SAE steel grades

The SAE steel grades system is a standard alloy numbering systems for steel grades maintained by SAE International.

In the 1930s and 1940s the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) and SAE were both involved in efforts to standardize such a numbering system for steels. These efforts were similar and overlapped significantly. For several decades the systems were united into a joint system designated the AISI/SAE steel grades. In 1995 the AISI turned over future maintenance of the system to SAE because the AISI never wrote any of the specifications.[1]

Today steel quotes and certifications commonly make reference to both SAE and AISI, not always with precise differentiation. For example, in the alloy/grade field, a cert might say "4140", "AISI 4140", or "SAE 4140", and in most light-industrial applications any of the above is accepted as adequate, and considered equivalent, for the job at hand, as long as the specific specification called out by the designer (for example, "4140 bar per ASTM-A108" or "4140 bar per AMS 6349") is certified to on the certificate. The alloy number is simply a general classifier, whereas it is the specification itself that narrows down the steel to a very specific standard.

The SAE steel grade system's correspondence to other alloy numbering systems, such as the ASTM-SAE unified numbering system (UNS), can be seen in cross-referencing tables (including the ones given below).

The AISI system uses a letter prefix to denote the steelmaking process. The prefix "C" denotes open-hearth furnace, electric arc furnace or basic oxygen furnace, while "E" denotes electric arc furnace steel.[2][3] A letter "L" within the grade name indicates lead as an added ingredient; for example, 12L14 is a common grade that is 1214 with lead added for machinability.

Carbon steel

Carbon steels and alloy steels are designated a four digit number, whereby the first digit indicates the main alloying element(s), the second digit indicates tg (top grade) element(s), and the last two digits indicate the amount of carbon, in hundredths of a percent (basis points) by weight. For example, a 1060 steel is a plain-carbon steel containing 0.60 wt% C.[4]

An "H" suffix can be added to any designation to denote hardenability is a major requirement. The chemical requirements are loosened but hardness values defined for various distances on a Jominy test.[3]

Major classifications of steel[2]
SAE designationType
1xxxCarbon steels
2xxxNickel steels
3xxxNickel-chromium steels
4xxxMolybdenum steels
5xxxChromium steels
6xxxChromium-vanadium steels
7xxxTungsten steels
8xxxNickel-chromium-molybdenum steels
9xxxSilicon-manganese steels
Carbon and alloy steel grades[5]
SAE designationType
Carbon steels
10xxPlain carbon (Mn 1.00% max.)
11xxResulfurized
12xxResulfurized and rephosphorized
15xxPlain Carbon (Mn 1.00–1.65% max.)
Manganese steels
13xxMn 1.75%
Nickel steels
23xxNi 3.50%
25xxNi 5.00%
Nickel-chromium steels
31xxNi 1.25%; Cr 0.65%, or 0.80%
32xxNi 1.75%; Cr 1.07%
33xxNi 3.50%; Cr 1.50%, or 1.57%
34xxNi 3.00%; Cr 0.77%
Molybdenum steels
40xxMo 0.20%, 0.25%, or Mo 0.25% and S 0.042%[1]
44xxMo 0.40%, or 0.52%
Chromium-molybdenum (chromoly) steels
41xxCr 0.50%, 0.80%, or 0.95%; Mo 0.12%, 0.20%, 0.25%, or 0.30%
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels
43xxNi 1.82%; Cr 0.50–0.80%; Mo 0.25%
43BVxxNi 1.82%; Cr 0.50%; Mo 0.12%, or 0.35%; V 0.03% min
47xxNi 1.05%; Cr 0.45%; Mo 0.20%, or 0.35%
81xxNi 0.30%; Cr 0.40%; Mo 0.12%
81BxxNi 0.30%; Cr 0.45%; Mo 0.12%; and added boron[1]
86xxNi 0.55%; Cr 0.50%; Mo 0.20%
87xxNi 0.55%; Cr 0.50%; Mo 0.25%
88xxNi 0.55%; Cr 0.50%; Mo 0.35%
93xxNi 3.25%; Cr 1.20%; Mo 0.12%
94xxNi 0.45%; Cr 0.40%; Mo 0.12%
97xxNi 0.55%; Cr 0.20%; Mo 0.20%
98xxNi 1.00%; Cr 0.80%; Mo 0.25%
Nickel-molybdenum steels
46xxNi 0.85%, or 1.82%; Mo 0.20%, or 0.25%
48xxNi 3.50%; Mo 0.25%
Chromium steels
50xxCr 0.27%, 0.40%, 0.50%, or 0.65%
50xxxCr 0.50%; C 1.00% min
50BxxCr 0.28%, or 0.50%; and added boron[1]
51xxCr 0.80%, 0.87%, 0.92%, 1.00%, or 1.05%
51xxxCr 1.02%; C 1.00% min.
51BxxCr 0.80%; and added boron[1]
52xxxCr 1.45%; C 1.00% min.
Chromium-vanadium steels
61xxCr 0.60%, 0.80%, 0.95%; V 0.10%, or 0.15% min.
Tungsten-chromium steels
72xxW 1.75%; Cr 0.75%
Silicon-manganese steels
92xxSi 1.40%, or 2.00%; Mn 0.65%, 0.82%, or 0.85%; Cr 0.00%, or 0.65%
High-strength low-alloy steels
9xxVarious SAE grades
xxBxxBoron steels
xxLxxLeaded steels

Stainless steel

  • Type 102—austenitic general purpose stainless steel
  • 200 Series—austenitic chromium-nickel-manganese alloys
    • Type 201—austenitic that is hardenable through cold working
    • Type 202—austenitic general purpose stainless steel
  • 300 Series—austenitic chromium-nickel alloys
    • Type 301—highly ductile, for formed products. Also hardens rapidly during mechanical working. Good weldability. Better wear resistance and fatigue strength than 304.
    • Type 302—same corrosion resistance as 304, with slightly higher strength due to additional carbon.
    • Type 303—free machining version of 304 via addition of sulfur and phosphorus. Also referred to as "A1" in accordance with ISO 3506.[6]
    • Type 304—the most common grade; the classic 18/8 (18% chromium, 8% nickel) stainless steel. Outside of the US it is commonly known as "A2 stainless steel", in accordance with ISO 3506 (not to be confused with A2 tool steel).[6] The Japanese equivalent grade of this material is SUS304.
    • Type 304L—same as the 304 grade but lower carbon content to increase weldability. Is slightly weaker than 304.
    • Type 304LN—same as 304L, but also nitrogen is added to obtain a much higher yield and tensile strength than 304L.
    • Type 308—used as the filler metal when welding 304.
    • Type 309—better temperature resistance than 304, also sometimes used as filler metal when welding dissimilar steels, along with inconel.
    • Type 310 310S— is a highly alloyed austenitic stainless steel used for high temperature application. The high chromium and nickel content give the steel excellent oxidation resistance as well as high strength at high temperature. This grade is also very ductile, and has good weldability enabling its widespread usage in many applications. [7]
    • Type 316—the second most common grade (after 304); for food and surgical stainless steel uses; alloy addition of molybdenum prevents specific forms of corrosion. It is also known as marine grade stainless steel due to its increased resistance to chloride corrosion compared to type 304. 316 is often used for building nuclear reprocessing plants.
    • Type 316L—is an extra low carbon grade of 316, generally used in stainless steel watches and marine applications, as well exclusively in the fabrication of reactor pressure vessels for boiling water reactors, due to its high resistance to corrosion. Also referred to as "A4" in accordance with ISO 3506.[6]
    • Type 316Ti—variant of type 316 that includes titanium for heat resistance. It is used in flexible chimney liners.
    • Type 321—similar to 304 but lower risk of weld decay due to addition of titanium. See also 347 with addition of niobium for desensitization during welding.
  • 400 Series—ferritic and martensitic chromium alloys
    • Type 405—ferritic for welding applications
    • Type 408—heat-resistant; poor corrosion resistance; 11% chromium, 8% nickel.
    • Type 409—cheapest type; used for automobile exhausts; ferritic (iron/chromium only).
    • Type 410—martensitic (high-strength iron/chromium). Wear-resistant, but less corrosion-resistant.
    • Type 416—easy to machine due to additional sulfur
    • Type 420—Cutlery Grade martensitic; similar to the Brearley's original rustless steel. Excellent polishability.
    • Type 430—decorative, e.g., for automotive trim; ferritic. Good formability, but with reduced temperature and corrosion resistance.
    • Type 439—ferritic grade, a higher grade version of 409 used for catalytic converter exhaust sections. Increased chromium for improved high temperature corrosion/oxidation resistance.
    • Type 440—a higher grade of cutlery steel, with more carbon, allowing for much better edge retention when properly heat-treated. It can be hardened to approximately Rockwell 58 hardness, making it one of the hardest stainless steels. Due to its toughness and relatively low cost, most display-only and replica swords or knives are made of 440 stainless. Available in four grades:
      • Type 440A—has the least amount of carbon making this the most stain-resistant.
      • Type 440B—slightly more carbon than 440A.
      • Type 440C—has the greatest amount of carbon of the Type 440 variants. Strongest and considered more desirable in knifemaking than the Type 440A variant, except for diving or other salt-water applications. This variant is also more readily available than other variants of Type 440.[8]
      • Type 440F—a free-machining variant. Contains the same high carbon content as Type 440C.
    • Type 446—For elevated temperature service
  • 500 Series—heat-resisting chromium alloys
  • 600 Series—originally created for proprietary alloys, which are no longer given SAE grade numbers[9]
    • 601 through 604: Martensitic low-alloy steels.
    • 610 through 613: Martensitic secondary hardening steels.
    • 614 through 619: Martensitic chromium steels.
    • 630 through 635: Semiaustenitic and martensitic precipitation hardening stainless steels.
      • Type 630 is most common PH stainless, better known as 17-4; 17% chromium, 4% nickel.
    • 650 through 653: Austenitic steels strengthened by hot/cold work.
    • 660 through 665: Austenitic superalloys; all grades except alloy 661 are strengthened by second-phase precipitation.
Stainless steel designations[10]
SAE designationUNS designation% Cr% Ni% C% Mn% Si% P% S% NOther
Austenitic
201S2010016–183.5–5.50.155.5–7.50.750.060.030.25-
202S2020017–194–60.157.5–10.00.750.060.030.25-
205S2050016.5–181–1.750.12–0.2514–15.50.750.060.030.32–0.40-
254[11]S3125420180.02 max----0.206 Mo; 0.75 Cu; "Super austenitic"; All values nominal
301S3010016–186–80.1520.750.0450.03--
302S3020017–198–100.1520.750.0450.030.1-
302BS3021517–198–100.1522.0–3.00.0450.03--
303S3030017–198–100.15210.20.15 min-Mo 0.60 (optional)
303SeS3032317–198–100.15210.20.06-0.15 Se min
304S3040018–208–10.500.0820.750.0450.030.1-
304LS3040318–208–120.0320.750.0450.030.1-
304CuS3043017–198–100.0820.750.0450.03-3–4 Cu
304NS3045118–208–10.500.0820.750.0450.030.10–0.16-
305S3050017–1910.50–130.1220.750.0450.03--
308S3080019–2110–120.08210.0450.03--
309S3090022–2412–150.2210.0450.03--
309SS3090822–2412–150.08210.0450.03--
310S3100024–2619–220.2521.50.0450.03--
310SS3100824–2619–220.0821.50.0450.03--
314S3140023–2619–220.2521.5–3.00.0450.03--
316S3160016–1810–140.0820.750.0450.030.102.0–3.0 Mo
316LS3160316–1810–140.0320.750.0450.030.102.0–3.0 Mo
316FS3162016–1810–140.08210.20.10 min-1.75–2.50 Mo
316NS3165116–1810–140.0820.750.0450.030.10–0.162.0–3.0 Mo
317S3170018–2011–150.0820.750.0450.030.10 max3.0–4.0 Mo
317LS3170318–2011–150.0320.750.0450.030.10 max3.0–4.0 Mo
321S3210017–199–120.0820.750.0450.030.10 maxTi 5(C+N) min, 0.70 max
329S3290023–282.5–50.0820.750.040.03-1–2 Mo
330N0833017–2034–370.0820.75–1.500.040.03--
347S3470017–199–130.0820.750.0450.030-Nb + Ta, 10 x C min, 1 max
348S3480017–199–130.0820.750.0450.030-Nb + Ta, 10 x C min, 1 max, but 0.10 Ta max; 0.20 Ca
384S3840015–1717–190.08210.0450.03--
SAE designationUNS designation% Cr% Ni% C% Mn% Si% P% S% NOther
Ferritic
405S4050011.5–14.5-0.08110.040.03-0.1–0.3 Al, 0.60 max
409S4090010.5–11.750.050.08110.0450.03-Ti 6 x (C + N) [12]
429S4290014–160.750.12110.040.03--
430S4300016–180.750.12110.040.03--
430FS4302016–18-0.121.2510.060.15 min-0.60 Mo (optional)
430FSeS4302316–18-0.121.2510.060.06-0.15 Se min
434S4340016–18-0.12110.040.03-0.75–1.25 Mo
436S4360016–18-0.12110.040.03-0.75–1.25 Mo; Nb+Ta 5 x C min, 0.70 max
442S4420018–23-0.2110.040.03--
446S4460023–270.250.21.510.040.03--
SAE designationUNS designation% Cr% Ni% C% Mn% Si% P% S% NOther
Martensitic
403S4030011.5–13.00.600.1510.50.040.03--
410S4100011.5–13.50.750.15110.040.03--
414S4140011.5–13.51.25–2.500.15110.040.03--
416S4160012–14-0.151.2510.060.15 min-0.060 Mo (optional)
416SeS4162312–14-0.151.2510.060.06-0.15 Se min
420S42000 [13] 12–14-0.15 min110.040.03--
420FS4202012–14-0.15 min1.2510.060.15 min-0.60 Mo max (optional)
422S4220011.0–12.50.50–1.00.20–0.250.5–1.00.50.0250.025-0.90–1.25 Mo; 0.20–0.30 V; 0.90–1.25 W
431S4162315–171.25–2.500.2110.040.03--
440AS4400216–18-0.60–0.75110.040.03-0.75 Mo
440BS4400316–18-0.75–0.95110.040.03-0.75 Mo
440CS4400416–18-0.95–1.20110.040.03-0.75 Mo
SAE designationUNS designation% Cr% Ni% C% Mn% Si% P% S% NOther
Heat resisting
501S501004–6-0.10 min110.040.03-0.40–0.65 Mo
502S502004–6-0.1110.040.03-0.40–0.65 Mo
Martensitic precipitation hardening
630S17400 [14]15-173-50.07110.040.03-Cu 3-5, Ta 0.15-0.45 [15]

High-strength low-alloy steel

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Bringas, John E. (2004). Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards: Third Edition (PDF) (3rd ed.). ASTM International. p. 14. ISBN 0-8031-3362-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 27, 2007.
  2. 1 2 Jeffus 2002, p. 635.
  3. 1 2 Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003, p. 115.
  4. ↑ Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003, p. 113.
  5. ↑ Oberg 2004, p. 443.
  6. 1 2 3 "Stainless Steel Fasteners". Australian Stainless Steel Development Association. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
  7. ↑ "310 310S Stainless Steel". TubingChina.com Stainless Steel Directory. Retrieved 2015-09-18.
  8. ↑ "440A, 440B, 440C, 440F, 440F Se HARDENABLE CHROMIUM STAINLESS STEEL". AMS Resources. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  9. ↑ Cobb, Harold (September 2007). "The Naming and Numbering of Stainless Steels". Advanced Materials & Processes: 39–44.
  10. ↑ Oberg 2004, pp. 448-49.
  11. ↑ "What is Stainless Steel?". Nickel Institute. Archived from the original on 2005-12-31. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
  12. ↑ "section 2, part A:Standard specification for chromium and chromium-nickel stainless steel plate, sheet, and strip for pressure vessels and for general applications". ASTM A SA-240/SA-540M. 2007. p. 385.
  13. ↑ "UNS S42000 Stainless Steel Martensitic Grades".
  14. ↑ "UNS S17400 Stainless Steel Precipitation Hardening Grade".
  15. ↑ "Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel Type 17-4PH (S17400)" (PDF).

Bibliography

  • Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003). Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (9th ed.). Wiley. ISBN 0-471-65653-4.
  • Jeffus, Larry F. (2002). Welding: Principles and Applications. Cengage Learning. ISBN 1-4018-1046-2.
  • Oberg, E.; et al. (2004). Machinery's Handbook (27th ed.). Industrial Press Inc.
  • Cobb, Harold (September 2007). "The Naming and Numbering of Stainless Steels". Advanced Materials & Processes: 39–44.
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