rui. "China debuts Long March 11 lofting Tianwang-1 trio". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 2015-09-26.
  63. ↑ Korea, By Christoph Bluth,
  64. ↑ astronautix.com, Long March 1D -(CZ-1D Archived 2002-05-25 at the Wayback Machine.
  65. ↑ Space Skyrocket Athena 1
  66. ↑ "Athena-1". Astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
  67. ↑ Space Skyrocket, Explorer: DE 1 and DE 2 on Delta 3913
  68. ↑ Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, About J-I Launch Vehicle
  69. ↑ Space Skyrocket, OSO 8 satellite on Delta 1910
  70. ↑ astronautix.com, N-I- Delta Archived 22 May 2013 at WebCite
  71. ↑ Space Launch Report Atlas-Centaur
  72. ↑ Space Skyrocket, Atlas-Centaur
  73. 1 2 "Projects&Products". IHI Aerospace. Archived from the original on 6 April 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  74. ↑ Wade, Mark. "Delta 0900". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 2 August 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
  75. 1 2 Gunter, Krebs. "Ariane-1, -2, -3, -4". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
  76. ↑ russianspaceweb.com Cosmos3
  77. ↑ Space Skyrocket Kosmos-3M
  78. ↑ russianspaceweb.com, Strela
  79. 1 2 "Strela". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 23 Dec 2014.
  80. ↑ space.skyrocket JERS (Fuyo) on a H-1
  81. ↑ NASA, Athena Mission Planner’s Guide 26 August 2012
  82. ↑ "Athena-2". Astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 8 November 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
  83. ↑ Space Skyrocket, Athena-2
  84. ↑ nasaspaceflight.com, Rokot, Russia’s Rokot launches with three Rodnik satellites, September 23, 2015, by Chris Bergin
  85. ↑ "Rokot (Rockot)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 23 Dec 2014.
  86. ↑ "Rockot Launch Vehicle". Khrunichev.ru. Retrieved 2013-11-04.

Notes

  1. ↑ Suborbital test in 1969, first orbital launch attempt in 1970
  2. ↑ First orbital launch attempt in 2005
  3. ↑ A third rocket exploded before launch
  4. ↑ Suborbital test flights in 1995, 1997 and 2002, no orbital launches attempted

Further reading

  • Mallove, Eugene F. and Matloff, Gregory L. The Starflight Handbook: A Pioneer's Guide to Interstellar Travel, Wiley. ISBN 0-471-61912-4.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.