List of animal names
Many animals, particularly domesticated, have specific names for males, females, young, and groups.
The best-known source of many English words used for collective groupings of animals is The Book of Saint Albans, an essay on hunting published in 1486 and attributed to Juliana Berners.[1] Most terms used here may be found in common dictionaries and general information web sites.[2][3][4]
Generic terms
The terms in this table apply to many or all taxa in a particular biological family, class, or clade.
| Scientific term | Young | Female | Male | Collective noun | Collateral adjective | Trivial name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aves | chick | hen | cock | flock | avian | bird |
| Bovinae | calf | cow (bred), heifer (not bred) | bull (intact), ox or steer (castrated) | herd | bovine | cattle; cows |
| Canidae | puppy, pup,[5] cub, whelp | bitch | dog | pack | canine | dog |
| Equidae | colt (male), filly (female), foal | jenny (asses), mare (other equids) | jack (asses), stallion (other equids), gelding (castrated horse) | herd | equine | horse |
| Felidae | kitten (small cats, Felis), cub (big cats, Panthera) | queen | tom | clowder (small cats), pride (big cats) | feline | cat |
| Suidae | piglet | sow | boar | drift or drove | porcine | pig |
| Procyonidae | cub, kit | sow | boar | gaze, smack, committee | procyonine, nasuine, others | Raccoon family of Carnivorans |
| Viverridae | cub, kit | sow | boar | gaze, smack, committee | viverrine | Civet family of Carnivorans |
| Mustelidae | kit | sow (large) or jill (small) | Boar (large) or jack (small) | colony (large) or Business (small) | musteline | Ferret family of Carnivorans (large = badgers & wolverines; small = weasels & ferrets) |
| Leporidae | nestling | jill | jack | nest or band | leporine | rabbits & hares |
| Osteichthyes | fry, fingerling | ? | ? | school, shoal | piscine, ichthyic | bony fish |
Terms by species or taxon
| Animal | Young | Female | Male | Collective noun | Collateral adjective | Culinary noun for meat |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | ||||||
| Aardvark | cub | sow | boar | N/A | orycteropodian | |
| Albatross | chick | N/A | N/A | flock[6] rookery[7] gam (when searching for mates)[8] | ? | |
| Alligator | hatchling | cow | bull | congregation[9] | eusuchian | |
| Alpaca[10] | cria | hembra | macho | herd | camelid | |
| Ant | larva pupa | queen (fertile) worker soldier | drone | army[11] bike[11] colony[11][12] nest[9] swarm[11] | formic myrmicine | |
| Anteater | pup | sow | boar | N/A | ? | |
| Antelope | calf[13] | doe | buck | herd[11][14] cluster[11][14] tribe[11][14] | alcelaphine bubaline antilopine | |
| Ape | infant | N/A | N/A | shrewdness[2][9][14][15] troop[9][11][14] | simian | |
| Armadillo | pup baby | sow | boar | N/A | cingulatan | |
| Ass/donkey | foal | jenny | jack | herd[11] coffle[11][14] drove[9][11][14] pace[11][12][14] | asinine | |
| B | ||||||
| Baboon | infant | babuina[16] | ? | flange[17][note 1] troop[2][9][17] | ? | |
| Badger | cub kit | sow | boar | cete[2][9][12][17] colony[17] | musteline | |
| Barracuda | N/A | N/A | N/A | school[18] | percesocine | |
| Bat | pup | N/A | N/A | cloud[17][19] colony[12][17] flock[20] | pteropine noctillionine | |
| Bear (list) | cub[21] | sow she-bear | boar | sleuth[9][12][17] sloth[9][12][17] | ursine | |
| Beaver | kit kitten pup | N/A | N/A | family[9] colony[9][17] | castoridine | |
| Bee | larva pupa | queen worker [note 2] | drone | cast (a second swarm)[17] cluster (of workers around the queen)[17] colony[17] drift[2][17] erst[2][17] grist[9][17] hive[2][9][17] nest[9] rabble[17] stand[17] swarm[2][9][17] | apic apian apiarian | |
| Bird (list) Also see Aves | chick | hen | cock | flock[2] flight[2] pod[2] | avian | |
| Bison | calf | cow | bull | herd | bovine bubaline | |
| Boar (wild pig) Also see Pig | piglet farrow shoat/shote (just weaned) | sow | ? | herd[17][22] singular[9][22] Groups of 12 or more sounder[9][22] | ? | |
| Buffalo, African (for American buffalo, see Bison) | calf | cow, heifer | bull | herd[9][12][17] troop[9] gang[9][12][17] obstinancy[9][12][17] | ? | |
| Butterfly | caterpillar larva pupa chrysalis | ? | ? | flight[17] flutter[9] rabble[17] | pieridine pierine lepidopteran | |
| C | ||||||
| Camel | calf | cow | bull | caravan[9] flock[9] herd train[9] | camelid cameline | |
| Caribou | calf | doe | buck | herd | rangiferine | |
| Cassowary | hatchling chick | ? | ? | N/A | ratite | |
| Cat (list) | kitten kit | molly queen pussy | tom gib (castrated male)[23] | clowder[2][9] cluster[9] clutter[24] glaring[2][9] pounce[9] kindle (kittens)[25] litter (kittens) pillow (kittens) | feline | |
| Caterpillar | ? | ? | ? | army[9][26] | ? | |
| Cattle[note 3] (list) | calf[27] | cow[28] | bull | herd[9] drove[9] yoke (oxen) team (oxen) | bovine[note 4] taurine (male) vaccine (female) vituline (young) | beef veal |
| Chameleon | ? | ? | ? | absence[29] | ? | |
| Chamois | calf | doe | bull | herd | rupicaprine | |
| Cheetah | cub | ? | ? | coalition (male)[30] | ? | |
| Chicken (list) | chick | hen pullet | rooster cock cockerel capon (castrated male) | flock brood[9] peep (chicks)[9] clutch (eggs) | galline | poultry |
| Chimpanzee | infant | empress | blackback | troop | panine | |
| Chinchilla | kit | velvet sow | boar bull | ? | chinchilline | |
| Chough | chick | ? | ? | chattering[2][15][31] clattering[2][15][32] | corvine | |
| Coati | pup kit | sow | boar | troop | nasuine | |
| Cobra | ? | ? | ? | quiver[33] | elapid | |
| Cockroach | nymph | ? | ? | intrusion[33] | blattid | |
| Cod | codling | ? | ? | school | gadoid gadine | |
| Cormorant | chick shaglet | ? | ? | gulp[9][12][33] flight | ? | |
| Coyote | pup puppy cub whelp | bitch | dog | pack | canine | |
| Crab | N/A | hen Phil | cock jimmy | ? | cancrine | |
| Crane | chick colt[34] | ? | ? | herd sedge[12] sege[35] siege[36] | alectorine | |
| Crocodile | hatchling | cow | bull | bask[9] congregation float[9] nest | crocodilian | |
| Crow | ? | ? | ? | murder[2][9] | corvine | |
| Curlew | ? | ? | ? | herd[2][15] | ? | |
| D | ||||||
| Deer | calf[13] fawn | doe hind cow[13] | buck stag bull[13] hart (red deer) | bunch[37] herd[37] mob[37] rangale[37] | cervine elaphine | venison humble (organ meat) |
| Dinosaur (list) | hatchling juvenile | cow | bull | herd (herbivores) pack (carnivores) | dinosaurian | |
| Dog (list) | pup[5] puppy whelp[38] | bitch | dog stud sire | pack (wild)[12][37] kennel[37] mute[12] litter (young)[39] cowardice (curs)[12][40] comedy (boxers)[41][42] cry (hounds)[43] | canine | |
| Dogfish Also see Shark | ? | ? | ? | troop[37] | selachian squaloid | Spiny dogfish capeshark (USA) flake (UK, AUS) huss (UK) kahada (CAN)[44] rigg (UK) rock salmon (UK) |
| Dolphin | calf pup | cow | bull | school[37] pod herd team[37] | delphine | |
| Donkey (list)- See Ass | ||||||
| Dotterel | ? | ? | ? | trip[2][12] | ? | |
| Dove | chick | hen | cock | arc[9] cote dole[2][37] dule[9][37] flight[2][9][37] piteousness[2][37] pitying[9] | columbine | |
| Dragonfly | nymph | queen | king drake | cluster flight | anisopteran | |
| Duck (list) Also see Mallard | duckling | duck hen | drake | On land flock herd badling[12] brace[12] safe[2] sord[37] sore[37] waddling[37] On water bunch[2][37] paddling[2][37] raft[2][37] In flight skein[37] string[37] team[12][37] | anatine fuliguline | poultry |
| Dugong | calf | cow | bull | herd | dugongine | |
| Dunlin | chick | ? | ? | fling[2] | ? | |
| E | ||||||
| Eagle | eaglet fledgling | N/A | N/A | convocation[9][12] | aquiline | |
| Echidna | puggle (in common use, but not scientifically endorsed) | ? | ? | N/A | tachyglossine | |
| Eel | leptocephalus (larva) elver (juvenile) | N/A | N/A | bed[9] swarm[9] | anguilline | |
| Eland | calf | cow | bull | herd | ? | |
| Elephant | calf[27] | cow[28] | bull[45] | herd memory[9] | elephantine proboscine proboscidean | |
| Elephant seal | calf | cow | bull | herd pack | miroungan | |
| Elk (wapiti) | calf[13] | cow[13] | bull[13] | gang[9] herd[9] | cervine | venison |
| Emu | chick hatchling | ? | ? | mob[9] | ? | |
| F | ||||||
| Falcon | eyass/eyas | falcon | tiercel tercel terzel | ? | acciptrine | |
| Ferret | kit | jill | hob | busyness[15] business[9][12] | musteline | |
| Finch | chick | hen | cock | charm[12] | fringilline | |
| Fish (list) | fry fingerling | ? | ? | school[3] | piscine | |
| Flamingo | chick | ? | ? | phoenicopterine | ||
| Fly | maggot | ? | ? | business[9] cloud[9] swarm[9] | dipterous | |
| Fox | cub[21] kit pup[5] | vixen | tod dog reynard | leash[9][12] skulk[9][12] | vulpine | |
| Frog | polliwog tadpole froglet | ? | ? | army[12] | ranine | |
| G | ||||||
| Gaur | calf | cow | bull | herd | bovine gaurine | garabeef |
| Gazelle | calf[13] | cow[13] | bull[13] | herd | gazelline | |
| Gerbil | pup | doe | buck | horde | cricetine | |
| Giant panda | cub | sow | boar | sleuth[46] embarrassment [47] | ailuropodine | |
| Giraffe | calf | cow | bull | herd corps[48] tower[48][49] | giraffine | |
| Gnat | larva | ? | ? | cloud[9][12][48] horde[9][12][48] rabble[48] swarm[9][48] | ? | |
| Gnu | calf | cow | bull | herd implausibility[50] | ? | |
| Goat (list) | kid | nanny doe doeling | billy buck buckling wether (castrated) | herd flock[48] tribe[48] trip[48] trippe[48] | caprine | chevon cabrito mutton |
| Goldfinch | ? | ? | ? | charm[48] | cardueline | |
| Goosander | ? | ? | ? | dopping[48] | ? | |
| Goose | gosling | goose | gander | On land flock gaggle[12][48] plump[48] In flight skein[2][12][48] team[2][48] wedge[2][48] chevron |
anatine anserine | poultry |
| Gorilla | infant | N/A | blackback silverback | band[9][12][48] troop[9] whoop[48] | simian | |
| Goshawk | ? | ? | ? | flight[15][48] | ? | |
| Grasshopper | nymph | ? | ? | cloud[48] swarm[48] | caeliferian | |
| Grouse | ? | ? | ? | covey[48] pack[48] | tetraonine | |
| Guanaco | chulengo[51] | ? | ? | herd | camelid | |
| Guinea fowl | keet | hen | cock | rasp[52] flock[53] | numidine | poultry |
| Guinea pig | pup | sow | boar | herd | ? | cuy |
| Gull | chick | hen | cock | colony flock | larine | |
| H | ||||||
| Hamster | pup | doe | buck | horde | cricetid | |
| Hare | leveret | doe jill | buck jack | band down[54] drove[54] flick[54] husk[54] | leverine leporine | |
| Hawk | eyas | hen | tiercel | cast[55][note 5] aerie[55][note 6] staff[55][note 7] leash[55][note 8] flight[55][note 9] flock[55] Migrating in large groups kettle[9][55] boil[12][55] cauldron[55] | accipitrine | |
| Hedgehog | hoglet piglet pup | sow | boar | array[54] | erinaceine | |
| Heron | chick | hen | cock | flight[54] sedge[9][12][54] sege[35][54] siege[9][12][36][54] | ardeidine | |
| Herring | ? | ? | ? | army[12][54] glean[54] shoal[54] | clupeidean | |
| Hippo | calf | cow | bull | sea[9][12][54] herd[54] thunder[33] | hippopotamine | |
| Hornet | larvae pupae | queen | drone | bike[54] nest[12] swarm | vespine | |
| Horse (list) | foal colt (male) filly (female) gelding (castrated male) | mare dam | stallion stud | stable[9] stud[12] harras[12] herd (wild horses)[9] band (wild horses)[9] team (work horses)[9][12] rag (colts)[12] string (ponies)[12] field (racehorses) | equine | |
| Hummingbird | chick | hen | cock | ? | trochiline trochilidine | |
| Hyena | cub pup whelp | bitch | dog | cackle[9][12] | hyenine | |
| I | ||||||
| Ibex | kid | nanny | billy | herd | caprine | |
| Ibis | chick | ? | ? | ? | threskiornithine | |
| Impala | Impala | |||||
| J | ||||||
| Jackal | pup | ? | ? | pack | ? | |
| Jaguar | cub | ? | ? | prowl[56] leap[56] | ? | |
| Jay | chick | hen | cock | band[9] party[12] scold[12] | corvine | |
| Jellyfish | planula polyp ephyra[57] | sow | boar | bloom brood[9] fluther[2] smack[2][12] smuth[7] | scyphozoan | |
| K | ||||||
| Kangaroo | joey | flyer doe jill roo | boomer buck jack | court herd troop[12] mob[58] | macropodine | |
| Kinkajou | pup kit | sow | boar | troop convergence | potosine | |
| Koala | joey | doe | buck | ? | phascolarctine | |
| Komodo dragon | hatchling chick calf | cow hen | bull cock | ? | varanine | |
| Kouprey | calf | cow | bull | herd | sauveline bovine | |
| Kudu | calf | cow | bull | herd | tragelaphine | |
| L | ||||||
| Lapwing | chick | ? | ? | deceit[12][15] desert[2] | vanelline | |
| Lark | chick | hen | cock | exaltation[2][15] | alaudine | |
| Lemur | infant | ? | ? | conspiracy[59] | lemurine | |
| Leopard | cub | leopardess | leopard | leap[2][9][12] lepe[2] | pardine | |
| Lion | cub[21] | lioness | lion | pride sawt | leonine | |
| Llama | cria | ? | ? | herd flock | camelid | |
| Lobster | ? | hen[3] | cock[3] | risk | homarine | |
| Locust (list) | nymph | N/A | N/A | cloud host swarm | caelifera | |
| Loris | infant | colony[60] | lorisine[61] | |||
| Louse | nymph | N/A | N/A | colony | pediculine | |
| Lyrebird | chick | hen | cock | ? | menurine | |
| M | ||||||
| Magpie | chick | hen | cock | flock | garruline | |
| Mallard Also see Duck | duckling | hen | greenhead[62] | sord[2] suit[2] | anatine | poultry |
| Mammoth | calf | cow | bull | herd pack | mammutine | |
| Manatee | calf | cow | bull | herd | manatine sirenian | |
| Mandrill | infant | N/A | N/A | horde | simian | |
| Mink | cub kit | sow | boar | ? | musteline | |
| Mole | pup | sow | boar | ? | talpine | |
| Mongoose | pup | ? | ? | troop committee delegation | herpestine | |
| Monkey | infant | N/A | N/A | troop[2] | simian | |
| Moose | calf[13] | cow[13] | bull[13][45] | herd | cervine | venison |
| Mosquito | nymph wriggler tumbler | N/A | N/A | swarm cloud | aedine anopheline | |
| Mouse | kitten pup As pet food pinky/fuzzy/crawler/hopper[63] | doe | buck | colony nest | murine | |
| N | ||||||
| Narwhal | calf | ? | ? | ? | ? | |
| Newt | eft[64] | ? | ? | ? | pleurodeline | |
| Nightingale | chick | hen | cock | flock | philomelian | |
| Nine-banded armadillo | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | |
| O | ||||||
| Octopus | fry | hen[65] | ? | consortium[66] | octopodine | |
| Okapi | calf | cow | bull | herd | okapine | |
| Opossum | joey | jill | jack | passel | didelphine | |
| Ostrich | hatchling chick | hen | cock | flock troop | ratite struthious | |
| Otter | pup whelp | sow | boar | ? | musteline lutrine | |
| Owl | fledgling owlet | ? | ? | parliament[9] | strigine | |
| Oyster | spat | ? | ? | bed[9] | ostracine | |
| P | ||||||
| Panther | cub | pantheress | ? | ? | pantherine | |
| Parrot | chick | hen | cock | flock | psittacine | |
| Panda- See Giant panda | ||||||
| Partridge | chick | hen chantelle | cock | ? | perdicine | |
| Peafowl | chick peachick | peahen | peacock | ? | pavonine | poultry |
| Pelican | chick nestling | ? | ? | pod[9] | pelecanine | |
| Penguin | chick nestling | ? | ? | waddle (on land)[67][68] raft (in water)[67] rookery[67] colony[67] huddle[67] tuxedo[7] |
spheniscine | |
| Pheasant | chick | hen | cock | flock bouquet[9][12] nest[12] nide[12] nye[9][12] | phasianine | |
| Pig (list) Also see Boar | piglet farrow shoat/shote (just weaned) | sow (bred), gilt (not bred)[69] | boar barrow (castrated)[70] | drift[9][12][71] drove[9][12] litter (piglets) | porcine suilline | pork ham bacon |
| Pigeon (list) | squab squeaker | hen | cock | flock flight[72] kit[72] | pullastrine | squab |
| Polar bear | cub | sow | boar | aurora[73] celebration[73] pack[73] | ursine | |
| Pony- See Horse | ||||||
| Porcupine | pup | sow | boar | prickle[72] | hystricine | |
| Porpoise | calf | cow | bull | pod school shoal | phocoenine | |
| Prairie dog | pup | sow | boar | town | cynomurine | |
| Q | ||||||
| Quail | chick | hen | cock | bevy | galliformine | |
| Quelea | chick | hen | cock | flock | queline | |
| Quetzal | nestling | ? | ? | flock | trogonine | |
| R | ||||||
| Rabbit (list) | bunny kit kitten nestling | doe jill | buck jack | nest litter (young) wrack (young) | leporine | |
| Raccoon | cub kit | sow | boar | gaze nursery committee smack brace troop | procyonine | |
| Ram Also see Sheep | lamb | ewe | ram | flock | arietine ovine | lamb mutton |
| Rat (list) | kitten pup | doe cow | buck bull | colony horde mischief[74] |
murine | |
| Raven | chick | hen | cock | unkindness | corvine | |
| Red deer | calf | hind | stag hart | herd | ? | venison |
| Red panda | cub | sow | boar | pack | ailurid | |
| Reindeer (caribou) | calf | cow | bull | herd | rangiferine | |
| Rhinoceros | calf | cow | bull | herd crash[75] | ceratorhine | |
| Rook | ? | ? | ? | building[2] parliament[2][76] | ? | |
| S | ||||||
| Salamander | larva | ? | ? | maelstrom | caudatan salamandrine | |
| Salmon | parr[77] | hen | cock | ? | salmonine | |
| Sand dollar | larva pluteus (free swimming stage) juvenile (young urchin) | ? | ? | ? | clypeasteroid | |
| Sandpiper | ? | ? | ? | fling[78] | scolopacine | |
| Sardine | ? | ? | ? | family [78] | ? | |
| Sea lion | pup calf | cow | bull | ? | otarine | |
| Seahorse | seafoal | seamare | seastallion | shoal | hippocampal | |
| Seal | pup[5] | cow | bull | herd[78] pod[78] rookery[78] | phocine | |
| Shark | cub[21] pup[79] | ? | bull | shiver [80] | selachian squaloid | flake (AUS) |
| Sheep (list) Also see Ram | lamb lambkin cosset | ewe dam | ram buck wether (castrated) | flock fold herd | ovine | lamb mutton hoggett |
| Shrew | shrewlet | sow | boar | colony drove | soricine | |
| Skunk | kit | sow | boar[3] | surfeit | mephitine | |
| Sloth | kitten pup baby | sow | boar | N/A | xenarthran (broader group) | |
| Snail | ? | ? | ? | escargatoire[78][81] rout[78][82] walk[78] | gastropodian | escargot |
| Snake (list) | snakelet hatchling (a newly hatched snake) neonate (newborn) | N/A | N/A | nest ball slither | anguine elapine serpentine viperine ophidian | |
| Spider (list) | spiderling | ? | ? | cluster[78] clutter[78] | arachnine arachnoid | |
| Squid | fry | shoal | Teuthidane | |||
| Squirrel | pup kit kitten | doe | buck | scurry[33] dray[72] | sciurine | |
| Starling | ? | ? | ? | chattering[9][31] murmuration[2][9][12][15] | sturnine | |
| Stegosaurus | ? | ? | ? | handful[83] | ||
| Swan | cygnet flapper | pen | cob | flock lamentation | cygnine | |
| T | ||||||
| Tapir | calf | cow | bull | herd | tapirine | |
| Tarsier | infant | doe | buck | herd | tarsiine | |
| Termite | larva | cow | bull | colony nest swarm | isopteran | |
| Tiger | cub[21] whelp | tigress | tiger | ambush[9] streak[33] | tigrine | |
| Toad | tadpole toadlet | N/A | N/A | knot[9][12] | ranine batrachian | |
| Turkey (list) | poult | hen | gobbler stag tom jake (immature) | rafter[84][85] | ? | poultry |
| Turtle | hatchling | N/A | N/A | bale[86] | chelonian | |
| U | ||||||
| V | ||||||
| Vicuña | calf | cow | bull | posse herd | cameline | |
| W | ||||||
| Wallaby | joey | jill | jack | mob | ? | |
| Walrus | calf | cow | bull | herd flock | odobenine | |
| Wasp | larva | queen worker | drone | swarm hive colony nest | vespine | |
| Water buffalo | calf | cow | bull | ? | ? | carabeef |
| Weasel | pup kit | bitch doe jill | buck dog hub jack | gang[14] sneak[14] | musteline | |
| Whale | calf[27] | cow[28] | bull | pod school | cetacean cetaceous | blubber |
| Wolf | pup[5] puppy cub whelp | bitch she-wolf | dog | pack | lupine canine | |
| Wolverine | kit whelp | angeline | wolverine | pack | musteline | |
| Wombat | joey | jill | jack | wisdom[87] | ? | |
| Wren | chick | cow | bull | ? | troglodytine | |
| X | ||||||
| Y | ||||||
| Yak | calf | cow | bull | herd | ? | |
| Z | ||||||
| Zebra | colt foal | mare | stallion | herd[9][88] cohort[88] dazzle [89] zeal[9][88] | zebrine hippotigrine | |
See also
- Animal epithet
- List of collective nouns for animals
- Lists of animals
- List of animal sounds
- wikt:Appendix:Animals, a similar list on English Wiktionary
Notes
- ↑ The term "flange" was originally used to denote a group of baboons in a Not the Nine O'Clock News comedy sketch entitled "Gerald the Intelligent Gorilla" where it was used for comic effect. It has since been used in the scientific literature for a collection of baboons.
- ↑ A worker bee is a sexually undeveloped female.
- ↑ Castrated male cattle are steers in the United States, or bullocks in the United Kingdom. Oxen are draft animals that are (if male) usually castrated but not necessarily. A young cow that has not given birth is a heifer. See Cattle for more names. Cows is often used informally to refer to cattle in general.
- ↑ Bovine refers to all species of genus Bos.
- ↑ The term "cast" is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only two "hawks of the tower" but in modern usage does not necessarily have the same numerical constraint. Confusingly, hawks of the tower are technically falcons and not hawks.
- ↑ The term "aerie" is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only two "hawks of the tower" but in modern usage does not necessarily have the same numerical constraint. "Aerie" also refers to hawks and other birds of prey nesting high on a mountain top. Confusingly, hawks of the tower are technically falcons and not hawks.
- ↑ The term "staff" is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only three "hawks of the tower" but in modern usage does not necessarily have the same numerical constraint. Confusingly, hawks of the tower are technically falcons and not hawks.
- ↑ The term "leash" is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only three "hawks of the tower" but in modern usage does not necessarily have the same numerical constraint. Confusingly, hawks of the tower are technically falcons and not hawks.
- ↑ The term "flight" is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only "hawks of the wrist" to include goshawks and sparrowhawks. Hawks of the wrist are true hawks in the genus Accipiter.
References
- ↑ Woop Studios; Jay Sacher (2013), A Compendium of Collective Nouns: From an Armory of Aardvarks to a Zeal of Zebras, Chronicle Books, p. 9, ISBN 978-1-4521-2952-5
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- ↑ John G. Robertson (1991). Robertson's Words for a Modern Age: A Cross Reference of Latin and Greek Combining Elements, Senior Scribe Publications ISBN 0963091905, ISBN 9780963091901, Appendix M: Group Names, pp. 231-236 (accessed 3 March 2014). Page 231 states that "The nomenclature in italics were considered the proper terms for groups of beasts, fish, fowls, insects or whatever was designated and 'codified in the fifteenth century'.... [However, regarding non-italicized terms,] Many of the words in the following list have no authoritative basis and have been created to express possible names for the groups represented."
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- ↑
Further reading
- Peter Gray, "The encyclopedia of the biological sciences", 1970
- Lipton, James (1993) [1968]. An Exaltation of Larks (Ultimate ed.). Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-017096-2.
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