Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917

All-Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917
	25 November 1917*
	25 November 1917*
All seats of the; All-Russian Constituent Assembly

Elections to the All-Russian Constituent Assembly were held on 25 November 1917 (although some districts had polling on alternate days), around 2 months after they were originally meant to occur, having been organized as a result of events in the Russian Revolution of 1917. They are generally recognised to be the first free elections in Russian history.

Various academic studies have given alternative results. However, all clearly indicate that the Bolsheviks were clear winners in the urban centres, and also took around two-thirds of the votes of soldiers on the Western Front. Nevertheless, the SRs topped the polls on the strength of support from the country's rural peasantry. However, the peasantry were for the most part one issue voters, that issue being land reform.

Background

The demand for a Constituent Assembly was a long-standing demand of the democratic and popular movements in Tsarist Russia. In the later phase of the February Revolution, Tsar Nicolas II abdicated on March 2, 1917. The Russian Provisional Government was formed and pledged to carry through with holding elections for a Constituent Assembly. Consensus emerged between all major political parties to go ahead with the election. Nevertheless, the various political parties were divided over many details on the organization of the impending election. The Bolsheviks demanded immediate elections, whilst the Socialist-Revolutionaries wanted to postpone the vote for several months for it not to collide with the harvest season. Right-wing forces also pushed for delay of the election.^[1]

On March 19, 1917 a mass rally was held in Petrograd, demanding female suffrage. The march gathered some 40,000 participants. The protest was led by Vera Figner and Poliksena Shishkina-Iavein. It moved from the Petrograd City Duma to the Tauride Palace, and the demonstrators refused to vacate the palace grounds before the Provisional Government and the Soviet committed to female suffrage. On July 20, 1917, the Provisional Government issued a decree awarding voting rights for women aged 20 years and above.^[2]

In May the political parties agreed on main principles of the election (proportional representation, universal suffrage and secret ballot). A special electoral commission was set up, composed of a multiple of lawyers and legal experts. The following month September 17, 1917 was set as the election date. The new Constituent Assembly was supposed to have its first meeting on September 30, 1917.^[1]

In July the left-wing parties increased their pressure on the Provisional Government, reaching a nearly insurrectionist situation. In the end, the following month the left consented to a further postponement. The new date for the election was set for November 12, and the first session of the Constituent Assembly would be held on November 28, 1917.^[1]

The October Revolution ended the reign of the Provisional Government. A new Soviet government took charge of the country, the Council of People's Commissars. Nevertheless, the new government pledged to go ahead with the election and that its rule remained provisional until its authority would be confirmed by the Constituent Assembly.^[1]

Electoral system

81 electoral districts (okrugs) were formed by the Provisional Government.^[3]^[4] Electoral districts were generally set up on (pre-revolutionary) governorate or ethnic oblast boundaries.^[4]^[5] Moreover, there were electoral districts for the different army groups and fleets.^[4] There were also an electoral district assigned for the workers at the Chinese Eastern Railroad and an one electoral district for the soldiers of the Russian Expeditionary Corps in France and the Balkans.^[3]

No official electoral census exists. The estimated population of eligible voters at the time (excluding occupied territories) has been estimated at around 85 million, with the number of eligible voters in the districts were polling took place has been estimated at around 80 million.^[3]

Each party had a separate ballot with a list with names of candidates, there was no general ballot. The voter would either have received copies of different party lists in advance or at the polling station. The voter would select one list, place it in an envelope, seal it and place it in the box. If any name was scratched, the vote would be invalid.^[6]

Voting

The voting began on November 12-14, 1917.^[7]^[5] The election was at the time the largest election organized in history.^[8] Between the finalization of candidate lists and the election, the October Revolution broke out.^[9] In spite of war and turmoil, some 47 million voters exercised their franchise, with a national voter turnout of around 64% (per Wade (2004)).^[10]^[3] According to Wade (2004), the country-side generally had a higher voter turnout than the cities. 220 cities across the country, with a combined population of seven million, had a an voter turnout of 58%. In agrarian provinces turnout generally ranged from 62 to 80%. In Tambov province urban areas had a turnout stood of 50.2% whilst rural areas had 74.5%.^[11] According to Radkey (1989) national voter turnout stood at around 55%.^[12]

Parties in the fray

Socialist-Revolutionaries

The Socialist-Revolutionaries emerged as the most voted party in the election, swaying the broad majority of the peasant vote. However, the agrarian programmes of the SR and Bolshevik parties were largely similar. But the peasantry was more confident with the SRs, as they knew the party from before. The Bolsheviks lacked an organizational presence in many rural areas. In areas where the Bolshevik electoral campaign had been active (for example, near to towns or garrisons) the peasant vote was somewhat evenly divided between SRs and Bolsheviks.^[13]

Moreover, whilst the SRs enjoyed widespread support among the peasantry, the party lacked a strong organizational structure in rural areas. The party was highly dependent on peasant union, zemstvos, cooperatives and soviets.^[14]

On the issue of war and peace, the SR leadership had vowed not to enter into a separate peace with the Central Powers. The SR leadership condemned the peace talks initiated by the Bolsheviks, but to what extent the SR leadership was prepared to continue to the war was unclear at the time. Along with the Mensheviks, the SRs supported the notion of engaging with other European socialist politicians to find a settlement to the ongoing World War.^[15]

The filing of nominations for the election took place just as the split in the SR party was taking place. By late October, when the SR party lists were already set, the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries formed a separate party.^[9]^[7]^[9] But whilst by the time of the election the Left SRs had constituted a separate party, the split was not completed in local SR party branches until early 1918.^[14] The Kazan, Yaroslavl, Kazan and Kronstadt SR organizations went over to the Left SRs en bloc. In Ufa and Pskov the majority in the SR party organization crossed over to the Left SRs. In Petrograd the leftist faction had dominated the SR party branch prior to the October Revolution, but in the end around half of the SR party organization joined the Left SRs.^[14] Notably in some of the locations leftist and rights SR lists were separately presented (Baltic Fleet, Petrograd, Kazan), the leftists prevailed over the rightists, leading D'Agostino (2011) to argue that had separate right/left SRs lists been presented nationwide the peasantry could have opted for the left (considering that there were no major difference between the factions on their agrarian programmes).^[15]

A key Bolshevik argument against the legitimacy of the Constituent Assembly once it was elected was the fact that the lists had been finalized before the Left SRs constituted themselves as a separate party, and that if the Left SRs had stood separately the Bolshevik and Left SR would have won the majority vote.^[16] Per Serge's account, 40 of 339 elected SR deputies were leftists and 50 belong to Chernov's centrist faction.^[17]

Bolsheviks

In 1917 the Central Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) had begun to allow mass membership, without consulting with Lenin.^[18] On July 1, 1917 the Central Committee sent out an instruction to local party organizations to build a broad democratic unity ahead of the elections, to reach out to Menshevik-Internationalists, left-wing SRs and trade unions.^[18] In the wake of the abortive July uprising (organized by the revolutionary Petrograd Bolshevik Committee and the Military Organization), the moderates of the Central Committee again appealed to build a left socialist bloc and invited the Menshevik-Internationalists to attend the upcoming party congress as observers.^[18] With the election finally approaching, Lenin took a though stand towards the Central Committee. The deplored the absence of proletarians from the list of proposed candidates that the Central Committee had adopted, charging the Committee with opening the doors for opportunists. In Lenin's view, only workers would be able to create alliances with the peasantry. One of the 'careerist' singled out by Lenin was Leo Trotsky (who recently had merged his Mezhraiontsy faction into the Bolshevik Party).^[19]

The Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) campaigned for bread, peace and a government of Soviets.^[20] But the party leadership was divided on the issue of the Constituent Assembly. The moderates in the Central Committee held the opinion that the Constituent Assembly should become the supreme body to decide the future path of Russia.^[18] Lenin opposed this line. In an article edited after the elections, he stated that the proletariat cannot achieve victory if it does not win the majority of the population to its side. But to limit that winning to polling a majority of votes in an election under the rule of the bourgeoisie, or to make it the condition for it, is crass stupidity, or else sheer deception of the workers. In order to win the majority of the population to its side the proletariat must, in the first place, overthrow the bourgeoisie and seize state power; secondly, it must introduce Soviet power and completely smash the old state apparatus, whereby it immediately undermines the rule, prestige and influence of the bourgeoisie and petty-bourgeois compromisers over the non-proletarian working people. Thirdly, it must entirely destroy the influence of the bourgeoisie and petty-bourgeois compromisers over the majority of the non-proletarian masses by satisfying their economic needs in a revolutionary way at the expense of the exploiters.^[19]

The party emerged victorious in the two main cities; Petrograd and Moscow, and emerged the major party in urban Russia overall.^[13] It won an absolute majority of votes in the Baltic Fleet, the Northern Front and the Western Front.^[13] The call for immediate peace made the Bolsheviks popular in the military, winning around 42% of the votes from the armed forces.^[16] Often the election result is portrayed as an indicator for impopularity of the Bolsheviks, but as per Victor Serge the strong showing of the Bolshevik vote in the main cities 18 days after the October Revolution broke out shows that there was a popular mandate from the industrial workers for the Revolution.^[17]

Mensheviks

By the time of the election, the Mensheviks had lost most of their influence in the workers' soviets.^[17] The election result confirmed the marginalization of the Mensheviks, obtaining a little over a million votes.^[15] In a fifth of the constituencies, pro-war Mensheviks and Internationalists ran on competing slates and in Petrograd and Kharkov the defencists had set up their own local organizations.^[21] Nearly half of the Menshevik vote came from Georgia.^[17]

Kadets

The Kadet party had changed its name to 'People's Freedom Party' by 1917, but the new name was rarely used.^[22] Kadets campaigned for national unity, law and order, honour commitments to the allies of Russia and 'honorable peace'.^[20] The Kadets condemned Bolsheviks in election campaign.^[23] The Kadets had sought to build a broad democratic coalition, setting up a liaison committee for alliances (Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov, Andrei Ivanovich Shingarev and M. S. Adzhemov) but this effort failed as the Popular Socialists and cooperative movement rejected electoral pacts with the Kadets.^[24]

Whilst the Kadets emerged as the main losers in the election, they did take a sizable share of the votes in the largest cities.^[1] However the Kadets were hurt by abstention amongst urban intelligentsia voters.^[25] They had also lost a large share of their habitual Jewish intelligentsia vote to Jewish national coalition lists.^[25]

Popular Socialists

The congress of the Popular Socialists, held on September 26, 1917, rejected the notion of an electoral alliance with the Kadets.^[24] The party congress ordered that joint lists would only be organized with fellow socialist groups.^[24] The Popular Socialists condemned Bolsheviks in their campaigning, whilst stressing the defenist line of their own party.^[23]

Cooperative movement

The cooperative societies held an emergency congress on October 4, 1917, at which it was decided that they would contest the Constituent Assembly elections directly.^[26]^[24] The congress discarded the notion of electoral pacts with non-socialist groups.^[24] In the Petrograd election district, the list of cooperative candidates included only one notable figure, Alexander Chayanov. The other six candidates were largely unknown.^[27]

National minorities

Most non-Russian voters opted for national minority parties. In the case of Ukraine, the Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party dominated the 4 electoral districts of the Ukrainian peasantry. Non-Ukrainian urban populations largely voted for Russian parties.^[28] In Kiev city the Ukrainian parties obtained 26% of the vote.^[29] However, in Belorussia, Belorussian nationalist groups gathered less than 1% of the votes. In Transcaucasus the vote was divided between Georgians (voting for Mensheviks), Armenians (voting for the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, also known as Dashnaksiun) and Azeris (voting for Musavat and other Muslim groups). Tatar and Bashkir lists gathered 55% of the votes in Ufa.^[28]

In 14 electoral districts, 2 or more Jewish lists were in the fray.^[8] In Zhitomir, 5 out of 13 parties contesting were Jewish.^[8] in Gomel 4 out of 11 parties were Jewish, in Poltava 5 out of 14.^[8] Some 80% of the votes cast for Jewish parties went to Jewish national coalition lists.^[8] The Folkspartey was the most enthusiastic proponent of Jewish national coalition lists.^[8] These coalitions, generally contesting under titles such as 'Jewish National Bloc' or 'Jewish National Election Committee' also gathered Zionists and Orthodox Jews.^[8] The candidates on these lists had vowed to form a common bloc in the Constituent Assembly and implement decisions of the All-Russian Jewish Congress.^[30] Jewish national lists elected Iu. D. Brutskus, A.M. Goldstein, the Moscow rabbi Yaakov Mazeh. V. I. Temkin, D. M. Kogan-Bernsthein, N. S. Syrkin and O. O. Gruzenberg (who was then close to Zionist circles). D.V. Lvovich was elected on SR-Fareynikte list and the Bundist G.I. Lure was elected on a Menshevik-Bund list.^[31]

Others

Radical Democrats (rightists) got some 19,000 votes.^[10]

Results

Svyatitsky and Lenin

There various different account of the election result, with varying numbers.^[32] Many accounts on the election result originate from N. V. Svyatitsky's account, who was himself elected as an SR deputy to the Constituent Assembly.^[32] His article was included in the one-year anniversary symposium of the Russian Revolution organized by the SR party (Moscow, Zemlya i Volya Publishers, 1918). Lenin (1919) describes Svyatitsky's account as extremely interesting. It presented results from 54 electoral districts, covering most of European Russia and Siberia. Notably is lacked details from the Olonets, Estonian, Kaluga, Bessarabian, Podolsk, Orenburg, Yakutsk, Don governorates, as well as Transcaucasus. All in all, Svyatitsky's account includes 36,257,960 votes. According to Lenin, the actual number from said 54 electoral districts was 36,262,560 votes. But Lenin reaffirm's that between Svyatitisky's article and his account, the number of votes cast by party is largely identical.^[33]

Lenin's account of the 1917 Russian Constituent Assembly result
(54 districts)
Bloc	Votes	%	Party	Votes	%
Party of the Proletariat	9,023,963	25	Bolsheviks	9,023,963	25
Petty-bourgeoisie democratic parties	22,620,000	62	Socialist-Revolutionaries	20,900,000	58
			Mensheviks	668,064
			Popular Socialists	312,000
			Unity	25,000
			Cooperative	51,000
			Ukrainian Soc.-Dem.	95,000
			Ukrainian Socialists	507,000
			German socialists	44,000
			Finnish Socialists	14,000
Parties of landowners and bourgeoisie	4,620,000	13	Kadets	1,856,639
			Association of Rural Proprietors and Landowners	215,000
			Right groups	292,000
			Old Believers	73,000
			Jews	550,000
			Muslims	576,000
			Bashkirs	195,000
			Letts	67,000
			Polish	155,000
			German	130,000
			White Russians	12,000
			Lists of various groups and organizations	418,000

Later accounts

More recent studies often use Svyatitsky's 1918 account as their starting point for further elaboration.^[32] L. M. Spirin (1987) uses local newspapers and Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian archival holdings to supplement Svyatitsky, whereas Radkey predominately uses local newspapers as sources.^[32] According to Arato (2017), U.S. scholar Oliver Henry Radkey is the most serious historian on the 1917 election.^[34] According to Rabinovitch (2016), Spirin's account is the most complete.^[32]

Spirin lumps parties together in the following categories; Bolsheviks, Kadets, SRs, Mensheviks, Petit-bourgeois nationalist, Bourgeois nationalist and Other.^[4] Radkey presents some further detail on some parties, but also uses broad categories: SRs (sometimes distinguished between left/right), Bolsheviks, Mensheviks (sometimes divided between Menshevik-Internationalists and Right-wing pro-war Mensheviks), Other Socialists (with subcategories) Kadets, Special interests (including subcategories peasants, landowners, Cossacks, middle-class, others), Religious (Orthodox, Old Believers, others), Ukrainian (with subcategories), Turkic-Tatar (with subcategories), Other Nationalities (with subcategories).^[35]

Deputies elected

Wade (2004) presents the party affiliation of 765 deputies elected from 73 electoral districts: 347 SRs, 47 Ukrainian SRs, 175 Bolsheviks, 17 Mensheviks, 7 Ukrainian Social Democrats, 14 Kadets, 2 Popular Socialists, another 32 Ukrainian socialists (possibly SRs or social democrats), 13 Muslim Socialists, 10 Dashnaks, 68 from other national parties, 16 Cossacks, 10 Christians and one clergyman. Another 55 deputies were supposed to have been elected from another 8 electoral districts.^[10] Of the over 700 deputies known by name, over 400 participated at first session and only session of the Constituent Assembly (240 of the assembled belonged to the SR bloc).^[36]

Several prominent politicians had stood as candidates in multiple electoral districts. The Central Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) had named Lenin as their candidate in 5 districts: Petrograd City, Petrograd Province, Ufa, Baltic Fleet and Northern Front. Lenin was also nominated from Moscow City.^[37] On November 27 (December 10) the All-Russia Committee for Elections to the Constituent Assembly requested members of the Constituent Assembly who had been returned by several areas to present a written statement indicating the electoral district for which they accepted election. Having been elected by several areas, Lenin, too, presented such a statement.^[37] Lenin opted to represent the Baltic Fleet in the Constituent Assembly. In case an elected candidate didn't send in such a statement, the All-Russian Election Commission for the Constituent Assembly would consider the person elected from the district where he obtained the highest number of votes.^[38]

Results by electoral district

The voting figures presented in the table below are from Radkey (1989)^[39], unless stated otherwise. In various districts, Radkey is not able to present a full account of the vote. In many cases the sources available to Radkey did not include all the lists in a specific district, meaning that in the account as a whole smaller parties tend to get underrepresented in many of the district-wise accounts. In some districts Radkey uses different sources for different lists, creating partially incomplete listings.

The names of elected deputies originate from Protasov (2008).^[40] Party identity has been simplified. SR lists often included labels such as 'Socialist-Revolutionaries and Congress of Peasants Deputies' or 'Earth and Will', for example, but are here just presented as SR.

Constituency

Commentary

Summary of vote

Elected deputies

Petrograd City

Voter turnout in the capital was estimated at between 69.7% and 72%.^[41]

The Petrograd SR branch was dominated by left-wing elements.^[42]

The Kadet list (no. 2) was headed by Pavel Milyukov, followed by Maxim Vinaver, Nikolai Kutler, F.I. Rodichev, Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov, Andrei Ivanovich Shingarev, Countess Sofia Panina, Aleksandr Kornilov, D.D. Grimm, D.S. Zernov, Vladimir Vernadsky, A.N. Kolosov, A.D. Protopopov, Prince V.A. Obolensky, Sergey Oldenburg, L.A. Velikhov, K. N. Sokolov and V. M. Hessen.^[43]

The Bolshevik (no. 4) Bolsheviks headed by Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov (Lenin), followed by Evsei Aronovich Radomyslsky (Zinoviev), Lev Davydovich Bronstein (Trotsky), Lev Borisovich Rosenfeld (Kamenev), Alexandra Kollontai, Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili (Stalin), Matvei Muranov, Mikhail Kalinin, Józef Unszlicht, Sergei Alexandrovich Cherepanov, Grigorii Eremeevich Evdokimov, Klavdia Ivanovna Nikolaeva and others.^[43]

There was also a Women's List (no. 13).^[2]

**Petrograd City**
Party	Vote	%
Bolsheviks	424,027	45.00
Kadets	246,506	26.16
Socialist-Revolutionaries	152,230	16.15
Orthodox	24,139	2.56
Popular Socialists	19,109	2.03
Mensheviks (Potresovites)^[44]	17,427	1.85
Roman Catholic	14,382	1.53
Menshevik-Internationalists	11,740	1.25
Cossack	6,712	0.71
League of Women Voters	5,310	0.56
Non-Partisan	4,942	0.52
Right-wing Socialist-Revolutionaries	4,696	0.50
Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionaries- Fareynikte alliance	4,219	0.45
Other religious	3,797	0.40
Unity	1,823	0.19
Radical Democrats	413	0.04
Unaccounted	861	0.09
Total:	942,333

**Deputies Elected**
Kutler	Kadet
Milyukov	Kadet
Rodichev	Kadet
Vinaver	Kadet
Cherepanov	Bolshevik
Evdokimov	Bolshevik
Kalinin	Bolshevik
Stalin	Bolshevik
Unszlicht	Bolshevik
Zinoviev	Bolshevik
Kamkov	SR
Shreider	SR

Moscow City

Voter turnout in the city was estimated at between 65.4% and 69.7%.^[41]

**Moscow City**
Party	Vote	%
Bolsheviks	366,148	47.88
Kadets	263,859	34.50
Socialist-Revolutionaries	62,260	8.14
Democratic Socialist Bloc (incl. Cooperative, Unity)	35,305	4.62
Mensheviks	19,690	2.57
Rightist	4,085	0.53
Popular Socialists	2,508	0.33
Ukrainian Bloc-National Bloc alliance	2,346	0.31
Commercial-Industrial	2,300	0.30
Peasants Union	2,279	0.30
Germans	2,076	0.27
Menshevik-Internationalists	1,907	0.25
Total:	764,763

**Deputies Elected**
Astrov	Kadet
Kokoshkin	Kadet
Maklakov	Kadet
Novgorodtsev	Kadet
Minor	SR
Bukharin	Bolshevik
Ignatov	Bolshevik
Meshcheryakov	Bolshevik
Skvortsov-Stepanov	Bolshevik
Smidovich	Bolshevik
Yaroslavsky	Bolshevik

Archangel

Radkey's account is missing 4 uezds, representing some 25% of the electorate the Archangel electoral district.^[45] Notably, Archangel had a different electoral system than the rest of the country, as voters voted for individual candidates rather than party lists.^[45]

**Archangel**
Party	Vote	%
Socialist-Revolutionaries	85,272	66.81
Bolsheviks	21,779	17.06
Kadets	12,086	9.47
Mensheviks	7,335	5.75
Other	1,160	0.91
Total:	127,632

**Deputies Elected**
Ivanov	SR
Kvyatkovskiy	SR

Olonets

Olonets had special electoral system, electing 2 deputies and with each voter having 2 votes. Radkey's summary excludes 126,827 duplicate votes. The Socialist-Revolutionaries and the Mensheviks had an electoral alliance, with each of the two parties presenting one candidate. Both were elected with big margins, SR candidate obtained 127,062 whilst the Menshevik candidate obtained 126,827 votes.^[46]

**Olonets**
Party	Vote	%
Socialist-Revolutionaries/Mensheviks	127,062	84.62
Kadets	20,278	13.50
Other	2,813	1.87
Total:	150,153

**Deputies Elected**
Matveev	SR-Menshevik bloc
Shishkin	SR-Menshevik bloc

Vologda

Out of the 10 uezds in Vologda electoral district, Radkey's account has 1 uezds with a largely incomplete vote count and gaps in coverage in another 2 uezds. In Vologda the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks had a common list.^[47] Soviet sources indicated that Social Democratic list was dominated by the Bolsheviks.^[48]

**Vologda**
Party	Vote	%
Socialist-Revolutionaries	320,528	75.79
Bolsheviks/Mensheviks	67,650	16.00
Kadets	22,912	5.42
Popular Socialists	8,071	1.91
Unity	3,742	0.88
Total:	422,903

**Deputies Elected**
Galkin	SR
Koryakin	SR
Maslov	SR
Raschesaev	SR
Sorokin	SR
Yuretsky	SR
Vetoshkin	Bolshevik
Cheranovsky	Ukrainian SR

Petrograd Province

According to Radkey the result is incomplete, as data is missing for 7 minor lists.^[49]

**Petrograd Province**
Party	Vote	%
Bolsheviks	229,698	51.47
Socialist-Revolutionaries	119,761	26.84
Kadets	64,859	14.53
Finnish Socialists	10,800	2.42
Estonians	8,574	1.92
Popular Socialists	5,957	1.33
Mensheviks	3,925	0.88
Orthodox	2,140	0.48
Ukrainian and Jewish List	95	0.02
Cooperative	13	0.00
Unclassified	451	0.10
Total:	446,273

**Deputies Elected**
Nabokov	Kadet
Vysotsky	SR
Zenzinov	SR
Nimvitsky	Bolshevik
Pozern	Bolshevik
Raskolnikov	Bolshevik
Shotman	Bolshevik
Voskov	Bolshevik

Pskov

Out of 13 lists that were submitted to the electoral authorities, 4 were barred from contesting.^[50] The SR list was dominated by Left SR elements.^[51] A priest was killed in connection with the election day, one of few violent incidents across the country.^[52]

**Pskov**
Party	Vote	%
Socialist-Revolutionaries	295,012	57.25
Bolsheviks	173,631	33.69
Kadets	25,961	5.04
Mensheviks	4,870	0.95
Popular Socialists	4,059	0.79
Lettish Radical Democrats	3,859	0.75
Landowners	3,209	0.62
League of Women Voters	2,366	0.46
Non-Partisan	2,337	0.45
Total:	515,304

**Deputies Elected**
Bekleshov	SR
Olkhin	SR
Pokrovsky	SR
Safonov	SR
Utkin	SR
Joffe	Bolshevik
Usharnov	Bolshevik
Yurov (Okhotin)	Bolshevik

Novgorod

Whilst Novgorod was an agrarian province, the Bolsheviks obtained a good vote. This might have been due to the fact that many inhabitants were accustomed to perform seasonal work in nearby Petrograd.^[53] 4 local peasants lists did not qualify to run in the election.^[50]

**Novgorod**
Party	Vote	%
Socialist-Revolutionaries	220,665	45.36
Bolsheviks	203,658	41.87
Kadets	31,484	6.47
Popular Socialists	10,314	2.12
Mensheviks	9,336	1.92
Landowners	7,804	1.60
Home Owners	1,178	0.24
Cooperative	1,123	0.23
Unity	860	0.18
Total:	486,422

**Deputies Elected**
Gukovsky	SR
Kobyakov	SR
Leontiev	SR
Sokolov	SR
Ermakov	Bolshevik
Pashin	Bolshevik
Trotsky	Bolshevik
Uritsky	Bolshevik
Valentinov	Bolshevik

Estonia

The Bolsheviks and Estonian Labour Party had their strongest support in Reval and northern Estonia. Bolsheviks obtained 47.6% of the votes cast in Reval. The Democratic Bloc obtained 53.4% in Tartu, and did also get a good number of votes in southern Estonia.^[54] Notably, the Bolsheviks benefited from popular discontent with the failure of the Provisional Government to follow through on its promises of self-determination for Estonia.^[54]

**Estonia**
Party	Vote	%
Bolsheviks	119,863	39.98
Estonian Democratic Party	68,085	22.71
Estonian Labour Party	64,704	21.58
Estonian SRs	17,726	5.91
Estonian Land Union	17,022	5.68
Estonian SDs	9,244	3.08
Socialist-Revolutionaries	3,200	1.07
Total:	299,844

**Deputies Elected**
Anvelt	Bolshevik
Pöögelmann	Bolshevik
Rabchinsky	Bolshevik
Vakmann	Bolshevik
Seljamaa	Estonian Labour
Vilms	Estonian Labour
Poska	Estonian Democratic
Tõnisson	Estonian Democratic

Livonia

Latvia was a Bolshevik stronghold at the time, as only in Latvia did the Social Democrats continue to function as a political party following the waves of repression 1905-1908.^[55] After the February Revolution, the political scene in Riga was similar to that of many other cities in Russia, with Bolsheviks becoming the dominant force in the soviets and competing for power with the moderate socialists and the city duma. By May 1917 the Bolsheviks had emerged as the main political force of Latvian Riflemen's soviet. Gradually the Bolsheviks began to dominate Riga, but on September 3, 1917 German troops seized control of the city.^[56] In September 1917 the Bolsheviks had some 12,000 members in Latvia, the Mensheviks 2,600.^[55]

97,781 votes (72%) were cast for Social-Democracy of the Latvian Territory, the Bolshevik affiliate organization in Latvia.^[57] At the time Riga was under German occupation so no vote took place there. In 9 uezds some 9,000 votes are missing according to Radkey.^[58]

**Livonia**
Party	Vote	%
Bolsheviks	97,781	71.86
Lettish Peasants Union	31,253	22.97
Mensheviks	7,046	5.18
Total:	136,080

**Deputies Elected**
Goldmanis	Lettish Peasant Union
Bērziņš	SD of Latvian Territory
Peterson	SD of Latvian Territory
Rozin	SD of Latvian Territory

Vitebsk

White Russian separatism was a negligible force in the electoral district.^[59] Grigorii (Zvi Hirsh) Bruk, Zionist and former Kadet deputy of the First Duma, stood as candidate of the Jewish National Electoral Committee.^[60]

**Vitebsk**
Party	Vote	%
Bolsheviks	287,101	51.22
Socialist-Revolutionaries	150,279	26.81
Lettish Socialist Federalist	26,990	4.82
Jewish National Bloc	24,790	4.42
Mensheviks-Bund	12,471	2.22
Polish Nationalist	10,556	1.88
Peasants of Vitebsk Province	9,752	1.74
White Russians	9,019	1.61
Kadets	8,132	1.45
Landowners	6,098	1.09
Lettish Nationalist	5,881	1.05
Letgallian Nationalist	5,118	0.91
Popular Socialists	3,599	0.64
Peasants of Boletskii Volost	752	0.13
Total:	560,538

**Deputies Elected**
Boldysh	SR
Bulat	SR
Gizetti	SR
Ceshejko-Sochacki	Bolshevik
Dzerzhinsky	Bolshevik
Kamenev	Bolshevik
Pinson	Bolshevik
Rivkin	Bolshevik
Ryvkin	Bolsheviks
Sarkisyants	Bolshevik

Minsk

White Russian separatism was a negligible force in the electoral district.^[59] The conservative press reported a quiet and orderly election in the province.^[61] According to Radkey, his count of the result in Minsk is largely complete, only lacking 3 out of 25 volosts Mozyr uezd. These 3 volosts had 16,755 eligible voters.^[58]

**Minsk**
Party	Vote	%
Bolsheviks	579,087	63.13
Socialist-Revolutionaries	181,673	19.81
Jewish National Bloc	65,046	7.09
Polish	36,882	4.02
Mensheviks-Bund	16,277	1.77
Kadets	10,724	1.17
Radical Democrats	10,040	1.09
Jewish Soc.-Dem. Labour Party (Poalei Zion)	6,184	0.67
Fareynikte	4,880	0.53
Landowners	3,465	0.38
Gromada	2,998	0.33
Total:	917,256

**Deputies Elected**
Balay	SR
Drizo	SR
Gamzagurdi	SR
Nesterov	SR
Brutzkus	Jewish National Electoral Committee
Alibekov	Bolshevik
Freiman	Bolshevik
Gromashevsky	Bolshevik
Kozhuro	Bolshevik
Krivoshein	Bolshevik
Lander	Bolshevik
Schlegel	Bolshevik
Seleznev	Bolshevik
Taganov	Bolshevik

Mogilev

According to Radkey the vote count in Mogilev is largely incomplete. He claims to have the data for Gomel (with the votes for all 11 lists), Mogilev (with votes for the 7 most voted lists) and Orsha (with votes for the 6 most votes lists) towns as well as 80 precincts in Gomel uezd (but in these precincts, only the vote for SR and Bolshevik lists).^[58] The SRs benefited from the fact that the leader heading the Mogilev Provincial Soviet of Peasants Deputies was largely popular in the province.^[62]

**Mogilev**
Party	Vote	%
Socialist-Revolutionaries	50,684	37.55
Bolsheviks	28,446	21.07
Kadets	14,494	10.74
Jewish National Bloc	14,101	10.45
Mensheviks-Bund	10,549	7.81
Jewish Soc.-Dem. Labour Party (Poalei Zion)	7,900	5.85
Polish	4,635	3.43
Fareynikte	1,583	1.17
White Russians	1,385	1.03
Landowners	293	0.22
Unaccounted	924	0.68
Total:	134,994

**Deputies Elected**
Buslov	SR
Khrisanenkov	SR
Kovarsky	SR
Maleev	SR
Malyshitsky	SR
Rappoport	SR
Shishaev	SR
Tsvetaev	SR
Vasilevsky	SR
Voronov	SR
Zakrevsky	SR
Zasorin	SR
Kaganovich	Bolshevik
Leplevsky	Bolshevik
Friedman	Jewish National Committee
Mazeh	Jewish National Committee

Smolensk

2 volost-level lists were barred from participating in the election.^[50] List no. 3, endorsed by Smolensk Provincial Council of SR Party and the Smolensk Provincial Congress of Peasants Deputies, was headed by E.K. Breshko-Breshkovskaia and Andrei Argunov.^[63]

**Smolensk**
Party	Vote	%
List 7 - Bolsheviks	361,062	54.85
List 3 - Socialist-Revolutionaries	250,134	38.00
Kadets	29,274	4.45
Mensheviks	7,901	1.20
Orthodox	5,300	0.81
Popular Socialists	2,210	0.34
National Bloc	1,708	0.26
Other	645	0.10
Total:	658,234

**Deputies Elected**
Argunov	SR
Egorov	SR
Kutuzov	SR
Podvitsky	SR
Bobiński	Bolshevik
Ivanov	Bolshevik
Leszczyński	Bolshevik
Lunacharsky	Bolshevik
Pokrovsky	Bolshevik
Remizov	Bolshevik

Moscow Province

According to Radkey's account, only few votes are missing from the summary (one military voting box in Moscow uezd, the votes from a single volost in Bronnitsy uezd and the votes for smaller parties in Serpukhov uezd).^[58]

**Moscow Province**
Party	Vote	%
Bolsheviks- Menshevik-Internationalists	351,853	56.43
Socialist-Revolutionaries	159,630	25.60
Kadets	43,295	6.94
Mensheviks	27,108	4.35
Peasant Union	12,967	2.08
Rightist	8,443	1.35
Old Believer	7,467	1.20
Popular Socialists	6,058	0.97
Non-Partisan	4,497	0.72
Landowners	2,189	0.35
Total:	623,507

**Deputies Elected**
Dolgorukov	Kadet
Bykov	SR
Pavlov	SR
Baryshnikov	Bolshevik
Kokushkin	Bolshevik
Nogin	Bolshevik
Sapronov	Bolshevik
Smirnov	Bolshevik

Tver

Radkey lists the Tver result as 'somewhat incomplete'.^[64] Russkoe Slovo reported that the election was conducted orderly, whilst SR organ Delo Naroda stated that Bolsheviks disrupted the polls in Rzhev uezd.^[61] A farmer list was denied contesting the election in Tver.^[50]

**Tver**
Party	Vote	%
Bolsheviks	362,687	59.27
Socialist-Revolutionaries	186,030	30.40
Kadets	32,830	5.37
Mensheviks	22,552	3.69
Landowners	3,677	0.60
Popular Socialists	2,338	0.38
Unity	975	0.16
Other	812	0.13
Total:	611,901

**Deputies Elected**
Tikhomirov	SR
Tolmachevsky	SR
Volsky	SR
Arosev	Bolshevik
Bulatov	Bolsheviks
Medov	Bolshevik
Schmidt	Bolshevik
Sokolnikov	Bolshevik
Vagzhanov	Bolshevik

Yaroslavl

**Yaroslavl**
Party	Vote	%
Socialist-Revolutionaries	197,465	43.06
Bolsheviks	176,035	38.39
Kadets	53,730	11.72
Mensheviks	16,809	3.67
Popular Socialists	5,637	1.23
Landowners	4,497	0.98
Middle Class	4,421	0.96
Total:	458,594

**Deputies Elected**
Konovalov	Kadet
Vishniak	SR
Kollontai	Bolshevik
Rykov	Bolshevik
Bolshakov	SR
Kilchevsky	SR

Kostroma

Out 15 lists submitted, 5 were rejected by the electoral authorities.^[50]

**Kostroma**
Party	Vote	%
Socialist-Revolutionaries	249,838	44.97
Bolsheviks	226,905	40.84
Kadets	41,448	7.46
Mensheviks	19,488	3.51
Orthodox	17,901	3.22
Total:	555,580

**Deputies Elected**
Kondratiev	SR
Kozlov	SR
Lotoshnikov	SR
Maltsev	SR
Danilov	Bolshevik
Larin-Lurie	Bolshevik
Malyutin	Bolshevik
Rostopchin	Bolshevik

Vladimir

Vladimir was heavily industrialized, second only to Moscow itself. There were many textile mills in Ivanovo-Voznesensky, Out of 13 uezd, SR won in 2; Viazniki (east of industrial belt), an area with hemp and linen production where SRs scored 42,4%, and further east in Gorokhovets uezd, an area with no factories where SRs scored 57.4%.^[53]) Out of 11 lists submitted, 7 were approved whilst 4 non-partisan peasants' lists were denied registration.^[50]

**Vladimir**
Party	Vote	%
Bolsheviks	337,941	55.95
Socialist-Revolutionaries	197,311	32.67
Kadets	38,035	6.30
Mensheviks	13,074	2.16
Regeneration (rightist)	9,209	1.52
Popular Socialists	6,908	1.14
Cooperative	1,482	0.25
Total:	603,960

**Deputies Elected**
Makeev	SR
Sokolov	SR
Spiridonova	SR
Frunze	Bolshevik
Kiselyov	Bolshevik
Lomov-Oppokov	Bolshevik
Lyubimov	Bolshevik
Naumov	Bolshevik
Zhidelev	Bolshevik

Kaluga

In Kaluga, the SR list was dominated by leftist elements.^[39]

**Kaluga**
Party	Vote	%
Bolsheviks	225,378	57.81
Socialist-Revolutionaries	127,313	32.65
Kadets	24,125	6.19
Mensheviks	6,996	1.79
Old Believer	4,409	1.13
Gromada	1,067	0.27
Popular Socialists	601	0.15
Total:	389,889

**Deputies Elected**
Borodachov	SR
Eliseev	SR
Parol	SR
Ginzburg	Bolshevik
Glebov-Avilov	Bolshevik
Logachev	Bolshevik
Stukov	Bolshevik
Zakharov	Bolshevik

Tula

The votes from the city of Tula and 10 out 12 uezds are complete, according to Radkey. The votes from Efremov uezd and one of the volosts of Odoev uezd are not covered in Radkey's account.^[58]

**Tula**
Party	Vote	%
Bolsheviks	219,337	45.93
Socialist-Revolutionaries	216,267	45.28
Kadets	21,298	4.46
Mensheviks	9,605	2.01
Commercial-Industrial	6,624	1.39
Popular Socialists	1,832	0.38
Cooperative	1,294	0.27
Peasants	770	0.16
Menshevik-Internationalists	550	0.12
Total:	477,577

**Deputies Elected**
Arvatov	SR
Gurevich	SR
Medvedev	SR
Nearonov	SR
Kaminsky	Bolshevik
Kaul	Bolshevik
Kolesnikov	Bolshevik
Yakovleva	Bolshevik

Riazan

Radkey's account is missing the vote from Egoriev uezd, 1 out of 12 uezds in the electoral district.^[58]

**Riazan**
Party	Vote	%
Socialist-Revolutionaries	397,229	57.14
Bolsheviks	251,815	36.22
Kadets	27,808	4.00
Popular Socialists	5,216	0.75
Mensheviks	4,389	0.63
Landowners/Old Believer alliance	1,041	0.15
Unaccounted	7,732	1.11
Total:	695,230

**Deputies Elected**
Barinov	SR
Gendelman	SR
Govorov	SR
Pavlov	SR
Sorokin	SR
Sukharev	SR
Gorshkov	Bolshevik
Osinsky	Bolshevik
Sereda	Bolshevik
Voronkov	Bolshevik

Orel

The Kraiskovo electoral commission chair was killed by soldiers at the time of the election.^[61]

**Orel**
Party	Vote	%
Socialist-Revolutionaries	511,049	62.70
Bolsheviks	241,786	29.66
Kadets	18,345	2.25
Mensheviks	16,301	2.00
Landowner	12,911	1.58
Commercial-Industrial	4,462	0.55
Rightwing Socialist Bloc (Popular Socialists, Cooperative, Unity)	1,384	0.17
Home Owners	438	0.05
Unaccounted	8,453	1.04
Total:	815,129

**Deputies Elected**
Bukin	SR
Goncharov	SR
Khodotov	SR
Maslov	SR
Matveevskaya	SR
Vladykin	SR
Volnov	SR
Volodin	SR
Andreev	Bolshevik
Fokin	Bolshevik
Ivanov	Bolshevik
Kuznetsov	Bolshevik

Kursk

Kursk was an agrarian, black-earth province with no industries. The Bolshevik vote was attributed to soldiers returning home from the front. ^[65]

**Kursk**
Party	Vote	%
Socialist-Revolutionaries	868,743	82.08
Bolsheviks	119,127	11.26
Kadets	47,199	4.46
Landowner	8,656	0.82
Popular Socialists	8,594	0.81
Mensheviks	6,037	0.57
Total:	1,058,356

**Deputies Elected**
Baryshnikov	SR
Belosov	SR
Doroshev	SR
Kholodov	SR
Kutepov	SR
Merkulov	SR
Neruchev	SR
Pakhomov	SR
Piyanich	SR
Romanenko	SR
Rusanov	SR
Vlasov	SR
Ozemblovsky	Bolshevik

Voronezh

8 out of 16 lists submitted were disqualified from contesting.^[50]

**Voronezh**
Party	Vote	%
Socialist-Revolutionaries	875,300	79.72
Bolsheviks	151,517	13.80
Kadets	36,488	3.32
Left SRs-Ukrainian SRs- Polish Socialist Party alliance	11,871	1.08
Mensheviks	8,658	0.79
Landowners	7,231	0.66
Popular Socialists	6,116	0.56
Peasants	796	0.07
Total:	1,097,977

**Deputies Elected**
Kardashov	Bolshevik
Nevsky	Bolshevik
Antipin	SR
Bliznyuk	SR
Burevoy-Soplyakov	SR
Gladkikh	SR
Khrenovsky	SR
Kogan-Bernstein	SR
Mamkin	SR
Nikitin	SR
Oganovsky	SR
Perveeva	SR
Postnikov	SR
Smirnov	SR
Zinin	SR

Tambov

73% electoral participation was reported, as the SRs had a good mobilization capacity among the peasantry. ^[66] In the Spassko-Kashminskaia canton, Morshansk uezd the SR local government banned the Bolshevik election campaign, alleging that the Bolsheviks were German spies. ^[67]

**Tambov**
Party	Vote	%
Socialist-Revolutionaries	835,556	71.22
Bolsheviks	240,652	20.51
Kadets	47,548	4.05
Mensheviks	22,425	1.91
Landowners	12,493	1.06
Popular Socialists-Cooperative alliance	7,408	0.63
Turkic-Tatar	6,222	0.53
Peasants	887	0.08
Total:	1,173,191

**Deputies Elected**
Batmanov	SR
Bobynin	SR
Chernov	SR
Chernyshov	SR
Ilyin	SR
Kiselev	SR
Kondratenkov	SR
Merkulov	SR
Nabatov	SR
Nemtinov	SR
Odintsov	SR
Ryabov	SR
Sletenova-Chernova	SR
Volsky	SR
Moiseev	Bolshevik
Olminsky	Bolshevik
Schlichter	Bolshevik

Penza

5 out of 11 submitted lists were disqualified (and some additional lists submitted their lists too late to register).^[50] In Penza town there were 49,741 eligible voters, out of whom 17,583 voted (35%).^[41]

**Penza**
Party	Vote	%
Socialist-Revolutionaries	517,226	81.29
Bolsheviks- Menshevik-Internationalists	54,731	8.60
Ukrainian Bloc-Turkic-Tatar alliance	29,821	4.69
Kadets	25,407	3.99
Mensheviks-Bund	4,726	0.74
Popular Socialists	4,336	0.68
Total:	636,247

**Deputies Elected**
Avksentiev	SR
Boldov	SR
Fedorovich	SR
Gots	SR
Konogov	SR
Kostin	SR
Leutnov	SR
Prokhorov	SR
Tsyngovatov	SR

Nizhni Novgorod

Only in the Nizhni Novgorod constituency could the combined forces of clergy and far right make an electoral impact. ^[68]The Christian Union for Faith and Fatherland had a relative success. ^[69]

**Nizhni Novgorod**
Party	Vote	%
Socialist-Revolutionaries	314,004	54.15
Bolsheviks	133,950	23.10
Christian Union for Faith and Fatherland	48,428	8.35
Kadets	34,726	5.99
Turkic-Tatar	19,935	3.44
Old Believer	16,230	2.80
Mensheviks	7,634	1.32
Popular Socialists	2,666	0.46
Ukrainian Bloc	126	0.02
Unaccounted	2,198	0.38
Total:	579,897

**Deputies Elected**
Sergius	Christian Unity
Fokeev	SR
Kutuzov	SR
Lukyanov	SR
Rakov	SR
Sumgin	SR
Tyurikov	SR
Danilov	Bolshevik
Romanov	Bolshevik

Simbirsk

Electoral participation was reported at around 58%.^[41]

**Simbirsk**
Party	Vote	%
List 2 - Socialist-Revolutionaries	363,847	57.68
List 10 - Bolsheviks	93,000	14.74
List 8 - Muslim Shuro	57,000	9.04
Rightwing Socialist-Revolutionaries	29,446	4.67
Kadets	16,718	2.65
Mensheviks	3,681	0.58
Chuvash	55	0.01
Popular Socialists	?
Cooperative	?
Landowner	?
Orthodox	?
Commercial-Industrial	?
Unaccounted	67,043	10.63
Total:	630,790

**Deputies Elected**
Sverdlov	Bolshevik
Almazov	SR
Gavronsky	SR
Moshkin	SR
Petrov	SR
Pochekuev	SR
Titov	SR
Vorobiev	SR
Tsalikov	Muslim Shuro

Kazan

66% turnout was reported.^[41] The Chuvash largely voted for the SRs, and the local SR party branch was dominated by leftist elements. ^[70]The Tatars voters were split between leftist and rightist lists. ^[71]

**Kazan**
Party	Vote	%
Socialist-Revolutionaries	264,158	30.77
Chuvash	226,496	26.38
Muslim Socialists	153,151	17.84
Tatar Rightwing	99,080	11.54
Bolsheviks	51,936	6.05
Kadets	31,728	3.70
Orthodox	12,322	1.44
Rightwing Socialist-Revolutionaries	9,820	1.14
Mensheviks	4,906	0.57
Popular Socialists-Cooperative alliance	2,993	0.35
Landowner-Middle Class alliance	2,001	0.23
Total:	858,591

**Deputies Elected**
Alyunov	Chuvash
Nikolaev	Chuvash
Vasiliev	Chuvash
Alkin	Muslim Socialist List
Waxitov	Muslim Socialist List
Kolegaev	SR
Martyushin	SR
Mayorov	SR
Mokhov	SR
Sukhanov	SR
Khalfin	Muslim Assembly
Salekhov	Muslim Assembly

Samara

Electoral turnout at 54.86%.^[41] Out of 95 different lists submitted, 79 turned down (out of which approx 42 due to late submission).^[50] The constituency had large German and Tatar minorities. ^[72] In Samara city the Bolsheviks polled 42% of the vote, the SRs 27% and Kadets 14%.^[14]

**Samara**
Party	Vote	%
List 3 - Socialist-Revolutionaries	702,924	58.47
List 2 - Bolsheviks	179,533	14.93
List 13 - Muslim Shuro	126,558	10.53
List 16 - Union of Russian Citizens of German Nationality in the Central Volga Region	47,705	3.97
Kadets	44,466	3.70
List 1 - Union of Socialists of the Volga German Region	42,148	3.51
Orthodox	13,133	1.09
Bashkirs	12,397	1.03
Chuvash	9,036	0.75
Old Believer	6,508	0.54
Ukrainian Bloc	4,378	0.36
Popular Socialists	4,364	0.36
Mensheviks	4,166	0.35
Peasants	3,030	0.25
Unity	937	0.08
Menshevik-Internationalists	936	0.08
Total:	1,202,219

**Deputies Elected**
Mukhamediyarov	Muslim Shuro
Tuktarov	Muslim Shuro
Ermoshchenko	Bolshevik
Kuybyshev	Bolshevik
Maslennikov	Bolshevik
Arkangelsky	SR
Bashkirov	SR
Belozerov	SR
Brushvit	SR
Chupakhin	SR
Dedusenko	SR
Elyashevich	SR
Fortunatov	SR
Klimushkin	SR
Lazarev	SR
Maslov	SR
Bogoslovov	SR

Saratov

Saratov had been one of the early strongholds of the SRs. ^[73] Kerensky was one of the SR candidates, but many voters scratched his name from the list (and thus made their votes invalid). ^[6] was politically turbulent, also during the election. ^[6] In Saratov Bolshevik campaigners were frequently attacked by rich farmers.^[67] Whilst the SR won in the largely agrarian district, the Bolsheviks had a strong showing, with strong support from soldiers and from the industrial city of Tsaritsyn.^[61] Khvalynsk uezd was an Old Believer stronghold, with presence of Khlysty and Skoptsky sects. ^[74]

The German socialists didn't field a list in Saratov, whilst the German Central Committee contested on the Volga German List 7.^[75]

**Saratov**
Party	Vote	%
List 12 - Socialist-Revolutionaries	612,094	56.28
List 10 - Bolsheviks	261,308	24.03
List 3 - Union of Ukrainian and Tatar SR Peasant Organizations List	53,445	4.91
List 7 - Volga Germans	50,025	4.60
List 1 - Kadets	27,226	2.50
List 5 - Orthodox People's	17,414	1.60
List 2 - Mensheviks	15,152	1.39
List 4 - Old Believer	13,956	1.28
List 6 - Union of Landowners	13,804	1.27
List 8 - Popular Socialists	10,243	0.94
List 9 - Society for Faith and Order	6,600	0.61
List 11 - Peasants of Petrovsk uezd and Mordva	6,379	0.59
Total:	1,087,646

**Deputies Elected**
Antonov	Bolshevik
Milutin	Bolshevik
Minin	Bolshevik
Vasiliev	Bolshevik
Bykhovsky	SR
Chernavin	SR
Chernenkov	SR
Kerensky	SR
Kotov	SR
Minin	SR
Panchurin	SR
Rakitnikov	SR
Ulyanov	SR
Ustinov	SR
Zatonsky	SR

Astrakhan

Radkey's account is incomplete, with some votes missing.^[39]

**Astrakhan**
Party	Vote	%
Socialist-Revolutionaries	100,482	51.77
Bolsheviks	36,023	18.56
Turkic-Tatar	25,023	12.89
Cossacks	16,400	8.45
Kadets	13,017	6.71
Mensheviks	2,256	1.16
Popular Socialists	906	0.47
Total:	194,107

**Deputies Elected**
Usmanov	Muslim
Tereshchenko	SR
Trusov	Bolshevik
Figner	SR
Nezhintsev	SR

Viatka

8 out of 20 submitted lists were disqualified.^[50] Cheremis ran on a joint list with the Popular Socialists. ^[76] Radkey's account only includes full result for 3 lists (Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, Orthodox), albeit the number of votes for the Orthodox list has been rounded off. The real vote of the other nine lists, according to Radkey, would have been more than double that what is accounted for.^[58]

**Viatka**
Party	Vote	%
Socialist-Revolutionaries	300,503	46.91
Bolsheviks	222,272	34.70
Turkic-Tatar	37,781	5.90
Popular Socialists- Cheremi National Union alliance	25,311	3.95
Kadets	22,404	3.50
Mensheviks	18,964	2.96
Orthodox	9,000	1.40
Commercial-Industrial	3,424	0.53
Left Socialist-Revolutionaries	942	0.15
Peasants	?
Total:	640,601

**Deputies Elected**
Pastukhov	Bolshevik
Popov	Bolshevik
Shvetsov	Bolshevik
Sponde	Bolshevik
Biryukov	SR
Buzanov	SR
Efremov	SR
Evseev	SR
Golovizin	SR
Kropotov	SR
Kuznetsov	SR
Salamatov	SR
Shulakov	SR
Zbarsky	SR
Yambaev	Muslim Congress
Tchaikovsky	Popular Socialists-Cheremi National Union alliance
Vikhlyaev	SR

Perm

The Peasants Union, with more than 13,000 votes, was mainly based in Krasnoufimsk uezd. ^[72]

**Perm**
Party	Vote	%
Socialist-Revolutionaries	665,118	52.05
Bolsheviks	268,292	20.99
Kadets	111,241	8.71
Orthodox	47,881	3.75
Turkic-Tatar	47,578	3.72
Old Believer	35,853	2.81
Tatar Rightwing	29,683	2.32
Rightwing Socialist Bloc (Right SRs, Popular Socialists and Unity)	29,112	2.28
Mensheviks	28,002	2.19
Peasants Union	13,748	1.08
Radical Democrats	1,381	0.11
Total:	1,277,889

**Deputies Elected**
Alekseev	SR
Bondarev	SR
Gerstein	SR
Kabakov	SR
Kuznetsov	SR
Sigov	SR
Tarabukin	SR
Varushkin	SR
Zateeyshchikov	SR
Zdobnov	SR
Zisman	SR
Krol	Kadet
Sumarokov	Kadet
Andronnikov	Bolshevik
Beloborodov	Bolshevik
Krestinsky	Bolshevik
Sosnovsky	Bolshevik
Tukhvatullin	Bashkir-Tatar group

Ufa

Ufa was a multinational constituency. ^[72]The SR list was dominated by leftist elements.^[39]

**Ufa**
Party	Vote	%
Socialist-Revolutionaries	322,166	33.68
Muslim Socialists	304,864	31.88
Bashkir	135,977	14.22
Tatar Rightwing	88,850	9.29
Bolsheviks	48,151	5.03
Kadets	15,825	1.65
Orthodox	11,178	1.17
Popular Socialists	11,429	1.19
Landowner	7,358	0.77
Cooperative	4,941	0.52
Peasants	3,078	0.32
Mensheviks	2,614	0.27
Total:	956,431

**Deputies Elected**
Teregulov	Muslim National Council
Kuvatov	Bashkir Federalist
Validov	Bashkir Federalist
Akhmerov	Council of Peasants' Deputies
Ibragimov	Council of Peasants' Deputies
Ilyasov	Council of Peasants' Deputies
Mukhametdinov	Council of Peasants' Deputies
Syuncheley	Council of Peasants' Deputies
Brillantov	SR
Filatov	SR
Osintsev	SR
Steinberg	SR
Trutovsky	SR

Orenburg

According to Radkey, his account of the Bashkir Federalist vote is underestimated, believing that the real figure would land at around 100,000.^[69]

**Orenburg**
Party	Vote	%
Bolsheviks	163,425	24.14
Orenburg Cossack Host	144,039	21.28
Socialist-Revolutionaries	110,172	16.28
Bashkir	51,787	7.65
Kadets	24,757	3.66
Turkic-Tatar	16,652	2.46
Mensheviks	7,544	1.11
Cooperative	7,296	1.08
Popular Socialists	5,681	0.84
Unaccounted	145,512	21.50
Total:	676,865

**Deputies Elected**
Dutov	Cossack
Krivoschekov	Cossack
Matushkin	Cossack
Myakutin	Cossack
Bogdanov	Cossack
Polyakov	SR
Sorokin	SR
Chutskaya	Bolshevik
Korostelev	Bolshevik
Zwilling	Bolshevik
Bikbov	Bashkir Federalist
Fakhretdinov	Bashkir Federalist
Manatov	Bashkir Federalist

Kiev

Kiev was a historical Black Hundred stronghold, and monarchists got some 3% of the votes in the district. ^[77]

**Kiev**
Party	Vote	%
Ukrainian Bloc	1,161,033	77.26
Jewish National Bloc	90,829	6.04
Bolsheviks	60,693	4.04
Rightist	48,758	3.24
Polish	42,943	2.86
Kadets	21,667	1.44
Bund	20,144	1.34
Socialist-Revolutionaries	19,220	1.28
Fareynikte	14,115	0.94
Mensheviks	11,613	0.77
Poalei Zion	4,086	0.27
USF-Popular Socialists alliance	3,072	0.20
Landowner-Middle Class alliance	2,508	0.17
Unity	928	0.06
Peasants	655	0.04
Non-Partisan	203	0.01
Other	258	0.02
Total:	1,502,725

**Deputies Elected**
Chechel	Ukrainian Bloc
Darchuk	Ukrainian Bloc
Donchenko	Ukrainian Bloc
Dragomiretsky	Ukrainian Bloc
Hrushevsky	Ukrainian Bloc
Ilchenko	Ukrainian Bloc
Khimerik	Ukrainian Bloc
Khomutovsky	Ukrainian Bloc
Kotik	Ukrainian Bloc
Mandryka	Ukrainian Bloc
Porsh	Ukrainian Bloc
Prisyazhnyuk	Ukrainian Bloc
Pyrkovka	Ukrainian Bloc
Rohmanyuk	Ukrainian Bloc
Sevryuk	Ukrainian Bloc
Shvets	Ukrainian Bloc
Stasyuk	Ukrainian Bloc
Tkachenko	Ukrainian Bloc
Vynnychenko	Ukrainian Bloc
Fyalek	Bolshevik
Syrkin	Jewish National Committee

Volynia

17 submitted lists rejected, out of which 5 were peasants' lists.^[50] The western parts of the electoral district were under German or Austrian occupation.^[58] Radkey expresses concern that the votes account from Volynia (exclusively brought from the 1918 study by Sviatitski) may have been largely incomplete, possibly an effect of the proximity to the battle lines.^[58]

**Volynia**
Party	Vote	%
Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionaries	569,044	70.76
Polish	57,998	7.21
Jewish National Bloc	55,967	6.96
Bolsheviks	35,612	4.43
Socialist-Revolutionaries	27,575	3.43
Kadets-Peasant alliance	22,337	2.78
Mensheviks-Bund	16,947	2.11
Orthodox	1,438	0.18
Fareynikte	?
Poalei Zion	?
Ukrainian Socialist-Federalists	?
Unaccounted	17,290	2.15
Total:	804,208

**Deputies Elected**
Gedz	Ukrainian SR
Kobylchuk	Ukrainian SR
Koval	Ukrainian SR
Marcyniuk	Ukrainian SR
Ovsyanik	Ukrainian SR
Pavlyuk	Ukrainian SR
Trots	Ukrainian SR
Lipkovsky	Polish List

Podolia

Podolia was close to the frontline. ^[78] Radkey cites that the Ukrainian Social Democratic Labour Party organ Robitchna Gazeta reported that elections were held in Podolia between Dec 3-7, and presented results from 9 out of 12 uezds, but Robitchna Gazeta's party tally greater than the vote cast in the 9 uezds, possibly pointing to results included from the remaining 3 uezds.^[78] The conservative Russkoe Slovo reported normal voting conditions in Podolia.^[61]

**Podolia**
Party	Vote	%
Ukrainian Bloc	652,306	78.57
Jewish National Bloc	62,869	7.57
Polish	46,912	5.65
Bolsheviks	27,540	3.32
Socialist-Revolutionaries	10,170	1.22
Bund	7,959	0.96
Kadets	7,951	0.96
Mensheviks	4,028	0.49
Ukrainian Toilers List	3,810	0.46
Fareynikte	3,415	0.41
Poalei Zion	2,164	0.26
Popular Socialists	852	0.10
Other	284	0.03
Total:	830,260

**Deputies Elected**
Antonovych	Ukrainian Bloc
Blonski	Ukrainian Bloc
Dudich	Ukrainian Bloc
Dyachuk	Ukrainian Bloc
Gerasimenko	Ukrainian Bloc
Golovchuk	Ukrainian Bloc
Grigoriev	Ukrainian Bloc
Isaevich	Ukrainian Bloc
Litvitsky	Ukrainian Bloc
Liubynsky	Ukrainian Bloc
Machushenko	Ukrainian Bloc
Nikolaychuk	Ukrainian Bloc
Shevchenko	Ukrainian Bloc
Shimanovich	Ukrainian Bloc
Tkach	Ukrainian Bloc
Verkhola	Ukrainian Bloc
Widybida-Rudenko	Ukrainian Bloc
Bartoszewicz	Polish List

Chernigov

Chernigov was an agrarian province. The Bolshevik Party was absent in most uezds and weak in others. But returning soldiers, about a quarter of the electorate, boosted the Bolshevik vote. ^[79]

**Chernigov**
Party	Vote	%
Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionaries	484,456	49.76
Bolsheviks	271,174	27.85
Socialist-Revolutionaries	105,565	10.84
Kadets	28,864	2.96
Jewish National Bloc	28,308	2.91
Ukrainian Non-Partisans	12,650	1.30
Landowners	11,810	1.21
Mensheviks	10,813	1.11
Ukrainian Socialist-Federalists- Popular Socialists alliance	10,089	1.04
Old Believer	4,858	0.50
Poalei Zion	2,808	0.29
Non-Partisans	1,005	0.10
Peasants	911	0.09
Commercial-Industrial	335	0.03
Total:	973,646

**Deputies Elected**
Breshko-Breshkovskaya	SR
Kostenetsky	Ukrainian SR
Kovalevsky	Ukrainian SR
Kovbasa	Ukrainian SR
Kuzmenko	Ukrainian SR
Lashkevich	Ukrainian SR
Odinets	Ukrainian SR
Sayenko	Ukrainian SR
Shapoval	Ukrainian SR
Shrag	Ukrainian SR
Bosch	Bolshevik
Motorra	Bolshevik
Pyatakov	Bolshevik
Ryndich	Bolshevik

Poltava

Poltava was an agrarian province . ^[80]Voter turnout was reported at 74%.^[41] The Russian SRs (dominated by the left) ran a joint list with the Ukrainian SRs (dominated by Left) ^[81]The Selianska Spilka ('Village Union'), the agrarian wing of the Ukrainian SR, confronted the Farmers (Landowners) Party, excluding Landowners from local election commissions. The campaign against the Landowners Party occasional took violent shape.^[80]

**Poltava**
Party	Vote	%
List 8 - Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionaries	727,247	63.28
List 17 - Socialist-Revolutionaries- Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionaries alliance	198,437	17.27
Bolsheviks	64,460	5.61
List 2 - Farmer-Owners	61,115	5.32
Ukrainian Social Democrats	22,613	1.97
Kadets	18,105	1.58
Jewish National Committee	13,722	1.19
Jewish List	12,100	1.05
Ukrainian Socialist-Federalists	9,092	0.79
Folkspartey	6,448	0.56
Mensheviks-Bund	5,993	0.52
Popular Socialists-Cooperative alliance	4,391	0.38
List without title	1,657	0.14
Fareynikte	1,482	0.13
Ukrainian National Republican	1,070	0.09
Poalei Zion	879	0.08
Local peasant soviet	445	0.04
Total:	1,149,256

**Deputies Elected**
Kovalyov	Ukrainian SR-SR alliance
Poloz	Ukrainian SR-SR alliance
Terletsky	Ukrainian SR-SR alliance
Galagan	Ukrainian SR
Ivchenko	Ukrainian SR
Kovalenko	Ukrainian SR
Kovalevsky	Ukrainian SR
Kulichenko	Ukrainian SR
Petrenko	Ukrainian SR
Polotsky	Ukrainian SR
Semenyaga	Ukrainian SR
Sten'ka	Ukrainian SR
Stepanenko	Ukrainian SR
Yanko	Ukrainian SR

Kharkov

The SR list in Kharkov was dominated by the left-wing, contesting jointly with the Ukrainian SRs. The rightwing pro-war SR faction had its own list, headed by E.K. Breshko-Breshkovskaia. ^[82] The Bolsheviks won the election in Kharkov city. ^[82]

**Kharkov**
Party	Vote	%
Socialist-Revolutionaries- Ukrainian SRs alliance	796,552	72.86
Bolsheviks	114,743	10.49
Kadets	58,302	5.33
Rightwing SRs	42,329	3.87
Landowners	13,847	1.27
Menshevik-Internationalists	12,192	1.12
Popular Socialists	11,852	1.08
Orthodox	10,479	0.96
Commercial-Industrial	6,493	0.59
Jewish National Bloc	6,366	0.58
Mensheviks	6,024	0.55
Germans	5,221	0.48
Ukrainian Middle Class	3,776	0.35
Unity	2,293	0.21
Fareynikte	917	0.08
Poalei Zion	875	0.08
Peasants	530	0.05
Rightwing Socialist Bloc	530	0.05
Total:	1,093,321

**Deputies Elected**
Muranov	Bolshevik
Sergeyev	Bolshevik
Alekseev	SR
Dyakonov	SR
Kachinsky-Oreshin	SR
Karelin	SR
Kravchenko	SR
Mikhailichenko	SR
Ovcharenko	SR
Popov	SR
Severov-Odoyevsky	SR
Shkorbatov	SR
Streltsov	SR
Svyatitsky	SR

Ekaterinoslav

Ekaterinoslav was a large province; ethnically and economically diverse. ^[83] The Ekaterinoslav electoral district recorded the highest vote for a landowners list in the country. List 1 Landowners and Nonpartisan Progressives gathered 26,597 votes (2.2%), and was headed by Mikhail Rodzianko (an Octobrist leader, having served as the presiding officer in the 3rd and 4th Dumas, elected on the Stolypin franchise). ^[84] The conservative press reported a quiet and orderly election in the province.^[61]

**Ekaterinoslav**
Party	Vote	%
Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionaries	556,012	46.60
Socialist-Revolutionaries	231,717	19.42
Bolsheviks	213,163	17.87
Jewish National Bloc	37,032	3.10
Kadets	27,551	2.31
Mensheviks	26,909	2.26
Landowner	26,597	2.23
Germans	25,977	2.18
Popular Socialists- Cooperative alliance	9,496	0.80
Greeks	9,143	0.77
Peasant-Orthodox alliance	8,068	0.68
Unity	7,363	0.62
Fareynikte	5,831	0.49
Bund	4,883	0.41
Poalei Zion	3,307	0.28
Total:	1,193,049

**Deputies Elected**
Gvozdikovsky	SR
Popov	SR
Rosenblum	SR
Socheva	SR
Bachinsky	Ukrainian SR
Karpenko	Ukrainian SR
Korzh	Ukrainian SR
Mitsyuk	Ukrainian SR
Radomsky	Ukrainian SR
Romanenko	Ukrainian SR
Rosin	Ukrainian SR
Storubel	Ukrainian SR
Stromenko	Ukrainian SR
Surgae	Ukrainian SR
Averin	Bolshevik
Lutovinov	Bolshevik
Petrovsky	Bolshevik
Voroshilov	Bolshevik

Kherson

According to Radkey, the Odessa city results appeared complete, the Odessa uezd possibly incomplete, the Kherson uezd having results from 195 out of 223 voting centers, no indication about whether 2 other uezds' results were complete or not. From the remaining 2 uezds the results were missing altogether.^[58]

D. Lvovich of Fareynikte elected as SR list candidate.^[85]

**Kherson**
Party	Vote	%
Ukrainian SRs-SRs -Fareynikte alliance	266,771	42.98
Jewish National Bloc	86,190	13.89
Bolsheviks	81,826	13.18
Ukrainian Soc.-Dem. Labour Party	63,159	10.18
Kadets	53,770	8.66
Germans	27,879	4.49
Mensheviks-Bund	14,369	2.31
Orthodox	13,038	2.10
Popular Socialists- Cooperative alliance	5,626	0.91
Rightist	4,217	0.68
Peasant-Old Believer alliance	2,188	0.35
Poalei Zion	1,687	0.27
Total:	620,720

**Deputies Elected**
Gruzenberg	Jewish National Bloc
Tyomkin	Jewish National Bloc
Meiendorf	German
Asmolov	SR
Bontzarevich	SR
Eremenchuk	SR
Feofilaktov	SR
Gavrilyuk	SR
Glevenko	SR
Holubovych	SR
Gordievsky	SR
Lvovich	SR
Richter	SR
Trichevsky	SR
Troichuk	SR
Vekhtev	SR
Yuritsin	SR
Velikhov	Kadet
Chekhivsky	Ukrainian SD
Sklyar	Bolshevik

Bessarabia

Radkey's account is substantially incomplete. ^[86] According to Radkey, only the results from Kishinev and 3 out of 8 uezds could be gathered by scholars.^[87] The 5 uezds left out of the count were more populous.^[58] 17 lists were in the fray in Bessarabia. The demographics of the district were divided between Rumanians (48%), Ukrainians (20%) and Russians (8%). Among the elected deputies, SR deputies were Jewish or Russian, whilst the peasant soviet deputies were Rumanian.^[87]

As per Serge, some 600,000 people took part in the vote, with the Peasant soviet obtaining some 200,000 votes, SRs 200,000 votes, Jewish national list 60,000, Kadets 40,000 and the Moldavian National Party 14,000.^[88]

**Bessarabia**
Party	Vote	%
Socialist-Revolutionaries	85,349	33.63
Peasants	69,085	27.22
Jewish National Bloc	28,785	11.34
Bolsheviks- Menshevik-Internationalists	25,569	10.07
Kadets	16,545	6.52
Moldovans	6,643	2.62
Landowners	5,246	2.07
Ukrainian Bloc	4,241	1.67
Bund-Mensheviks	1,438	0.57
Popular Socialists?	376	0.15
Germans	?
Cooperative	?
Poalei Zion	?
Unaccounted	10,536	4.15
Total:	253,813

**Deputies Elected**
Cojocari	Peasants Soviets
Erhan	Peasants Soviets
Inculet	Peasants Soviets
Katoros	Peasants Soviets
Rudev	Peasants Soviets
Stepanov	Peasants Soviets
Aleksandrov	SR
Imas	SR
Mekhonoshin	SR
Slonim	SR
Sukhovikh	SR
Sukhovikh	SR
Lurie	Menshevik-Bund
Urusov	Kadet
Avilov	Bolshevik

Taurida

One peasant list had been denied registration.^[50]

Taurida had a 54.74% voter turnout.^[41] Radkey's account is missing Berdiansk uezd with some 3,400 electors and Vodiansk volost of Melitopol uezd.^[58] All in all there were 753 precincts in the Taurida electoral district.^[58]

**Taurida**
Party	Vote	%
Socialist-Revolutionaries	300,100	52.22
Turkic-Tatar	68,581	11.93
Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionaries	61,541	10.71
Kadets	38,794	6.75
Bolsheviks	31,612	5.50
Germans	27,681	4.82
Mensheviks	15,176	2.64
Jewish National Bloc	13,986	2.43
Landowner	7,715	1.34
Popular Socialists	4,643	0.81
Unity	2,273	0.40
Poalei Zion	1,745	0.30
Molokan	885	0.15
Total:	574,732

**Deputies Elected**
Bogdanov	Kadet
Saltan	Ukrainian SR
Alyasov	SR
Bakuta	SR
Bondar	SR
Nikonov	SR
Popov	SR
Tolstov	SR
Zak	SR
Seidamet	Provisional Crimean Muslim Executive Committee

Don Cossack Region

The Provisional Government had provided a degree of autonomy to the Don region, recognizing the authority of the Cossacks over the land. In June 1917 General Alexey Kaledin was elected as ataman. The Kadets had sought to form a joint Kadet-Cossack list in the district, and a number of Kadet national leaders had visited the area ahead of the election. The effort failed, over differences of opinion on land ownership of non-Cossacks.^[24]

**Don Cossack Region**
Party	Vote	%
Cossack	636,966	45.28
Socialist-Revolutionaries	478,901	34.05
Bolsheviks	205,497	14.61
Kadets	43,345	3.08
Mensheviks	17,504	1.24
Old Believer	8,183	0.58
Rightwing Socialist Bloc-Unity alliance	5,718	0.41
Landowner	5,457	0.39
Popular Socialists-Cooperative alliance	5,049	0.36
Total:	1,406,620

**Deputies Elected**
Babin	SR
Kolesnikov	SR
Kurilov	SR
Mamonov	SR
Nikolaev	SR
Nikolsky	SR
Shvetsov	SR
Ageyev	Cossack
Arakantsev	Cossack
Bogaevsky	Cossack
Kaledin	Cossack
Kharlamov	Cossack
Melnikov	Cossack
Popov	Cossack
Ulanov	Cossack
Voronkov	Cossack
Lozovsky	Bolshevik
Syrtsov	Bolshevik
Vasilchenko	Bolshevik

Stavropol

In Pyatigorsk the Bolsheviks won some 8,000 votes, half of the votes from the town.^[89]

**Stavropol**
Party	Vote	%
Socialist-Revolutionaries	291,395	88.69
Bolsheviks	17,430	5.31
Kadets	10,938	3.33
Peasants	3,205	0.98
Orthodox	3,078	0.94
Old Believer	1,836	0.56
Popular Socialists- Cooperative alliance	670	0.20
Total:	328,552

**Deputies Elected**
Bocharnikov	SR
Dementiev	SR
Emelyanov	SR
Garnitsky	SR
Gutorov	SR
Onipko	SR

Kuban-Black Sea

Kuban was fully engulfed by civil war by the time of the vote.^[3] 16 seats had been allotted to the Kuban-Black Sea electoral district, but the election was only held in Ekaterinodar and some surrounding villages were the Kuban Territorial Council was in control. ^[90]ref name=Wade2004e/>

Ter-Dagestan

Voting was delayed in Ter-Dagestan and was held between November 26 and December 5. In some areas the votes were counted but not reported, in other areas votes were left uncounted. ^[91] In Radkey's account a complete result was only available for Vladikavkaz city. He includes sporadic results of the major parties in some towns and garrisons. Radkey's account contains no results from rural areas.^[58]

Bolsheviks obtained 44% of the vote in Vladikavkaz. This situation could be compared to that by March 1917 the Bolshevik Party had been so weak in the city that it had been decided to form a joint Bolshevik-Menshevik Party Committee in the city.^[89] According to Wade, the election was not carried through to completion in Ter-Dagestan.^[3]

**Ter-Dagestan**
Party	Vote	%
Bolsheviks	21,495	55.95
Kadets	7,725	20.11
Socialist-Revolutionaries	4,292	11.17
Cossack	3,062	7.97
Mensheviks	958	2.49
Chechen-Ingush	332	0.86
Ukrainian Bloc	209	0.54
Popular Socialists	53	0.14
Turkic	?
Unaccounted	291	0.76
Total:	38,417

Caspian

The Caspian electoral district, which included areas of the Kalmyk steppe of the Astrakhan Governorate, was thinly populated.^[90] 1 seat was assigned to the constituency.^[90] A special Pricaspian electoral district had been formed, including areas of the Kalmyk steppe of Astrakhan governorate.^[5] The Pricaspian Oblast Election Commission was set up on September 16, 1917 by the Central Committee for the Kalmyk People's Administration.^[5] The Chairman was B.E. Krishtafovich, CCKPA Chairman, accompanied by members I.O. Ochirov (assistant CCKPA chair), S.B. Bayanov, E.A. Sarangov, E.S. Bakayev and with F.I. Plyunov as its secretary.^[5] On September 23, 1917 the Pricaspian Oblast Election Commission set up 52 electoral precincts: 10 in Maloderbetovsky ulus 10 precincts, 10 in Manychsky ulus, 7 in Yandyko-Mochaznyi ulus, 12 in Ikitsokhuro-Kharakhusovksy 12, 9 precincts in the uluses of Bagaotsokhuro-Khoshoutovsky and Erketenevsky and 4 precincts in the Kuma aimak of the Terek oblast (which initially had not been planned to be part of the Caspian Electoral District).^[5] A list was submitted, signed by 137 electors, with the 33-year old lawyer Sandzhi Bayanovich Bayanov as its candidate.^[5] Due to late arrival of electoral material, the vote was postponed to November 26-28, 1917.^[5] The vote was reportedly held on these dates, in some places with very low turnout. Bayanov received a majority of votes.^[5]

**Deputies Elected**
Bayanov	?

Transcaucasus

The vote was held November 26-28, within two weeks of the formation of the Transcaucasian Commissariat (Zavakom).^[92] 15 lists were in the fray in Transcaucasus. ^[93]The three largest parties in Transcaucasus were the Mensheviks, the Musavat Party and the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnaksiun).^[94] Whilst the Mensheviks were the most voted party, it should be noted that here Menshevism had become intertwined with Georgian nationalism. ^[95]Soon after the election, the Georgian Mensheviks would become openly nationalistic.^[93]

Bolsheviks won the election Baku city (followed closely by Musavat and Dashnaksiun), Ittihad won the elections in the rural areas of Baku uezd, in the villages of the Absheron Peninsula. Musavat won most of the Azerbaijani vote in Baku guberniia, followed by Ittehad.^[94] In Tiflis the Bolsheviks quadrupled their vote compared to the July 1917 city duma election.^[96]

The numbers in the column to the right originate from Hovannisian (1967)^[97] and Vestnik Evrazii (2004)^[98] The source for Vestnik Evrazii for the results stems from the State Archive of the Russian Federation.^[98]

These two references present a more complete account than that of Radkey. Radkey’s account lists a total of 1,887,453 votes, including 215,121 unspecified residue votes. ^[39] Radkey’s effort to map the votes in Transcaucasus was frustrated by the insistence of Soviet source to lump parties like Musavat and Dashnaksiun into a single bloc.^[69] Between Hovannisian and Vestnik Evrazii, the votes for the Mensheviks, Kadets, SRs and Bolsheviks are identical. Vestnik Evrazii presents the vote for the Popular Socialist list, which is not detailed in Hovannasian. Vestnik Evrazii groups the Dashnaks, the Muslim Socialist Bloc and Hummet together (825,672 votes) and 728,206 for Bourgeois parties (presumably including Musavat). In the case of Musavat, Hummet, Ittihad and Dashnaks, the figures from Hovannisian are used. Hovannisian does not present a total of votes, so the total from Vestnik Evrazii is utilized instead.

Comparing the account from Hovannisian with that of Swietochowski (2004)^[92] the numbers for the Mensheviks, Musavat, the Muslim Socialist Bloc, SRs, Hummet and Ittihad are identical. The minor discrepancies between Hovannisian and Swietochowski are different vote for Bolshevik list (93,581 in Hovannisian and Vestnik Evrazii, 95,581 in Switeochowski), the Dashnaks got 40 votes more in Swietochowski’s account and Swietochowski lists a total of 2,455,274 (plus 2,172 compared to Vestnik Evrazii).^[92] Maḣmudov (2004)^[99] and Balaev (1998)^[100] carries the same numbers as Swietochowski.

**Transcaucasus**
Party	Vote	%
List 1 - Mensheviks	661,934	26.98
List 10 - Musavat Party	615,816	25.10
List 4 - Armenian Revolutionary Federation	558,440	22.76
List 12 - Muslim Socialist Bloc	159,770	6.51
List 3 - Socialist-Revolutionaries	117,522	4,79
List 5 - Bolsheviks	93,581	3.81
List 11 - Hummet	84,748	3.45
List 14 - Ittihad	66,504	2.71
List 2 - Kadets	25,637	1.05
List 9 - Popular Socialists	514	0.02
Others:^[101] List 6 - Georgian Socialist-Federalists List 7 - Armenian Populist Party List 8 - Georgian National Democrats List 13 - Transcaucasian Muslims List 15 - Zionists	68,636	2.80
Total:	2,453,102

**Deputies Elected**
Bekzadyan	Menshevik
Chkheidze	Menshevik
Chkhenkeli	Menshevik
Djibladze	Menshevik
Gegechkori	Menshevik
Georgadze	Menshevik
Lomtatidze	Menshevik
Ramishvili, I. V.	Menshevik
Ramishvili, N. V.	Menshevik
Skobelev	Menshevik
Smirnov	Menshevik
Tsereteli	Menshevik
Zhordania	Menshevik
Zurabov	Menshevik
Aghayev	Musavat
Jafarov	Musavat
Gardashov	Musavat
Mahmudov	Musavat
Mamedbekov	Musavat
Rasulzadeh	Musavat
Seidov	Musavat
Sultanov	Musavat
Topchubashov	Musavat
Yusifbeyli	Musavat
Akhundov	Hummet
Gaidarov	Muslim Socialist Bloc
Kantemirov	Muslim Socialist Bloc
Safikurdski	Muslim Socialist Bloc
Ganiev	Ittihad
Atabekyan	SR
Lunkevich	SR
Ambartsumyan	Dashnak
Gazazyan	Dashnak
Hovhannisyan-Varandyan	Dashnak
Ohanjanyan	Dashnak
Shahatunyan	Dashnak
Shahnazaryan-Araratyan	Dashnak
Zavriev	Dashnak
Ter-Ovanesyan (Kachaznuni)	Dashnak
Tigranyan	Dashnak
Zoryan-Rostom	Dashnak
Shaumian	Bolshevik

Tobolsk

Tobolsk hosted one of only 2 undivided Social Democratic lists in the fray across the country. ^[102] Soviet sources indicated that the Social Democratic list was Menshevik-dominated. ^[48]

Soviet sources reported voter turnout at a mere 33.5%.^[41]

**Tobolsk**
Party	Vote	%
Socialist-Revolutionaries	388,328	78.53
Peasants Union-Popular Socialists alliance	50,780	10.27
Turkic-Tatar	25,830	5.22
Kadets	13,793	2.79
Mensheviks-Bolsheviks alliance	12,061	2.44
Left Socialist-Revolutionaries	3,733	0.75
Total:	494,525

**Deputies Elected**
Sukhanov, A. S.	Peasants Union- Popular Socialists alliance
Barantsev	SR
Evdokimov	SR
Gul'tyaev	SR
Ivanitsky-Vasilenko	SR
Kotelnikov	SR
Krasnousov	SR
Mikhailov	SR
Mukhin	SR
Sukhanov, P. S.	SR

Steppe

Radkey's account only includes votes from Omsk and surroundings.^[58] According to Wade (2004), it is unclear whether the election was carried through to completion in the electoral district.^[3]

Steppe
(only Omsk and surroundings)
Party	Vote	%
Bolsheviks	11,681	37.71
Kadets	4,925	15.90
Mensheviks-Rightwing Socialist Bloc	4,712	15.21
Socialist-Revolutionaries	4,018	12.97
Muslim Left	1,841	5.94
Menshevik-Internationalists	1,660	5.36
Cossack	1,069	3.45
Ortodox	555	1.79
Alash	181	0.58
Unaccounted	332	1.07
Total:	30,974

Tomsk

3 out of 9 lists submitted were rejected by the electoral authorities, including a moderate Turko-Tatar list.^[50]^[39]

12,046 votes were cast at the Tomsk garrison. The Bolshevik list won 69% of the votes there, with 8,316 votes. The SR list got 2,683 votes (22.27%), the Kadet list 385 votes (3.20%), Popular Socialist 278 votes (2.31%), 73 votes (0.61%) for the Menshevik list and 10 votes (0.08%) for the Cooperative list.^[103]

**Tomsk**
Party	Vote	%
List 2 - Socialist-Revolutionaries	541,153	85.16
List 3 - Bolsheviks	51,456	8.10
List 1 - Kadets	18,618	2.93
List 4 - Popular Socialists	15,802	2.49
List 5 - Mensheviks	5,769	0.91
List 6 - Cooperative	2,686	0.42
Total:	635,484

**Deputies Elected**
Smirnov	Bolshevik
Grigoriev	SR
Lindberg	SR
Markov	SR
Markov	SR
Mikhailov	SR
Omelkov	SR
Semenov	SR
Shisharin	SR
Sukhomlin	SR

Altai

**Altai**
Party	Vote	%
Socialist-Revolutionaries	621,377	87.03
Bolsheviks- Menshevik-Internationalists	45,268	6.34
Old Believers	17,292	2.42
Kadets	12,108	1.70
Germans	8,048	1.13
Popular Socialists	6,068	0.85
Mensheviks	3,785	0.53
Total:	713,946

**Deputies Elected**
Devisorov	SR
Krivorotov	SR
Levin	SR
Lomshakov	SR
Lyubimov	SR
Ramazanov	SR
Rogovsky	SR
Rudnev	SR
Sotnin	SR
Shaposhnikov	SR
Shnyrev	SR
Kosorotov	SR
Shatilov	SR

Yenisei

1 submitted peasant list was rejected.^[50] According to Radkey the results from Krasnoyarsk city and 5 out of 6 uezds appeared complete, with thinly populated Turukhansk uezd missing.^[58]

**Yenisei**
Party	Vote	%
Socialist-Revolutionaries	229,723	64.48
Bolsheviks	95,307	26.75
Kadets	12,017	3.37
Popular Socialists	8,703	2.44
Mensheviks	4,531	1.27
Left Socialist-Revolutionaries	3,668	1.03
Siberian Autonomist	2,299	0.65
Total:	356,248

**Deputies Elected**
Okulov	Bolshevik
Rogov	Bolshevik
Eideman	SR
Fomin	SR
Gurov	SR
Kolosov	SR

Irkutsk

**Irkutsk**
Party	Vote	%
Socialist-Revolutionaries	113,378	54.47
Buryats	39,248	18.85
Bolsheviks- Menshevik-Internationalists	31,587	15.17
Kadets	8,834	4.24
Popular Socialists- Siberian Autonomist alliance	6,925	3.33
Mensheviks	5,534	2.66
Orthodox	2,653	1.27
Total:	208,159

**Deputies Elected**
Korshunov	SR
Krol	SR
Timofeev	SR
Vampiloon	Buryat
Gavrilov	Bolshevik

Transbaikal

6 out of the 15 submitted lists in Transbaikal were rejected.^[50]

**Transbaikal**
Party	Vote	%
Socialist-Revolutionaries	49,363	50.26
Buryat	17,083	17.39
Cossacks	12,854	13.09
Bolsheviks- Menshevik-Internationalists	8,560	8.71
Kadets	4,111	4.19
Popular Socialists	2,682	2.73
Mensheviks	2,154	2.19
Old Believer	1,418	1.44
Total:	98,225

**Deputies Elected**
Bogdanov	Buryat National Committee
Dobromyslov	SR
Flegontov	SR
Kruglikov	SR
Pumpyanskiy	SR
Simakov	SR
Taskin	Transbaikal Cossacks

Amur-Maritime

The Amur-Maritime electoral district consisted of the Amur region and the Maritime province.^[87] The election was held on time in the constituency. From the Maritime Province the results were seemingly complete. In areas north of the Amur river some problems in voting occurred, with 312 polling stations reporting and 77 didn't (another reference stated that no election had been held in some 50 polling stations). The constituency had no significant ethnic minority except Ukrainians^[104]

The SRs had suffered a four-way split in the constituency, with the branches in Amur and Maritime contesting separately. Ahead of the election the Maritime Province Peasants Soviets threw out the SR party representatives and fielded a separate list (in Amur, however, the peasants soviets stayed loyal to the SR party).^[87] There was also a left SR list, distinctively urban.^[87]

In Khabarovsk, 5,445 out of 12,727 eligble voters cast their votes; Kadets 1,639 votes (30.10%), Maritime Province SR 968 votes (17.78%), Maritime Peasants Soviet 712 votes (13.08%), Mensheviks 662 votes (12.16%), Bolsheviks 652 votes (11.97%), Cossacks 623 votes (11.44%), Ukrainian Bloc 85 votes (1.56%), Amur SR 24 votes (0.44%) and Left SR 18 votes (0.33%).^[105]

In Blagoveshchensk the Kadets finished in first place (with some 2,800 votes), followed by the Mensheviks (2,300 votes), Bolsheviks (1,983 votes) and Amur SRs (1,267) votes.^[105] In Nikolayevsk-on-Amur 1,529 votes were cast; Kadets 411 votes (26.88%), Maritime Province SRs 400 votes (26.16%), Mensheviks 311 votes (20.34%), Bolsheviks 287 votes (18.77%) and others 120 votes (7.85%).^[105]

**Amur-Maritime**
Party	Vote	%
List 2 - Maritime Peasants Soviets	56,718	27.08
List 7 - Amur Province Socialist-Revolutionaries	41,152	19.65
List 5 - Bolsheviks	40,850	19.50
List 3 - Amur and Ussuri Cossacks	22,612	10.80
List 9 - Kadets	17,233	8.23
List 4 - Mensheviks	15,458	7.38
List 1 - Maritime Province Socialist-Revolutionaries	6,513	3.11
List 8 - Left Socialist-Revolutionaries	5,805	2.77
List 6 - Ukrainian Bloc	3,125	1.49
Total:	209,466

**Deputies Elected**
Mandrikov	Maritime Peasants Soviet
Petrov	Maritime Peasants Soviet
Sorokin	Maritime Peasants Soviet
Vykhristov	Maritime Peasants Soviet
Kozhevnikov	Amur and Ussuri Cossacks
Neibut	Bolshevik
Alekseevsky	Amur SR

Chinese Eastern Railroad

The Chinese Eastern Railroad electoral district was located outside the borders of Russia.^[3] In March 1917, in response to the abdication of the Tsar, Lieutenant General Dmitri Horvath (the Chinese Eastern Railroad Zone administrator since 1902) proclaimed an 'All Russian Provisional Government' based in Harbin.^[106]^[107]^[108] However, Horvath's regime was soon challenged by emergence of soviet power in the Chinese Eastern Railroad Zone (to the dismay of Western powers).^[106] Nevertheless, Harbin was far detached from events in Petrograd and a more liberal atmosphere prevailed in Russian politics there; foreign diplomats took note that the monarchist Horvath and the Bolshevik leader Martemyan Ryutin could meet for lunch at the Railway Club in Harbin.^[109]

Four candidates were nominated for the Chinese Eastern Railroad seat; Horvath ran as the Kadet candidate, representing the pre-revolutionary status quo. Nikolai Strelkov of the Railwaymens' Union contested as the Menshevik candidate, the Jewish businessman and Chair of the Chinese Eastern Railroad Executive Committee Faytel Volfovich was the SR candidate and the ensign and Harbin Soviet chairman Ryutin the Bolshevik candidate.^[110]^[111]^[112]^[109]

The vote was held for the Chinese Eastern Railroad seat on November 29, 1917.^[111] The voter turnout stood at around 60%.^[110]

According to a contemporary account published in the organ of the Nikolsk-Ussuriysky Soviet (whose totals differ somewhat from the figures of Radkey), the vote in Harbin was won by Strelkov (4,874 votes, 31.74%), followed by Horvath (4,450 votes, 28.98%), Ryutin (4,412 votes, 28.73%) and Volfovich (1,620 votes, 10.55%).^[105] In the 26 precincts of the western line, Ryutin was the most vote candidate (5,991 votes, 38.25%), followed by Strelkov (5,845 votes, 37.32%), Volfovich (2,519 votes, 16.08%) and Horvath (1,307 votes, 8.35%).^[105] In the four precincts of the eastern line, Ryutin emerged as the winner with 1,461 votes (39.84%), followed by Strelkov (1,187 votes, 32.37%), Volfovich (831 votes, 22.66%) and Horvath (188 votes, 5.13%).^[105]

**Chinese Eastern Railroad**
Party	Vote	%
Mensheviks	13,139	37.37
Bolsheviks	10,612	30.18
Kadets	6,327	18.00
Socialist-Revolutionaries	5,081	14.45
Total:	35,159

**Deputies Elected**
Strelkov	Menshevik

Yakutsk

An election was held and deputies elected, but Radkey was unable to trace the any voting figures.^[90]

**Deputies Elected**
Xenophonov	Federal Labour Union
Pankratov	SR

Kamchatka

The vote was held in the Kamchatka electoral on October 29, 1917, well ahead of the rest of the country, in order to allow its sole deputy to be able to catch the last steamship to Petrograd to attend the opening of the Constituent Assembly.^[3] Radkey claims to only have been able to trace results from the town of Zavoyko, but the Zavoyko poll was disqualified as the vote had been held one day in advance.^[58] 275 people had voted in Zavoyko, 258 of them for SR, 9 for Social Democrats and 8 for others. ^[39]

**Deputies Elected**
Lavrov	SR

Horde

The Horde (or 'Orda') electoral district covered the areas of the Bukey Horde in the Transvolga.^[3] Khanskaya Stavka was the administrative center of the electoral district.^[3] According to Radkey, 2 lists had registered in the Horde electoral district. As per Radkey's account, no information on whether election was held.^[39] As per Wade (2004), members of the local revolutionary committee began arresting the District Election Commission officials as the vote tallying was ongoing.^[3]

**Deputies Elected**
Kulmanov	Alash
Tanachev	Alash

Uralsk

**Uralsk**
Party	Vote	%
List 1 - Ural Regional Kirghiz Committee	278,014	75.01
Cossack	61,476	16.59
Peasants	26,059	7.03
Socialist-Revolutionaries	5,076	1.37
Total:	370,625

**Deputies Elected**
Alibekov	Ural Regional Kirghiz Committee
Dosmukhamedov, J. D.	Ural Regional Kirghiz Committee
Dosmukhamedov, K. D.	Ural Regional Kirghiz Committee
Ipmagambetov	Ural Regional Kirghiz Committee
Karatlev	Ural Regional Kirghiz Committee
Borodin	Cossack
Volosov	SR

Turgai

According to Radkey the vote was held in one uezd, but that the result was not known.^[39]

**Deputies Elected**
Baitursynov	Alash
Berimzhanov	Alash
Doshchanov	Alash
Temirov	Alash
Pakhomov	SR

Transcaspian

The Transcaspian electoral district was assigned 2 seats in the Constituent Assembly.^[90] According to Radkey, an election was held but results not known.^[90] Per Wade (2004), it is certain that no election took place in the Transcaspian electoral district.^[3]

Samarkand

Samarkand was assigned 5 seats.^[90] According to Radkey, an election was held but results were not known to him.^[90]

**Deputies Elected**
Abdukhalilov	Muslim organizations of the Samarkand region
Behbudiy	Muslim organizations of the Samarkand region
Farhatov	Muslim organizations of the Samarkand region
Maksudi	Muslim organizations of the Samarkand region

Amu Darya

According to Radkey, not known whether voting took place, no results. 1 seat had been allotted to Amu Darya.^[90] Per Wade (2004), it is certain that no election took place in Amu Darya.^[3]

Syr Darya

Voting was postponed until mid-Dec 1917, then to January 19, 1918.^[91] In the end no vote ever took place.^[91]^[3] 9 seats had been allotted to Syr Darya.^[90]

Fergana

Election was held and deputies elected, but Radkey unable to trace the any voting figures.^[90] Seemingly, per Soviet sources cited by Radkey, there were 5 deputies elected from Fergana, out of whom 1 SR.^[59]

**Deputies Elected**
Khodzhaev	Muinil Islam Society
Tyuryayev	Muinil Islam Society
Akaev	All-Fergana List of Muslim Organizations
Chaykin	All-Fergana List of Muslim Organizations
Shokay	All-Fergana List of Muslim Organizations
Mirza-Akhmedov	All-Fergana List of Muslim Organizations
Shagiakhmetov	All-Fergana List of Muslim Organizations
Shashahmedov	All-Fergana List of Muslim Organizations
Urazaev	All-Fergana List of Muslim Organizations
Yuldash-Kariev	All-Fergana List of Muslim Organizations
Yurgul-Agayev	All-Fergana List of Muslim Organizations

Semirechie

The electoral battle in Semirechie stood between a general soviet list (SRs and Mensheviks) and the Kirgiz-Cossack alliance. The Bolshevik list had been banned. ^[39]

**Semirechie**
Party	Vote	%
List 3 - Alash- Semirechie Cossack Host	219,832	52.85
List 2 - Socialist Bloc (Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks)	167,793	40.34
Uighur-Dungan alliance	28,368	6.82
Total:	415,993

**Deputies Elected**
Shebalin	Socialist Bloc
Tynyshpaev	Socialist Bloc
Amanzholov	Alash-Cossack alliance
Jainakov	Alash-Cossack alliance
Saurambaev	Alash-Cossack alliance
Shendrikov	Alash-Cossack alliance

Baltic Fleet

The Baltic Fleet was a revolutionary bastion.^[77] Electoral participation stood at around 70%. 76% of sailors voted, but the sailors were outnumbered by workers and soldiers at the naval bases.^[41] Baltic Fleet used a separate electoral system, where the voter could vote for two individual candidates rather than fixed party lists.^[113]^[114]

The Bolsheviks in Tsentrobalt submitted their petition, with some two hundred signatures, to the electoral commission on October 12, 1917.^[114] Their list had Lenin as its first candidate and with Pavel Dybenko as its second name.^[114] Whilst the conducting the election campaign, the Bolsheviks in the Baltic Fleet prepared their role in the pending uprising against the Provisional Government.^[114]

On the diametrical opposite end of the political spectrum was the Officers' Union or PROMOR. Different officers groups had emerged in the wake of the February Revolution, with the Union of Naval Officers of Revel (SMOR) being the most dynamic.^[114] SMOR was led by Commander Boris Dudorov, who would be named Deputy Minister of War for the Navy under Kerensky.^[115] In Helsingfors the first officers' union had been formed on March 10, 1917, led by captains I. I. Rengarten and Prince M. B. Cherkassky.^[116] This group had some 200 followers, including SR-oriented officers.^[116] The Rengarten-Cherkassky liberal group was initially affiliated with the Union of Officer-Republicans of the People's Army, but this bond did not last as the latter platform shifted further to the left.^[114] A more right-wing oriented and larger group in Helsingfors was formed on March 22, 1917; the Union of Union of Officer-Republicans, Doctors and Officials of the Army and Navy of the Sveaborg Base with Lt. Vladimir Demchinsky as its chairman.^[114]^[116] Demchinsky's group included Kadets and conservatives, and opposed socialism.^[116] SMOR and Demchinsky's group supported the Provisional Government and opposed to revolutionary and antiwar politics in the navy. There were also smaller groups of officials (such as in Åbo).^[114]^[116] On May 23, 1917 the different officers' groups united in the 'All-Baltic Professional Union of Officers, Doctors and Officials of the Fleet and Bases of the Baltic Sea' or PROMOR.^[114] The Officers' Union candidates for the Constituent Assembly were Demchinsky and Rengarten.^[114]

The official SR list for the Baltic Fleet constituency was dominated by the left-wing.^[114] Its candidates were Prosh Proshian and Pavel Shishko.^[114] The right-wing SRs fielded Sergey Tsion (leader of the 1906 Sveaborg rebellion) and Maslov as their candidates.^[114] The fifth and last candidature was a supposedly non-partisan group with Lopatin and Magnitzky as their candidates.^[117]

The election campaign received plenty attention in the fleet newspapers.^[114] The campaign of non-Bolshevik candidates was largely confined to Helsingfors.^[114] The outcome of the vote indicated strong dissatisfaction with the performance of the Provisional Government, as the combined Bolshevik/Left SR vote stood at around 85% (the highest of all electoral constituencies nationwide).^[114] Radkey claims Dybenko was the most voted Bolshevik candidate, placing Lenin second.^[113] Dybenko was himself a sailor, and likewise in the case of the SRs sailor candidates Shisko and Maslov scored higher votes than non-sailor political leaders.^[114]

Saul (1978) expresses strong concerns over the accuracy of the result presented by Radkey.^[114] Saul (1978) reports the following result from the Helsingfors region of the Baltic Fleet electoral district (with results from 97 out of 100 electoral precincts); 22,670 votes for Dybenko, 22,237 votes for Lenin, 13,617 votes for Shishko, 12,906 votes for Proshian, 7,620 votes for Maslov, 7,351 votes for Tsion, 855 votes for Demchinsky and 838 votes for Rengarten.^[114] According to Soviet sources the non-partisan group got one percent of the votes in Helsingfors.^[114] In Kronstadt a 84% vote for the Bolsheviks was recorded.^[114] On the battleships the Bolsheviks won some 70% of the vote, whilst the (left) SRs dominated the vote in the Åbo–Åland region (which had smaller ships).^[114]

**Baltic Fleet**
Party	Vote	%
Bolsheviks	65,093	57.70
Socialist-Revolutionaries	30,510	27.04
Rightwing Socialist-Revolutionaries	13,249	11.74
Officers' Union	2,018	1.79
Non-Partisan	1,948	1.73
Total:	112,818

**Deputies Elected**
Dybenko	Bolshevik
Lenin	Bolshevik

Black Sea Fleet

**Black Sea Fleet**
Party	Vote	%
Socialist-Revolutionaries	22,251	42.28
Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionaries	12,895	24.50
Bolsheviks	10,771	20.47
Tsentroflot	4,769	9.06
Mensheviks	1,943	3.69
Total:	52,629

**Deputies Elected**
Bunakov-Fondaminsky	SR

Northern Front

Voter turnout stood at 72.36482% per official records.^[41]

**Northern Front**
Party	Vote	%
Bolsheviks	471,828	56.13
Socialist-Revolutionaries	249,832	29.72
Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionaries- Muslim Socialist alliance	88,956	10.58
Kadets	13,687	1.63
Mensheviks	5,966	0.71
Popular Socialists	5,868	0.70
Menshevik-Internationalists	4,454	0.53
Total:	840,591

**Deputies Elected**
Ivanov	SR
Kolerov	SR
Likhach	SR
Rabinovich	SR
Utgof	SR
Klochok	Ukrainian-Muslim List
Antonov-Ovseyenko	Bolshevik
Medvedev	Bolshevik
Nakhimson	Bolshevik
Podvoisky	Bolshevik
Sedyakin	Bolshevik
Sheiman	Bolshevik
Sklyansky	Bolshevik
Smilga	Bolshevik
Stučka	Bolshevik
Vasiliev	Bolshevik

Western Front

The result for Muslim Socialists stems from a newspaper report in Russkiye Vedomosti, which had data from 472 out of 602 voting centres. ^[118]

**Western Front**
Party	Vote	%
Bolsheviks	653,430	66.95
Socialist-Revolutionaries	180,582	18.50
Ukrainian Socialist Bloc	85,062	8.72
Muslim Socialists	16,846	1.73
Kadets	16,750	1.72
Mensheviks-Bund	5,622	0.58
White Russians	4,380	0.45
Radical Democrats	3,055	0.31
Rightwing SRs, Popular Socialists, Unity alliance	2,840	0.29
Unaccounted	7,433	0.76
Total:	976,000

**Deputies Elected**
Bazyak	Ukrainian Bloc
Lebedinets	Ukrainian Bloc
Morgenstiern	SR
Nikolayev	SR
Zetel-Zusman	SR
Anuchin	Bolshevik
Apeter	Bolshevik
Fedenev	Bolshevik
Ksenofontov	Bolshevik
Kukonkov	Bolshevik
Lysyakov	Bolshevik
Miasnikian	Bolshevik
Rogozinsky	Bolshevik
Grzelszczak	Bolshevik
Tikhmenev	Bolshevik
Vasiliev	Bolshevik
Yakovlev	Bolshevik

South-Western Front

**South-Western Front**
Party	Vote	%
Socialist-Revolutionaries	402,930	40.00
Bolsheviks	292,626	29.05
Ukrainian Bloc	168,354	16.71
Mensheviks	79,630	7.90
Muslim Socialists	32,910	3.27
Kadets	13,724	1.36
Popular Socialists	3,084	0.31
Rightwing Socialist Bloc	?
Polish	?
Unaccounted	14,165	1.41
Total:	1,007,423

**Deputies Elected**
Dansky	SR
Detlaf	SR
Dikansky	SR
Filippovsky	SR
Levenberg	SR
Lishchev	SR
Moiseenko	SR
Nikotin	SR
Sokolov	SR
Surgutchev	SR
Troyanovsky	Menshevik
Bereznyak	Ukrainian SR
Dolgov	Ukrainian SR
Kutsyak	Ukrainian SR
Chudnovsky	Bolshevik
Kokovikhin	Bolshevik
Lashevich	Bolshevik
Marchenkov	Bolshevik
Pyatakov	Bolshevik
Rozmirovich	Bolshevik
Trubachev	Bolshevik

Rumanian Front

To Radkey some 12,000-15,000 votes appeared to be missing from official records.^[118]

**Rumanian Front**
Party	Vote	%
List 3 - Socialist-Revolutionaries	666,438	59.05
List 1 - Ukrainian Socialist Bloc	186,219	16.50
List 6 - Bolsheviks	173,804	15.40
Mensheviks	36,115	3.20
Muslim Socialists	23,136	2.05
Kadets	21,443	1.90
Popular Socialists	4,514	0.40
Letts	3,386	0.30
Polish	?
Moldovan	?
Unaccounted	13,545	1.20
Total:	1,128,600

**Deputies Elected**
Grischenko	Ukrainian Socialist Bloc
Petliura	Ukrainian Socialist Bloc
Pisnachevsky	Ukrainian Socialist Bloc
Ternichenko	Ukrainian Socialist Bloc
Abramov	SR
Alekseevsky	SR
Andrianov	SR
Bocharnikov	SR
Bylinkin	SR
Erofeev	SR
Ilinskiy	SR
Kotlin	SR
Krakovetsky	SR
Lordkipanidze	SR
Markov	SR
Shmelyov	SR
Krylenko	Bolshevik
Mostovenko	Bolshevik
Ryazanov	Bolshevik
Solers	Bolshevik

Caucasian Front

Radkey's summary only includes votes from Erzerum fortress, with 16,824 votes. ^[119] However, the Ukrainian vote in Erzerum was missing in the source material available to Radkey.^[118]

Caucasian Front:
Erzerum Fortress
Party	Vote	%
Socialist-Revolutionaries	6,537	38.86
Bolsheviks	6,211	36.92
Armenian Revolutionary Federation	1,948	11.58
Mensheviks	1,113	6.62
Kadets	357	2.12
Georgians	51	0.30
Unaccounted	607	3.61
Total:	16,824

**Deputies Elected**
Berezov	SR
Donskoy	SR
Mikhailov	SR
Pyzhev	SR
Tumanov	SR
Badaev	Bolshevik

Russian forces in France and the Balkans

The Russian Expeditionary Force in France and the Salonika Front formed an electoral district of its own, with some 50,000 eligible voters.^[3] According to Wade (2004) it is unclear whether any election took place in the electoral district.^[3]

Ballots

A sheet with samples of the ballots of different parties contesting the Petrograd Province electoral district. The sheet had been distributed by the electoral authorities prior to the vote, urging voters to cut out their preferred ballot and bring it to the polling station.^[120] The ballots include the listing of names of candidates, with their addresses. The Bolshevik List (No. 2) is headed by Lenin, the Menshevik List (No. 3) is headed by Mikhail Liber. The Estonian List (No. 4) ballot is bilingual, with the candidate listing appearing in both Russian and Estonian (the latter written in Fraktur script).
Bolshevik ballot for Petrograd City. The list carries the title Central Committee of Military Organizations, Petrograd Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks), Committee of the Social Democracy of Poland and Lithuania, Central Committee of the Social Democracy of Latvia. The list has 18 candidates, headed by Lenin, Zinoiev, Trotsky, Kamenev, Alexandra Kollontai and Stalin.
Ballot of the Chernigov Committee of the Jewish Social Democratic Labour Party (Poalei Zion). The list was headed by Ber Borochov.
The ballot of the Muslim Socialist List in Kazan
The ballot of the Jewish National Electoral Committee in the Podolia electoral district. The ballot carries a star of David.
Ballot of the All-Russian Women's Equal Rights League (List no. 7) in Petrograd City

Electoral campaign materials

Voters inspecting campaign posters, Petrograd
Kadet electoral poster, illustrating a mounted warrior confronting a monster. The monster represents anarchy, the mounted warrior democracy.
Poster issued by the Petrograd Commercial-Industrial Union, calling traders, producers and craftsmen to vote for the Kadet List 2
Kadet election poster. A female horse-rider, carrying a sword and a shield with the word Svoboda ('Freedom').
Kadet election poster, showing a woman in traditional garb.^[121] Work by Piotr Buchkin.
Poster urging voters to only vote for Social Democrats, with reference to a List 4
Social Democratic election poster, illustrating a lighthouse sending out beacons. The list number is left vacant, allowing party branches in different parts of the country to adapt the poster with their local list number.
Menshevik electoral poster
A Russian-Yiddish Fareynikte (United Jewish Socialist Workers Party) poster, announcing an electoral campaign meeting
A SR election poster, calling on Peasants, Workers and Soldiers to vote for the party. The slogan Earth and Will appears twice in the poster, and the letters SR figure on the bell.

References

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↑ Rex A. Wade (31 July 2004). Revolutionary Russia: New Approaches to the Russian Revolution of 1917. Routledge. p. 260. ISBN 978-1-134-39764-8.
↑ Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
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↑ Vladimir N. Brovkin (1991). The Mensheviks After October: Socialist Opposition and the Rise of the Bolshevik Dictatorship. Cornell University Press. p. 39. ISBN 0-8014-9976-3.
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↑ Robert Paul Browder; Aleksandr Fyodorovich Kerensky (1961). The Russian Provisional Government, 1917: Documents. Stanford University Press. p. 1730.
↑ Ilya Gerasimov; Ilʹi︠a︡ Gerasimov (29 September 2009). Modernism and Public Reform in Late Imperial Russia: Rural Professionals and Self-Organization, 1905-30. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 301. ISBN 978-0-230-22947-1.
1 2 Andreas Kappeler (27 August 2014). The Russian Empire: A Multi-ethnic History. Routledge. p. 363. ISBN 978-1-317-56810-0.
↑ George O. Liber (2016). Total Wars and the Making of Modern Ukraine, 1914-1954. University of Toronto Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-4426-2708-6.
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1 2 3 4 5 Simon Rabinovitch (1 October 2016). Jewish Rights, National Rites: Nationalism and Autonomy in Late Imperial and Revolutionary Russia. Stanford University Press. p. 347. ISBN 978-0-8047-9303-2.
↑ Lenin, V. I.. The Constituent Assembly Elections and The Dictatorship of the Proletariat
↑ Andrew Arato (30 November 2017). The Adventures of the Constituent Power. Cambridge University Press. p. 421. ISBN 978-1-107-12679-4.
↑ Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 148-157. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
↑ Uwe Backes; Steffen Kailitz (23 October 2015). Ideocracies in Comparison: Legitimation – Cooptation – Repression. Routledge. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-317-53545-4.
1 2 Vladimir Ilʹich Lenin (1970). Collected Works: October 1917-Nov.1920. Lawrence & Wishart. p. 467.
↑ Robert Paul Browder; Aleksandr Fyodorovich Kerensky (1961). The Russian Provisional Government, 1917: Documents. Stanford University Press. p. 462.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 148-160. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
↑ Лев Григорьевич Протасов (2008). Люди Учредительного собрания: портрет в интерьере эпохи. РОССПЭН. ISBN 978-5-8243-0972-0.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
↑ Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
1 2 Hoover Institution Publication. Hoover Institution, Stanford University. 1934. pp. 345–347.
↑ Vladimir N. Brovkin (1 September 2013). Dear Comrades: Menshevik Reports on the Bolshevik Revolution and the Civil War. Hoover Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-8179-8983-5.
1 2 Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
↑ Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
↑ Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
1 2 Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
↑ Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 104-105. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
↑ Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 148-149. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
↑ Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
1 2 Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 26-27. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
1 2 Toivo U. Raun (1 February 2002). Estonia and the Estonians: Second Edition, Updated. Hoover Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-8179-2853-7.
1 2 Liliana Riga (12 November 2012). The Bolsheviks and the Russian Empire. Cambridge University Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-1-107-01422-0.
↑ Laura Engelstein (2018). Russia in Flames: War, Revolution, Civil War, 1914-1921. Oxford University Press. p. 297. ISBN 978-0-19-979421-8.
↑ Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 161-163. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
1 2 3 Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
↑ Simon Rabinovitch (1 October 2016). Jewish Rights, National Rites: Nationalism and Autonomy in Late Imperial and Revolutionary Russia. Stanford University Press. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-8047-9303-2.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 48-49. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
↑ Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
↑ Michael C. Hickey (2011). Competing Voices from the Russian Revolution. ABC-CLIO. pp. 401–402. ISBN 978-0-313-38523-0.
↑ Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
↑ Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
↑ Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
1 2 Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
↑ Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
1 2 3 Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
↑ Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 29, 148. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
↑ Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
1 2 3 Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
↑ Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
↑ Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 68-69. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
↑ Stephan Merl (1985). Die Anfänge der Kollektivierung in der Sowjetunion: der Übergang zur staatlichen Reglementierung der Producktions- und Markbeziehungen im Dorf (1928-1930). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 50. ISBN 978-3-447-02511-9.
↑ Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
1 2 Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. xii. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
1 2 Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
↑ Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 57-58. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
1 2 Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 46-47. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
↑ Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
1 2 Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 115, 117. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
↑ Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
↑ Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
↑ Union of Russian Jews (1969). Russian Jewry, 1917-1967. T. Yoseloff. p. 42.
↑ Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
1 2 3 4 5 Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 107-110. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
↑ Victor Serge (15 January 2017). Year One of the Russian Revolution. Haymarket Books. p. 432. ISBN 978-1-60846-609-2.
1 2 Alex Marshall (13 September 2010). The Caucasus Under Soviet Rule. Routledge. p. 105. ISBN 978-1-136-93824-5.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 8, 136. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
1 2 3 Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
1 2 3 Tadeusz Swietochowski (7 June 2004). Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920: The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community. Cambridge University Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-521-52245-8.
1 2 Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 129-131. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
1 2 Audrey L. Alstadt (1 September 2013). The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity under Russian Rule. Hoover Press. ISBN 978-0-8179-9183-8.
↑ Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
↑ Stephen F. Jones (2005). Socialism in Georgian Colors: The European Road to Social Democracy, 1883-1917. Harvard University Press. p. 359. ISBN 978-0-674-01902-7.
↑ Richard G. Hovannisian (1967). Armenia on the Road to Independence, 1918. University of California Press. pp. 108, 288. ISBN 978-0-520-00574-7.
1 2 Вестник Евразии. изд-во дi-дик. 2004. p. 120.
↑ I̐agub Maḣmudov (2004). Azärbaycan Xalq Cümhuriyyäti ensiklopediyası. Lider Näşriyyat. p. 215.
↑ Айдын Балаев (1998). Азербайджанское национальное движение в 1917-1918 гг. Елм. p. 126.
↑ Radkey's account includes 1,528 votes for the Armenian Populist Party, Georgians 728 votes, Jewish 4,860 votes
↑ Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. xi. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
↑ По Сибири, in Известия Совета Рабочих и Солдатских Депутатов г. Никольск-Уссуршскаго, November 28, 1917, p. 3
↑ Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 108-109, 161. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Результаты выборов в Учр. Соб, in Известия Совета Рабочих и Солдатских Депутатов г. Никольск-Уссуршскаго, November 24, 1917, p. 4
1 2 G. Patrick March (1996). Eastern Destiny: Russia in Asia and the North Pacific. ABC-CLIO. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-275-95648-6.
↑ William Shurtleff; H.T. Huang; Akiko Aoyagi (22 June 2014). History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in China and Taiwan, and in Chinese Cookbooks, Restaurants, and Chinese Work with Soyfoods Outside China (1024 BCE to 2014): Extensively Annotated Bibliography and Sourcebook, Including Manchuria, Hong Kong and Tibet. Soyinfo Center. p. 1582. ISBN 978-1-928914-68-6.
↑ James William Morley (1957). The Japanese thrust into Siberia, 1918. Columbia University Press. p. 46.
1 2 Wolff, David. Harbin ou le Dernier Avatar de la politique impériale russe in Revue des Études Slaves. 2001. 73-2-3 pp. 293-303
1 2 Modern China and its revolutionary process. 1985. p. 590. ISBN 978-0-520-05030-3.
1 2 R. K. I. Quested (1982). "Matey" Imperialists?: The Tsarist Russians in Manchuria, 1895-1917. Centre of Asian Studies, University of Hong Kong. p. 296, 311-312.
↑ Геннадий Иванович Андреев; Мария Ермолаевна Плотникова; Владимир Семенович Познанский (1983). Революционное движение на КВЖД в 1917-1922 гг. Наука. p. 38.
1 2 Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Norman E. Saul (1978). Sailors in revolt: the Russian Baltic fleet in 1917. Regents Press of Kansas. p. 97, 116, 177, 203, 267. ISBN 978-0-7006-0166-0.
↑ Mirko Harjula (2010). Itämeri 1914-1921: Itämeren laivastot maailmansodassa sekä Venäjän vallankumouksissa ja sisällissodassa. BoD - Books on Demand. p. 49. ISBN 978-952-498-383-9.
1 2 3 4 5 Matthew Rendle (5 November 2009). Defenders of the Motherland: The Tsarist Elite in Revolutionary Russia. OUP Oxford. pp. 185–186. ISBN 978-0-19-160801-8.
↑ Russian S.F.S.R. T︠S︡entralʹnoe arkhivnoe upravlenie (1929). The Red Archives: Russian State Papers and Other Documents Relating to the Years 1915-1918. Bles. p. 139.
1 2 3 Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
↑ Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
↑ MK.ru. Москвичи могут увидеть тех, кто устраивал знаменитую русскую революцию
↑ Rex A. Wade (21 April 2005). The Russian Revolution, 1917. Cambridge University Press. p. 281. ISBN 978-0-521-84155-9.

Elections and referendums in Russia
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See also: By-elections to the State Duma Elections and referendums in the Soviet Union