Sha'ar HaAmakim

Sha'ar HaAmakim
Sha'ar HaAmakim in 2008
Sha'ar HaAmakim
Coordinates: 32°43′23″N 35°6′48″E / 32.72306°N 35.11333°E / 32.72306; 35.11333Coordinates: 32°43′23″N 35°6′48″E / 32.72306°N 35.11333°E / 32.72306; 35.11333
Grid position 160/236 PAL
District Haifa
Council Zevulun Regional Council
Affiliation Kibbutz Movement
Founded 1935
Founded by Romanian and Yugoslavian immigrants
Population (2017)[1] 711
Website www.s-h.org.il

Sha'ar HaAmakim (Hebrew: שַׁעַר הַעֲמָקִים‬, lit. Gate of the Valleys) is a kibbutz in northern Israel associated with the Hashomer Hatzair movement founded in 1935. Located near Kiryat Tiv'on, it falls under the jurisdiction of Zevulun Regional Council. In 2017 it had a population of 711.[1]

History

Antiquity

Hellenistic era site near the kibbutz

Human habitation in the area dates at least as far back as the Hellenistic period.[2]

Crusader era

In 1283, during the hudna ("truce") between the Crusaders based in Acre and the Mamluk sultan al-Mansur Qalawun, this location was named el Harathiyah and was described as part of the domain of the Crusaders.[3]

Ottoman era

During the Ottoman era, a Muslim village at the site was called el Hâritheh.[4] The village appeared as El Harti on the map of Pierre Jacotin compiled in 1799.[5] In 1859, the population was recorded as 120 with tillable land of 12 feddans.[6] In 1875, Victor Guérin reported about 40 houses.[7] In 1882, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine described it as an adobe hamlet.[6]

A population list from about 1887 showed that Harithiyeh had about 120 inhabitants; all Muslims.[8]

British Mandate era

Horse-drawn and mechanical vehicles at the kibbutz' flour mill in the 1950s

In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, the Al Zubaidat, who cultivated the Hartieh land, numbered 363, all Muslims.[9]

In 1925 a Zionist organisation purchased 50 feddans in Hartieh from the Sursock family of Beirut. At the time, there were 60 families living there.[10] In the 1931 census, the Arab Zubeidat was counted under the Shefa-'Amr suburbs.[11]

From 1931, and lasting several years, the Jewish Agency struggled to evict the Arab El Zubeidat, who were tenant farmers at Hartiya.[12][13][14][15] According to Avneri, Hartiya land was to become Sha'ar HaAmakim.[12] According to the Department of Statistics, however, Sha'ar HaAmakim had previously been part of Sheikh Bureik.[16][17]

Kibbutz Sha'ar HaAmakim was founded in 1935 by immigrants from Romania and Yugoslavia. Its name was derived from the nearby confluence of the Jezreel and Zevulun valleys.[18] By 1945 it had a population of 360, all Jews.[16][17]

State of Israel

Sha'ar HaAmakim hosted volunteers from around the world, including France and the United States, who worked at the kibbutz and participated in cultural exchanges.[19] In the 1960s, there were up to 100 volunteers each year.[20] Bernie Sanders, who later became a U.S. Senator, worked at the kibbutz for several months in 1963.[21][20]

Economy

According to a 2016 report, the kibbutz derives most of its income from its solar water heater factory. It also makes money from agriculture, including dairy farming.[19] For over five decades, the kibbutz has produced and processed sunflower seeds which it markets under its name both in Israel and for export.[22] It also has a fish pond and orchards producing apples, peaches, and pears.[20]

References

  1. 1 2 "List of localities, in Alphabetical order" (PDF). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved August 26, 2018.
  2. ↑ Segal, Arthur; Młynarczyk, Jolanta; Burdajewicz, Mariusz; Bar-Oz, Guy (2009). Excavations of the Hellenistic site in Kibbutz Sha'ar-Ha'Amakim. Haifa: Zinman Institute of Archaeology, University of Haifa. ISBN 9789659041879.
  3. ↑ Barag, 1979, p. 204
  4. ↑ ”the ploughed land”, Palmer, 1881, p. 109
  5. ↑ Karmon, 1960, p. 163
  6. 1 2 Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 270
  7. ↑ Guérin, 1880, pp. 399-400
  8. ↑ Schumacher, 1888, p. 175
  9. ↑ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Haifa, p. 34
  10. ↑ List of villages sold by Sursocks and their partners to the Zionists since British occupation of Palestine Evidence to the Shaw Commission, 1930
  11. ↑ Mills, 1932, p. 90.
  12. 1 2 Avneri, 1984, pp. 156-7
  13. ↑ 26 February 1935, House of Commons
  14. ↑ PALESTINE. 24 March 1936, House of Commons
  15. ↑ Bernie Sanders Stint at 'Stalinist' Kibbutz Draws Red-Baiting From Right, Nathan Guttman, February 5, 2016 The Forward
  16. 1 2 Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 15
  17. 1 2 Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 49
  18. ↑ History Sha'ar HaAmakim Seeds
  19. 1 2 Erlanger, Steven (February 5, 2016). "Bernie Sanders's Kibbutz Found. Surprise: It's Socialist". The New York Times. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  20. 1 2 3 Sales, Ben (February 8, 2016). "50 years on, Bernie Sanders still champions values of his Israeli kibbutz". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved February 8, 2016.
  21. ↑ Aderet, Ofer (4 February 2016). "Mystery Solved? Haaretz Archive Reveals Which Kibbutz Bernie Sanders Volunteered On". Haaretz. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  22. ↑ "Shaar Haamakim Seeds". Sha'ar Ha'amakim Seeds, Ltd. Retrieved February 6, 2016.

Bibliography

  • Avneri, Arieh L. (1984). The Claim of Dispossession: Jewish Land-settlement and the Arabs, 1878-1948. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 0-87855-964-7.
  • Barag, Dan (1979). "A new source concerning the ultimate borders of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem". Israel Exploration Journal. 29: 197–217.
  • Barron, J. B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
  • Conder, Claude Reignier; Kitchener, H. H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. 1. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
  • Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945. Government of Palestine.
  • Guérin, Victor (1880). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). 3: Galilee, pt. 1. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
  • Hadawi, Sami (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.
  • Karmon, Y. (1960). "An Analysis of Jacotin's Map of Palestine" (PDF). Israel Exploration Journal. 10 (3, 4): 155–173, 244–253.
  • Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
  • Palmer, E. H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
  • Schumacher, G. (1888). "Population list of the Liwa of Akka". Quarterly statement - Palestine Exploration Fund. 20: 169–191.
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