SimCity (1989 video game)

SimCity
One of the various cover arts for SimCity features a jukebox-like design.
Developer(s)
Publisher(s)
Designer(s) Will Wright
Series SimCity
Platform(s) Acorn Archimedes, Acorn Electron, Amiga, Amstrad CPC, Atari ST, BBC Micro, Browser, C64, CDTV, DESQview, DOS, EPOC32, FM Towns, GBA, iOS, Linux, Mac OS, Mobile phone, NeWS, OLPC XO-1, OS/2, PC-98, SNES, Tk, Unix, Windows, X11 TCL, X68000, ZX Spectrum
Release February 1989[1]
Genre(s) City-building game
Mode(s) Single-player
multiplayer

SimCity (later renamed SimCity Classic)[2] is a city-building simulation video game, designed by Will Wright, published by Maxis, and released on 2 February 1989,[1][3], it is the first game in the SimCity series. The game focuses on players operating as a mayor whose task is to build up a city, providing basic transit links, power, and simplistic service needs for their residents, while watching out for problems and dealing with a multitude of disasters, most of which are based on real-life disasters. Alongside the option to make a city from scratch, the game also features scenarios that task players to oversee a pre-built city and deal with specific issues that it faces, most of which require the player to rebuild after a disaster.

Released initially for the Macintosh computer, the game was ported onto various gaming platforms. SimCity received critical acclaim upon release, becoming a commercial success and establishing the title as one of the all-time greats in city-building simulation games, spawning several sequels as a result - SimCity 2000 in 1993, SimCity 3000 in 1999, SimCity 4 in 2003, SimCity DS, SimCity Societies in 2007, and SimCity in 2013. The game became the best-selling Maxis title on PC, until the eventual release of the series spin-off The Sims in 2000.

Gameplay

The objective of SimCity is to build and design a city, without specific goals to achieve. The player can mark land as being zoned as commercial, industrial, or residential, add buildings, change the tax rate, build a power grid, build transportation systems and take many other actions, in order to enhance the city. Once able to construct buildings in a particular area, the too-small-to-see residents, known as "Sims",[4] may choose to construct and upgrade houses, apartment blocks, light or heavy industrial buildings, commercial buildings, hospitals, churches, and other structures. The Sims make these choices based on such factors as traffic levels, adequate electrical power, crime levels, and proximity to other types of buildings—for example, residential areas next to a power plant will seldom appreciate to the highest grade of housing.[5] In the Super NES version and later, the player can also build rewards when they are given to them, such as a mayor's mansion or a casino.

The player may face disasters including flooding, tornadoes, fires (often from air disasters or shipwrecks), earthquakes and attacks by monsters. In addition, monsters and tornadoes can trigger train crashes by running into passing trains.

Scenarios

SimCity includes goal-centered, timed scenarios that could be won or lost depending on the performance of the player. The scenarios were an addition suggested by Brøderbund in order to make SimCity more like a game.[6] The original cities were based on real world cities and attempted to re-create their general layout. While most scenarios either take place in a fictional timeline or have a city under siege by a fictional disaster, a handful of available scenarios are based on actual historical events.

Development

A large developed city in Micropolis version (2007)

SimCity was developed by game designer Will Wright. While working on the game Raid on Bungeling Bay, in which the player flies a helicopter dropping bombs on islands, Wright found he enjoyed designing the islands in the level editor more than playing the actual game.[7] This led him to develop increasingly sophisticated level editors.[8] At the same time, Wright was cultivating a love of the intricacies and theories of urban planning[9] and acknowledges the influence of System Dynamics which was developed by Jay Wright Forrester and whose book on the subject[10] laid the foundations for what would become SimCity.[11] In addition, Wright also was inspired by reading "The Seventh Sally", a short story from The Cyberiad by Stanisław Lem, in which an engineer encounters a deposed tyrant, and creates a miniature city with artificial citizens for the tyrant to oppress.[12] The game reflected Wright's approval of mass transit and disapproval of nuclear power; Maxis president Jeff Braun stated "We're pushing political agendas".[13]

The first version of the game was developed for the Commodore 64 in 1985; it was not published for another four years.[14] The original working title of SimCity was Micropolis.[15] The game was unusual in that it could neither be won nor lost; as a result, game publishers did not believe it was possible to market and sell such a game successfully. Brøderbund declined to publish the title when Wright proposed it, and he pitched it to a range of major game publishers without success. Finally, Braun, founder of the tiny software company Maxis, agreed to publish SimCity as one of two initial games for the company.[7]

Wright and Braun returned to Brøderbund to formally clear the rights to the game in 1988, when SimCity was near completion. After Brøderbund executives Gary Carlston and Don Daglow saw SimCity, they signed Maxis to a distribution deal for both of its initial games. With that, four years after initial development, SimCity was released for the Amiga and Macintosh platforms, followed by the IBM PC and Commodore 64 later in 1989.[14]

Ports and versions

Multiplayer mode on the SGI Indigo workstation

SimCity was originally released for home computers, including the Amiga, Atari ST and DOS-based IBM PC. After its success it was converted for several other computer platforms and video game consoles, specifically the Macintosh, Acorn Archimedes, Amstrad CPC, Sinclair ZX Spectrum, BBC Micro, Acorn Electron, Super Nintendo Entertainment System (which was later released on Virtual Console), EPOC32, mobile phone, Internet, Windows, FM-Towns, OLPC XO-1 and NeWS HyperLook on Sun Unix. The game is available as a multiplayer version for X11 TCL/Tk on various Unix, Linux, DESQview and OS/2 operating systems. Certain versions have been re-released with various add-ons, including extra scenarios. An additional extra add on for the Windows version of SimCity Classic was a level editor. This editor could be opened without use of the disc. The level editor is a simple tool that allows the user to create grasslands, dirt land, and water portions.

A version was developed in 1991 for the Nintendo Entertainment System,[16] and another Japanese version was initiated in 1992 for the MSX computers, but these two were never released.

The IBM version of SimCity is notable for the unusually large amount of graphics modes it supports; the game runs in CGA 640x200 mode, EGA 640x200 mode (for users with 200-line monitors), Tandy 640x200 mode, Hercules, EGA 640x350 mode (for users with 350-line monitors) and VGA 640x480 monochrome. A later release dropped all of the 200-line modes and added 640x480 color mode. Unlike most commercial PC games at the time, 320x200 resolutions were not used because they were inadequate for the amount of graphics detail the game needed. A port of SimCity was released for Windows 3.0 in 1992. It runs in the Windows GDI and does not support 256-color graphics or sound.

In 2007 Don Hopkins released a free and open source version of SimCity, renamed Micropolis (the original working title) for trademark reasons, for the One Laptop per Child XO-1.[17][18] In 2008, Maxis established an online browser-based version of SimCity.[19] A second browser-based version was later released under the name Micropolis.[20] In 2013, a browser-based version was released, ported using JavaScript and HTML5, as micropolisJS.[21]

Super NES

SimCity for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System features the same gameplay and scenario features; however, since it was developed and published by Nintendo, the company incorporated their own ideas. Instead of the Godzilla monster disaster, Bowser of the Super Mario series becomes the attacking monster, and once the city reaches a landmark 500,000 populace, the player receives a Mario statue that is placeable in the city. The Super NES port also features special buildings the player may receive as rewards, such as casinos, large parks, amusement parks, and expo centers; some of which would be incorporated into SimCity 2000. A bank can be built which will allow a loan of $10,000 to be taken, but it must be paid back before another loan can be taken out. The game includes schools and hospitals, though they cannot be placed by the player; instead, the game will sometimes turn an empty residential lot into one. There are city classifications, such as becoming a metropolis at 100,000 people. It has some of the same pre-set scenarios in the PC and Mac versions and two new ones. One is in Las Vegas under attack by aliens and another called Freeland. Freeland has no water and no rewards buildings are given. Also unique to the Super NES version is a character named "Dr. Wright" (whose physical appearance is based on Will Wright) who acts as an adviser to the player. The soundtrack was composed by Soyo Oka. The edition is featured as Nintendo's Player's Choice as a million seller.

In August 1996 a version of the game entitled BS Sim City Machizukuri Taikai was broadcast to Japanese players via the Super Famicom's Satellaview subsystem. Later, a sequel titled SimCity 64 was released for Nintendo 64DD, the Japan-only Nintendo 64 add-on

Micropolis

In January 2008, the SimCity source code was released under the free software GPL 3 license.[22] The release of the source code was related to the donation of SimCity software to the One Laptop Per Child program, as one of the principles of the OLPC laptop is the use of free and open source software. The open source version is called Micropolis, developed by Don Hopkins. The Micropolis source code has been translated to C++, integrated with Python and interfaced with both GTK+ and OpenLaszlo.[23]

Since Micropolis is licensed under the GPL, users can do anything they want with it that conforms with the GPL – the only restriction is that they cannot call it "SimCity" (along with a few other limitations to protect EA's trademarks).[24] This allows other, differently named projects to be forked from the Micropolis source code. Improvements to the open source code base that merits EA's approval may be incorporated into the official "OLPC SimCity" source code, to be distributed with the OLPC under the trademarked name OLPC SimCity, but only after it has been reviewed and approved by EA.[25]

Comparison of different versions

Detailed information about ports of SimCity Classic
Platform Version – Release date Comments
Amiga V.1.0 –
Alongside SimCity for the Macintosh, this was the first commercially released version of SimCity. It ran on any Amiga with at least 512 kilobytes of memory, and was distributed on a single floppy disk.[26]
V.2.0 This version has been enhanced with the ability to switch tile sets. A tile set consists of all the images the game uses to draw the city, and by changing the tile set one can give the city a different look and feel. The graphics support up to 64 colors in Extra Halfbrite mode.

Because of this new functionality, SimCity 2 requires at least 1MB of memory, twice that of the original version.

Amiga CDTV
[27]		 To make the game more pleasant to play when viewed on a distant television, this version of the game shows a closer view of the city. Other changes includes a user interface more suited for use from the CDTV's remote control, use CD-DA for music, and the addition of three scenarios.
Amstrad CPC V.1.0 –
Sim City Amstrad CPC
Atari ST V.1.0 –
Sim City Atari ST		 This version features scenarios but has no music and the game's graphics are less colorful than the graphics of the Amiga version 2.0.[28]
BBC Micro
Acorn Electron		 V.1.0 –
This version lacks music, many sound effects, most animation and has limited colour palettes, but has most of the features of the Amiga version, in spite of having to run in 25K of memory.[29]
Commodore 64 V.1.0 –
This version lacks police/fire stations, stadiums and railways. Disasters were limited to the earthquake. It also forgoes the stat screen useful for evaluating the city's development. The player can select between eight scenarios or on randomly generated terrain.
Macintosh V.1.0 –
Released in two versions: monochrome and color.
PC MS-DOS –
Features high resolution EGA graphics and limited sound effects through PC speaker or Tandy DAC.
CD-ROM –
Released by Interplay Productions for DOS, it featured 256-color graphics, new music and sound effects and added FMV cutscenes and news reports.
Windows –
Super NES
  • JP: April 26, 1991
  • NA: August 1991
  • EU: September 24, 1992
 Developed and Published by Nintendo under license by Maxis, the Super NES version of SimCity had additional features not found in the original SimCity, including graphics changing to match the seasons (trees are green in summer, turn rusty brown in the fall, white in the winter, and bloom as cherry blossoms in the spring), civic reward buildings, and a very energetic green-haired city advisor named Dr. Wright (after Will Wright), who would often pop up and inform the player of problems with their city. In addition, the Super NES version of SimCity had two additional bonus scenarios, accessible when the original scenarios were completed: Las Vegas and Freeland (see section on scenarios). The style of the buildings also resemble those in Japan rather than those of North America.

A Nintendo Entertainment System port was also planned, but was cancelled.

Nintendo also put their stamp on the game, with a dangerous disaster being Bowser attack on a city (in place of a generic movie-type monster), and a Mario statue awarded once the megalopolis level of 500,000 inhabitants is reached.

The Super NES version of SimCity has been released for the Wii's Virtual Console service (No longer available as of January 2, 2013).

ZX Spectrum V.1.0 – 1989 Has all the features (such as scenarios, crime, and disasters) of later versions of the game, only with much more limited sound and graphics.[30]
  • SimCity Classic is available for Palm OS and on the SimCity.com website as Classic Live. It was also released by Atelier Software for the Psion 5 handheld computer, and mobile phones in 2006.[31]
  • The July 2005 issue of Nintendo Power stated that a development cartridge of SimCity for the NES was found at Nintendo headquarters. Never released, it is reportedly the only one in existence.
  • Additionally a terrain editor and architecture disks were available with tileset graphics for settings of Ancient Asia, Medieval, Wild West, Future Europe, Future USA and a Moon Colony.
  • Versions of SimCity for the BBC Micro, Acorn Electron, and Acorn Archimedes computers were published by Superior Software/Acornsoft. Programmer Peter Scott had to squeeze the 512k Amiga version of the game into 20k in order to run on the ageing 32k BBC Micro and Acorn Electron. Despite this, it kept almost all of the functionality of the Amiga game and very similar graphics (although only using four colours).
  • DUX Software published a Unix version of SimCity for the NeWS window system using the HyperLook user interface environment, and a multi-player version of SimCity for the X11 window system using the TCL/Tk user interface toolkit, both developed and ported to various platforms by Don Hopkins.

Reception

Reception
Review score
PublicationScore
AllGame[32]

SimCity was a financial success, selling one million copies by late 1992.[13] In the United States, it was the ninth best-selling computer game from 1993 to 1999, with another 830,000 units sold.[33] It was critically acclaimed and received significant recognition within a year after its initial release. As of December 1990 the game was reported to have won the following awards:

  • Best Entertainment Program 1989.
  • Best Educational Program, 1989.
  • Best Simulation Program, 1989.
  • Critics' Choice: Best Consumer Program, 1989, Software Publisher's Association.
  • Most Innovative Publisher, 1989, Computer Game Developer's Conference.
  • Best PC Game, 1989.
  • Member of the 1989 Game Hall of Fame, Macworld.
  • Game of the Year, 1989., Computer Gaming World.[34]
  • Second Best Simulation of all Time for C-64.
  • Fourth Best Simulation of All Time for Amiga, .info.
  • Editors' Choice Award: Best Simulation, 1989, Compute.
  • Editors' Choice Award: Best Recreation Program, 1989, MacUser.
  • Best Computer Strategy Game, 1989, Video Games & Computer Entertainment.
  • Best Game Designer of the Year: Will Wright, for SimCity, 1989, Computer Entertainer.
  • Best 20th Century Computer Game, 1989, Charles S. Roberts Award.
  • Software Award of Excellence, 1990–1991, Technology and Learning.
  • Best Educational Program, 1990, European Computer Leisure Award.
  • Tilt D'Or (Golden Award): Most Original Game, 1989, Tilt (France).
  • Game of the Year, 1989, Amiga Annual (Australia).
  • World Class Award, 1990, Macworld (Australia).
  • 4th best game of all time, Amiga Power.[35]
  • Best Curricular Program, Codie Award.[36]
  • Best Consumer Program, Critic's Choice Award.[36]

In addition, SimCity won the Origins Award for "Best Military or Strategy Computer Game" of 1989 in 1990, was named to Computer Gaming World's Hall of Fame for games readers highly rated over time,[37] and the multiplayer X11 version of the game was also nominated in 1992 as the Best Product of the Year in Unix World. SimCity was named #4 "Ten Greatest PC Game Ever" by PC World in 2009.[38] It was named one of the sixteen most influential games in history at Telespiele, a German technology and games trade show, in 2007.[39] Sid Meier in 2008 named SimCity as one of the three most important innovations in videogame history, as it led to other games that encouraged players to create, not destroy.[40] It was named #11 on IGN's 2009 "Top 25 PC Games of All Time" list.[41]

Entertainment Weekly gave the game an B+ and wrote that "The perfect gift for big-city mayors presiding over crumbling infrastructures, Sim City lets you construct your own metropolis from scratch, a task that entails everything from zoning commercial districts to laying down power lines to funding mass-transit systems. Like many municipalities, the game can get a bit complex, but in a crisis (plunging opinion polls, incipient tax revolts, enormous lizards ravaging downtown) you can count on a nerdy bureaucrat to pop up on-screen and offer some helpful advice."[42]

In 1991, PC Format named SimCity one of the 50 best computer games ever. The editors called it "a town planner's dream".[43]

The University of Southern California and University of Arizona used SimCity in urban planning and political science classes. In 1990 The Providence Journal invited five candidates for Mayor of Providence, Rhode Island to manage a SimCity town resembling the city; former mayor Buddy Cianci, who was the most successful, won election that year. Chuck Moss of The Detroit News found that Godzilla attacking the city in the 1972 Detroit scenario caused less destruction than the mayoralty of Coleman Young.[13]

The SimCity Terrain Editor was reviewed in 1989 in Dragon #147 by Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk Lesser in "The Role of Computers" column. The reviewers gave the expansion 4 out of 5 stars.[44]

The ZX Spectrum version was voted number 4 in the Your Sinclair Readers' Top 100 Games of All Time.[45]

On March 12, 2007, The New York Times reported that SimCity was named to a list of the ten most important video games of all time, the so-called game canon.[46] The Library of Congress took up a video game preservation proposal and began with the games from this list, including SimCity.[47][48]

Legacy

SimCity yielded several sequels. "Sim" games of many types were developed – with Will Wright and Maxis developing myriad titles including SimEarth, SimFarm, SimTown, Streets of SimCity, SimCopter, SimAnt, SimLife, SimIsle, SimTower, SimPark, SimSafari, and The Sims, as well as the unreleased SimsVille and SimMars. They also obtained licenses for some titles developed in Japan, such as SimTower and Let's Take The A-Train (released as A-Train outside Japan). In 2000 The Sims was released, which spawned its own series. Spore, released in 2008, was originally going to be titled "SimEverything" – a name that Will Wright thought might accurately describe what he was trying to achieve.

SimCity inspired a new genre of video games. "Software toys" that were open-ended with no set objective were developed trying to duplicate SimCity's success. The most successful was most definitely Wright's own The Sims, which went on to be the best selling computer game of all time. The ideas pioneered in SimCity have been incorporated into real-world applications as well. For example, VisitorVille simulates a city based on website statistics.

The series also spawned a SimCity collectible card game, produced by Mayfair Games.

Dr. Wright from the Super NES version has made appearances in several video games. He is a non-player character in The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening, and an assist trophy in Super Smash Bros. Brawl and Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-10-20. Retrieved 2014-10-20.
  2. ↑ "SimCity Classic". Archived from the original on 2014-04-03.
  3. ↑ http://www.ign.com/cheats/games/simcity-1989-mac-9054
  4. ↑ Wright, Will; Joffe, B. (November 1989). "SimCity: thematic mapping+city management simulation=an entertaining, interactive gaming tool". GIS/LIS '89 Proceedings. Annual Conference. Orlando, FL, USA: American Congress on Surveying and Mapping; American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. 2: 591–600.
  5. ↑ "SimCity Classic: History and Review" Archived 2011-06-28 at the Wayback Machine., Eric Albert, February 2001. Fetched from URL 15 March 2011.
  6. ↑ Wilson, Johnny L. (May 1989), "What Do The "Sim"ple Folk Do?", Computer Gaming World, pp. 16–17
  7. 1 2 Keighley, Geoff. "SIMply Divine". GameSpot. Archived from the original on February 4, 2009. Retrieved 2008-06-07.
  8. ↑ "75 Power Players". Next Generation. Imagine Media (11): 54. November 1995.
  9. ↑ "Inside Scoop – The History of SimCity". Electronic Arts Inc. Archived from the original on July 10, 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2011.
  10. ↑ Forrester, Jay W. (1969). Urban dynamics. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT. ISBN 0-262-06026-4.
  11. ↑ Lobo, Daniel G (2007). "Playing with Urban Life". In Friedrich Borries; Steffen P. Walz; Matthias Böttger. Space time play computer games, architecture and urbanism : the next level. Basel: Birkhauser. doi:10.1007/978-3-7643-8415-9_74. ISBN 978-3-7643-8415-9.
  12. ↑ Lew, Julie (June 15, 1989). "Making City Planning a Game". nytimes.com. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved May 18, 2007.
  13. 1 2 3 Rivenburg, Roy (1992-10-02). "Only a Game? : Will your town thrive or perish? The fate of millions is in your hands. Or so it seems. It's your turn in SimCity". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
  14. 1 2 "Inside scoop: The History of SimCity (page two)". SimCity.com. Archived from the original on March 12, 2009. Retrieved December 17, 2006.
  15. ↑ "Will Wright Chat Transcript". simcity.ea.com. Archived from the original on July 20, 2009. Retrieved November 8, 2007.
  16. ↑ Orland, Kyle (2018-01-12). "See the long-lost NES prototype of SimCity". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
  17. ↑ SimCity on the OLPC XO!. "SimCity on the OLPC XO!". Olpcnews.com. Archived from the original on 2011-08-30. Retrieved 2011-09-01.
  18. ↑ "Games Aim For Good - Edge Magazine". Next-gen.biz. 2007-03-07. Archived from the original on 2012-09-05. Retrieved 2011-09-01.
  19. ↑ Game website for SimCity Classic - requires registration Archived March 17, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
  20. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-02-03. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  21. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-05-09. Retrieved 2015-05-09.
  22. ↑ "SimCity Source Code Released to the Wild! Let the ports begin". Weblogs.asp.net. Archived from the original on 2014-05-10. Retrieved 2011-09-01.
  23. ↑ "micropolis - Micropolis City Simulator - Google Project Hosting". Code.google.com. 2008-01-14. Archived from the original on 2011-08-22. Retrieved 2011-09-01.
  24. ↑ Comment by mhdyu...@gmail.com (2011-06-14). "License - micropolis - Micropolis GPL License Notice and additional terms per GNU GPL Section 7. - Micropolis City Simulator - Google Project Hosting". Code.google.com. Archived from the original on 2013-05-11. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
  25. ↑ Don Hopkins (2007-11-11). "History and Future of OLPC SimCity / Micropolis". Don Hopkins. Archived from the original on 2015-09-27. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
  26. ↑ "Sim City (Amiga version)". Hall Of Light. Archived from the original on May 3, 2011. Retrieved May 6, 2011.
  27. ↑ "Sim City (CDTV version)". Hall Of Light. Archived from the original on February 8, 2006. Retrieved November 5, 2006.
  28. ↑ "Sim City (Atari ST version)". Atari Legend. Archived from the original on December 20, 2007. Retrieved June 6, 2007.
  29. ↑ Scott, Peter. "Micro User" (March 1991). Database Publications.
  30. ↑ "Sim City (ZX version)". SimCity.txt on the original game disk. Retrieved June 6, 2007.
  31. ↑ "SimCity (mobile phone version) review". Pocket Gamer. Archived from the original on 2006-11-29. Retrieved 2006-11-11.
  32. ↑ Cook, Brad. "SimCity Classic - Review". AllGame. Archived from the original on November 14, 2014. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
  33. ↑ Dunnigan, James F. (January 3, 2000). Wargames Handbook, Third Edition: How to Play and Design Commercial and Professional Wargames. Writers Club Press. pp. 14–17.
  34. ↑ "Game of the Year Awards", Computer Gaming World, p. 42, October 1989
  35. ↑ Amiga Power magazine issue 0, Future Publishing, May 1991
  36. 1 2 "SIIA Codie Awards". Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
  37. ↑ "On Silvery Disks of Splendor". Computer Gaming World. October 1991. p. 112. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
  38. ↑ Edwards, Benj (February 8, 2009). "The Ten Greatest PC Games Ever". PC World. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved 2010-01-03.
  39. ↑ Plunkett, Luke (August 27, 2007). "German Journos Pick Their Most Important Games Of All Time". Kotaku. Archived from the original on April 20, 2010. Retrieved 2008-06-20.
  40. ↑ Arendt, Susan (2008-03-04). "Civilization Creator Lists Three Most Important Innovations in Gaming". Wired. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
  41. ↑ "The Top 25 PC Games of All Time". IGN. August 6, 2009. Archived from the original on March 5, 2010. Retrieved 2010-01-03.
  42. ↑ https://ew.com/article/1991/09/27/latest-video-games/
  43. ↑ Staff (October 1991). "The 50 best games EVER!". PC Format (1): 109–111.
  44. ↑ Lesser, Hartley; Lesser, Patricia; Lesser, Kirk (July 1989). "The Role of Computers". Dragon (147): 76–83.
  45. ↑ "Readers' Top 100 Games of All Time". Your Sinclair. September 1993.
  46. ↑ CHAPLIN, HEATHER (2007-03-12). "Is That Just Some Game? No, It's a Cultural Artifact". nytimes.com. Archived from the original on 2013-10-04. Retrieved 2013-11-01.
  47. ↑ Ransom-Wiley, James. "10 most important video games of all time, as judged by 2 designers, 2 academics, and 1 lowly blogger". Joystiq. Archived from the original on 2014-04-22.
  48. ↑ Owens, Trevor (2012-09-26). "Yes, The Library of Congress Has Video Games: An Interview with David Gibson". blogs.loc.gov. Archived from the original on 2014-03-31. Retrieved 2013-01-18.
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