Royal Caribbean International

Royal Caribbean International
Subsidiary
Industry Hospitality, tourism
Founded 1968 (1968) in Norway
Headquarters 1050 Caribbean Way, Miami, Florida, USA
Key people
 Michael Bayley (President and CEO)
Services Cruise line
Parent Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd.
Website royalcaribbean.com
Footnotes / references
[1][2]

Royal Caribbean International is a cruise line brand founded in Norway and based in Miami, Florida, United States. It is owned by Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. As of May 2018, the line operates 25 ships and has five additional ships on order. RCI has 21.9% of the worldwide cruise market.[3] All ships under the Royal Caribbean International brand have names ending with "of the Seas" (e.g. Freedom of the Seas) a practice which began in 1991.

Company and brand history

Royal Caribbean International was founded as Royal Caribbean Cruise Line in 1968 by three Norwegian shipping companies: Anders Wilhelmsen & Company, I.M. Skaugen & Company, and Gotaas Larsen. The newly created line put its first ship, the Song of Norway, into service two years later. A year later, the line added the Nordic Prince to the fleet and in 1972 it added the Sun Viking. In 1978, Song of Norway became Royal Caribbean's first passenger ship to be lengthened. This was accomplished via the insertion of an 85-foot (26 m) section to the vessel's severed center. Following the success of this work, Nordic Prince was also stretched in 1980. During the stretching on both ships, their sterns were modified. However the Sun Viking was not stretched or modified and remained the same size and shape. Royal Caribbean received widespread global recognition when in 1982 it launched the Song of America, over twice the size of Sun Viking and at the time the third largest passenger vessel afloat (after the Norway and Queen Elizabeth 2).

In 1986, Royal Caribbean leased a coastal property in Haiti which it used as a private destination for its guests.[4] This destination is now called Labadee. After a corporate restructuring in 1988, the line launched Sovereign of the Seas, the largest passenger vessel afloat at the time.[5] Two years later, Nordic Empress and Viking Serenade were also entered into their service line. In the same year, Royal Caribbean purchased a second private destination, Little Stirrup Cay, an island in the Bahamas, which they rechristened "Coco Cay".

Monarch of the Seas, the second ship of the Sovereign class, entered service the next year. The third ship of the Sovereign class, Majesty of the Seas, was delivered one year later. Royal Caribbean went public on the New York Stock Exchange in 1993. Over the next two years, the company experienced rapid growth, and it built a new corporate headquarters in Miami, Florida, and replaced the Nordic Prince with a new vessel, the Legend of the Seas.[6]

Following these events, two new Vision-class vessels entered service, the Splendour of the Seas and Grandeur of the Seas. In 1996, the company contracted with Finland's Aker Finnyards for the construction of 130,000-ton vessels and, in 1997, the line's oldest ship, Song of Norway, was sold and two new Vision-class ships entered service, Rhapsody of the Seas and Enchantment of the Seas. The company also merged with the Greek cruise line Celebrity Cruises and changed its name from "Royal Caribbean Cruise Line" to "Royal Caribbean International". The next year marked a transition to a more "strictly modern line", when the last of the company's older vessels, Song of America and Sun Viking, were retired. In 1998, Vision of the Seas came into service, the last of the Vision-class ships.

In 1999, the Voyager of the Seas, the line's newest and world's largest cruise ship entered service with much attention from the news media. Two years later, the line took delivery of a second Voyager-class ship, Explorer of the Seas, and the first of a new Radiance class of more environmentally friendly cruise liners, Radiance of the Seas.

In 2000, Royal Caribbean operated a series of land-and-sea-based "cruise tours" in Alaska, featuring glass-domed train cars to scenic destinations within the state and Canada. Over the next two years, they also introduced cruise tours to destinations throughout Europe.[7]

The Voyager-class Navigator of the Seas and the Radiance-class Brilliance of the Seas were put into service in 2002. Mariner of the Seas and Serenade of the Seas, another pair of Voyager and Radiance-class ships, were introduced the next year, and rock-climbing walls were made a feature of every Royal Caribbean ship that year. A fourth Radiance-class ship, Jewel of the Seas, followed in 2004, and the line's Nordic Empress was reconditioned and re-christened as Empress of the Seas, which was later sold to Pullmantur Cruises in 2008. In 2005, Enchantment of the Seas underwent a massive renovation including enlarging the ship with a 74-foot (23 m) midsection.

Construction commenced on Freedom of the Seas, the line's newest ship, at Aker Finnyards in 2005, and the vessel launched the next year as the largest passenger vessel in the world. Freedom of the Seas' sister ship, Liberty of the Seas, was launched in 2007, and Independence of the Seas was delivered in 2008.

An even larger class, the Oasis class, featuring Oasis of the Seas and Allure of the Seas, was launched in 2009 and 2010, guaranteeing Royal Caribbean the ship size lead for years to come. In December 2012, Royal Caribbean announced that they had ordered a third Oasis-class cruise ship from STX France, which would be larger than the previous ships in the class.[8] In March 2014 Royal Caribbean announced that they had ordered a fourth Oasis-Class ship from STX France.[9]

In February 2013, Royal Caribbean announced the first two ships of their newest Quantum class, Quantum of the Seas and Anthem of the Seas, which were being built at the Meyer Werft shipyard.[10][11][12] In May of that year, Royal Caribbean announced that they had signed a contract for a third Quantum-class ship for delivery in mid-2016.[13]

In September 2014, Royal Caribbean announced that the third Quantum-class ship would be named Ovation of the Seas,[14] and in February 2015 they announced that the third Oasis-class ship would be named Harmony of the Seas.[15]

In March 2015, Royal Caribbean announced that they had agreed to sell Splendour of the Seas to TUI Cruises in the second quarter of 2016.[16]

In June 2016, Royal Caribbean announced that they had agreed to sell Legend of the Seas to Thomson Cruises in the second quarter of 2017.[17]

The company lobbies in various jurisdictions in which it operates. In the United States of America, lobbying expenditure records are held by the Senate Office of Public Records.[18] In South Australia, the company is represented by lobbying company, Richardson Coutts Pty Ltd.[19]

In 2017, Royal Caribbean agreed to use Port Everglades as a preferred berth for its Oasis class ships.[20] The new agreement extended the past contract with Port Everglades until 2026, contingent upon a $100 million remodeling of Cruise Terminal 25, and approved by the Broward County Board of County Commissioners.[20]

Majesty of the Seas and Monarch of the Seas in Nassau, Bahamas
U.S. headquarters in Miami, Florida

On March 15, 2018, Royal Caribbean announced that they will conduct a huge renovation for their private island, Coco Cay, which is halfway done with parts opening in December 2018 and early to late 2019 with its first opening in May 2019 and its official opening with everything completed by November or December 2019.

Royal Caribbean cruise ships

Royal Caribbean's first ship, Song of Norway
Royal Caribbean's third ship, Sun Viking

Quantum class

The Quantum-class of ships debuted as the second largest class of cruise ships in the world. The Quantum-class ships were the first ships built for Royal Caribbean by Meyer Werft since the Radiance class and share many features with those ships, including indoor pools with retractable roofs, vast expanses of glass, outdoor seating in the "Windjammer" buffet, and self-leveling pool tables.[21][22] Other distinctive features of the Quantum-class include the "North Star" observation capsule mounted on the end of a 41-meter-long (135 ft) crane arm,[23] "RipCord by iFLY" a skydiving simulator,[24] the three-deck-high Two70° lounge and performance venue at the aft of the ship featuring panoramic windows that convert into projection screens,[25] and the multi-purpose SeaPlex facility which hosts activities such as basketball, roller skating, bumper cars, and a trapeze school.[26] The Quantum class was the first class designed specifically for Dynamic Dining, and feature several separate complementary dining facilities instead of a single main dining room.[27] Each venue will maintain the same menu and staff throughout the cruise.[28] Unlike the earlier Voyager, Freedom, and Oasis class, Quantum-class ships do not feature a Viking Crown Lounge or ice skating rink, and the Royal Promenade mall down the center of the ship is not featured in its traditional form.[29][30]

The first ship in the class, Quantum of the Seas debuted in 2014. A second ship Anthem of the Seas debuted in 2015, A third ship Ovation of the Seas, debuted in 2016. Spectrum of the Seas, the first ship in the Quantum-Ultra subclass, is planned for 2019,[31][32] and a fifth ship is planned for 2020[33].

Ship Year
built		 Gross
tonnage		 Berths
(double/max)		 Areas of operation Homeport(s) Notes Ship image
Ovation of the Seas[34]2016[35]168,666[36]4,180/4,905[13]Asia & Australia/New ZealandTianjin, China,
Sydney, Australia & Singapore		Will begin sailing out of Seattle, Washington in Spring, 2019[37]
Anthem of the Seas[38]2015168,666[39]4,180/4,905[39]Eastern/Southern Caribbean, Bahamas, Bermuda, New England/CanadaBayonne, New Jersey[40]
Quantum of the Seas[38]2014168,666[41] 4,180/4,905[41]AsiaShanghai, China[40][42]

Oasis class

The Oasis-class ships are the largest cruise ships ever built, having surpassed Freedom-class ships. They can accommodate up to 5,400 passengers at double occupancy and they have a maximum capacity of 6,296 passengers. Furthermore, the ships have a gross tonnage of at least 225,282 tons, and cost the line around US $1.4 billion each. The first two ships in the class, Oasis of the Seas and Allure of the Seas,[43][44] were delivered in 2009 and 2010 by STX Europe Turku Shipyard, Finland.[45] The third in the class, Harmony of the Seas, was delivered in 2016 by STX France at Chantiers de l'Atlantique shipyard in Saint-Nazaire, France, which also constructed the fourth ship, Symphony of the Seas.[46] Royal Caribbean International, in conjunction with USA Today, sponsored a contest to name the first two vessels.[43][47] [48]

Ship Year
built		 Gross
tonnage		 Berths
(double/max)		 Areas of operation Homeport Notes Ship image
Symphony of the Seas 2018 228,081[49] 5,518/6,680[49] Europe, Eastern/Western Caribbean Miami, Florida, Barcelona, Spain Became the largest cruise ship in the world upon debut
Harmony of the Seas[50]2016226,963[51]5,497/6,410[52]Eastern/Western CaribbeanPort Everglades, FloridaAwarded "Best New Cruise Ship" in Travel Weekly's 2016 Readers Choice Awards[53]
Allure of the Seas2010225,2825,492/6,410[54]Eastern/Western CaribbeanPort Everglades, Florida, Miami, Florida
Oasis of the Seas2009225,2825,400/6,360[55]Eastern/Western CaribbeanPort Canaveral, Florida

Freedom class

The Freedom-class ships are lengthened versions of the second-generation Voyager-class ship, and contain a 400-foot (120 m) Royal Promenade mall running much of the length of the ship, an ice skating rink, basketball court, several pools, a mini-golf course, and a rock wall. New features on the Freedom class include the FlowRider surfing simulator, the H2O Zone kids water play area, a boxing ring, and hot tubs cantilevered over the side of the ship. At 154,407 gross tons, the Freedom-class ships were the largest ships in the world from 2006, until the debut of the Oasis class in 2009.[56]

Ship Year
built		 Gross
tonnage		 Berths
(double/max)		 Areas of operation Homeport(s) Notes Ship image
Independence of the Seas2008154,407[56]3,634/4,375[57]Europe, Eastern/Western CaribbeanSouthampton, England & Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Liberty of the Seas2007155,889[58]3,798/4,960[59]CaribbeanGalveston, TX
Freedom of the Seas2006154,407[56]3,782/4,515[60]Southern CaribbeanSan Juan, Puerto Rico

Radiance class

All Radiance-class ships have a gross tonnage of 90,090 and environmentally friendlier gas turbine engines. The Radiance-class ships have over 3 acres (12,000 m2) of glass, glass exterior viewing elevators, over 700 balcony staterooms, two-level glass windowed dining rooms, alternative restaurants, a retractable glass roof over a pool, an outdoor pool, as well as the first self-leveling billiard tables at sea. The Radiance class ships were constructed at Meyer Werft, Papenburg, Germany. Unlike the preceding Voyager class, these ships are built to the Panamax form factor, allowing them to pass through the Panama Canal.

Ship Year
built		 Gross
tonnage		 Berths
(double/max)		 Areas of operation Homeport(s) Notes Ship image
Jewel of the Seas200490,090[56]2,112/2,502[61]Southern Caribbean, EuropeSan Juan, Puerto Rico &

Rome, Italy
Serenade of the Seas200390,090[56]2,146/2,476[62]Caribbean, North Sea, Canada/New EnglandPort Everglades, FL; Stockholm, Sweden; & Copenhagen, Denmark
Brilliance of the Seas200290,090[56]2,142/2,543[63]Southern/Western Caribbean, EuropeTampa, Florida; Barcelona, Spain; & Amsterdam, Netherlands
Radiance of the Seas200190,090[56]2,143/2,466[64]Alaska, Australia/New Zealand/South PacificVancouver, BC; New Zealand; & Sydney, Australia

Voyager class

The sixth largest passenger ships at sea (Royal Caribbean's own Oasis, Quantum and Freedom classes, Norwegian Cruise Line's Norwegian Epic and Cunard's Queen Mary 2), the Voyager-class ships were the largest class of cruise ships in the world when constructed and were the first ships to have an ice rink at sea and the first to have Royal Caribbean's "Royal Promenade" mall concept, a main thoroughfare extending most of the length of the ship, flanked by bars, cafes, and shopping venues. They were built at Kvaerner Masa-Yards' (now STX Europe) facility in Turku, Finland. They have a gross tonnage of around 137,000 tonnes. These ships include a 350-foot (110 m) indoor mall known as the Royal Promenade, featuring indoor pubs, shops, cafes, and bars. Activity options on all five ships board include a basketball court, at least 3 pools, a mini-golf course, a rock wall, an ice skating rink and, originally, an inline skating track. Navigator of the Seas replaced the inline skating track with a Flowrider surf simulator in 2014, and similar upgrades are planned for Voyager and Explorer.[65]

Navigator of the Seas and Mariner of the Seas are second-generation Voyager-class vessels, and feature glass stateroom balconies that extend out from the superstructure of the ship and a larger Windjammer buffet area.

Ship Year
built		 Gross
tonnage		 Berths
(double/max)		 Areas of operation Homeport(s) Notes Ship image
Mariner of the Seas2003138,279[56]3,114/3,807[66]CaribbeanMiami, Florida
Navigator of the Seas2002139,570[67]3,686/3,990[68]Mediterranean, Northern Europe, CaribbeanSouthampton, England & Miami, Florida;
Adventure of the Seas2001137,276[56]3,114/3,807[69]Southern CaribbeanSan Juan, Puerto Rico & Bayonne, New Jersey (Summer 2018)[70]
Explorer of the Seas2000137,308[56]3,114/3,840[71]Alaska, South SeaSeattle, WA & Sydney, Australia
Voyager of the Seas1999137,276[56]3,114/3,840[72]Asia, AustraliaSingapore; Sydney, Australia & Shenzhen, China

Vision class

Technically speaking, the Vision class consists of three pairs of sister ships and is not a "class" of ships like the Radiance, Freedom, Voyager, Quantum, and Oasis classes. Legend and Splendour, built at Chantiers de l'Atlantique, Saint-Nazaire, France have a gross tonnage of approximately 70,000 and are the only ones which have a golf course. Grandeur and Enchantment were built at Kvaerner Masa-Yards, Helsinki, Finland and had an original tonnage of approximately 73,000 GT. The final pair, Rhapsody and Vision were also built at Chantiers de l'Atlantique, and have a tonnage of 78,000 GT. In 2005, a 74-foot (23 m) midsection was added to Enchantment of the Seas, bringing its tonnage to over 80,000 GT. All ships of this class feature over 2 acres (8,100 m2) of glass. Royal Caribbean sold both Splendour of the Seas and Legend of the Seas to Thomson Cruises. Splendour of the Seas last sailed for Royal Caribbean on April 4, 2016, and the final Legend of the Seas sailing for Royal Caribbean left port on March 13, 2017.[73][74]

Ship Year
built		 Gross
tonnage		 Berths
(double/max)		 Areas of operation Homeport(s) Notes Ship image
Vision of the Seas199878,340[56]2,050/2,514[75]Caribbean, EuropeGalveston, Texas; New Orleans, Louisiana; Amsterdam, Netherlands; & Barcelona, Spain
Enchantment of the Seas199782,910[56]2,252/2,730[76]Bahamas, CaribbeanPort Canaveral, Florida, Galveston, Texas
Rhapsody of the Seas199778,491[56]1,998/2,416[77]Caribbean, EuropeTampa, Florida & Venice, Italy
Grandeur of the Seas199673,817[56]1,992/2,440[78]Southern/Eastern/Western Caribbean, Bermuda, Canada/New EnglandBaltimore, MDSuffered an engine room fire.

Sovereign class

At approximately 73,000 GT, these were described as the first "mega-ships" in the industry (with the exception of the SS Norway, an ocean liner converted into a cruise ship) built at the Chantiers de l'Atlantique shipyard in Saint-Nazaire, France. The first one, Sovereign of the Seas, was launched in 1988. The Sovereign-class ships were the first cruise ships to have an open atrium area.[79] Like larger Royal Caribbean ships, the Sovereign-class ships have pools, open bars and lounges inside, and grand theaters.

Both Sovereign of the Seas and Monarch of the Seas were transferred to the fleet of Pullmantur Cruises in October 2008 and April 2013, respectively.[80][81][82] Plans to transfer Majesty of the Seas to Pullmantur in 2016 were announced in November 2014, but Royal Caribbean reversed those plans in July 2015, instead stating that Majesty of the Seas would stay with Royal Caribbean International.[83]

Ship Year
built		 Gross
tonnage		 Berths
(double/max)		 Areas of operation Homeport(s) Notes Ship image
Majesty of the Seas199274,007[56]2,350/2,767[84]Bahamas, CubaPort Canaveral, Florida

Empress class

Ship Year
built		 Gross
tonnage		 Berths
(double/max)		 Areas of operation Homeport(s) Notes Ship image
Empress of the Seas199048,5631,840Bahamas, Caribbean, CubaMiami, FloridaSailed for Pullmantur Cruises as Empress from 2008 to 2016.

Future fleet

Ship Class Estimated in-service date Current status Berths
(double/max)		 Gross
tonnage		 Planned home port(s) Notes Ship image
Spectrum of the SeasQuantum Ultra Class[85]2019Under construction as of 14 September 2018[32]4,200168,800TBA1st Quantum Ultra-class cruise ship
TBAQuantum class2020Agreement signed
3 November 2015		TBATBATBA5th Quantum-class cruise ship[86]
TBAOasis class2021Agreement signed
25 May 2016		TBATBATBA5th Oasis-class cruise ship[87]
TBAProject Icon2022Agreement signed
10 October 2016		5,000200,000TBA1st LNG powered Project Icon cruise ship[88]
TBAProject Icon2024Agreement signed
10 October 2016		5,000200,000TBA2nd LNG powered Project Icon cruise ship[88]

Former fleet

Former RCI ships no longer in the fleet
Ship Class In Service for Royal Caribbean International Current Status
(as of 2018)		 Current
Home Port(s)		 Gross tonnage Notes Ship image
Song of NorwaySong of Norway class1970–1997Scrapped in 2013 as the Formosa Queen.[89]22,945
Nordic PrinceSong of Norway class1971–1995Scrapped in 2015 as the Pacific[90]23,149
Sun VikingSong of Norway class1972–1998Operating as floating casino Oriental Dragon for Oceanic Group Intl.Hong Kong16,607
Song of AmericaSong of America class1982–1999Operating as the Celestyal Olympia for Celestyal CruisesAthens, Greece/
Kuşadası, Turkey		37,584
Viking Serenade1990–2002 (built 1982)Scrapped in 2018 as the Ocean Gala.[91]40,171Transferred from Royal Caribbean's subsidiary Admiral Cruises in 1990.
Sovereign of the SeasSovereign class1988–2008Operating as the Sovereign for Pullmantur CruisesBarcelona, Spain/
Rome, Italy/
Genoa, Italy		73,192
Monarch of the SeasSovereign class1991–2013Operating as the Monarch for Pullmantur CruisesCaracas, Venezuela/
Colón, Panama/
Cartagena, Colombia/
Aruba		73,192
Splendour of the SeasVision class1996–2016Operating as the Marella Discovery for Marella CruisesPalma, Majorca/
Bridgetown, Barbados[92]		69,130[56][93]
Legend of the SeasVision class1995–2017Operating as the Marella Discovery 2 with Marella CruisesMálaga, Spain, Montego Bay, Jamaica69,130[56]

Ship amenities

In August 2014, the line added amenities meant to be available on all ships in the Royal Caribbean fleet. These covered in-cabin improvements, entertainment and exercise facilities and redesigned restaurants. In addition there is a special activity programme, Ocean Adventure, for children. All ships have WiFi internet access available.[94][95] All ships except for Majesty of the Seas have a concierge lounge for guests staying in suites and Crown and Anchor Diamond-Plus-level members.

Other amenities that are not specific to one specific ship or class of ship are shown below as of 16 June 2018, amenities in italics are available to all guests.[96]

Class ShipOutdoor poolsIndoor poolsHot tubsFlow- ridersAdult-only SolariumChild water play area Full-size water slidesMini golfIce rinkRoyal PromenadeSuite Lounge / Concierge LoungeDiamond ClubNurseryDream Works ExperienceNight clubVirtual balcony staterooms Solo staterooms[97]
Quantum Quantum of the Seas2241Concierge Lounge
Anthem of the Seas2261Concierge Lounge
Ovation of the Seas2261Concierge Lounge
Oasis Oasis of the Seas[98][99]6102Suite Lounge
Allure of the Seas[99]6102Suite Lounge
Harmony of the Seas[100]61023Suite Lounge
Symphony of the Seas61023Suite Lounge
Freedom Freedom of the Seas[101]371Concierge Lounge
Liberty of the Seas3713Suite Lounge
Independence of the Seas3712Suite Lounge
Radiance Radiance of the Seas113Concierge Lounge
Brilliance of the Seas113Concierge Lounge
Serenade of the Seas113Concierge Lounge
Jewel of the Seas[102]113Concierge Lounge
Voyager Voyager of the Seas[96][103]371Concierge Lounge
Explorer of the Seas[65][96]371Concierge Lounge
Adventure of the Seas[104]3712Suite Lounge
Navigator of the Seas371Concierge Lounge
Mariner of the Seas3712Suite Lounge
Vision Grandeur of the Seas216Concierge Lounge
Rhapsody of the Seas116Concierge Lounge
Enchantment of the Seas216Concierge Lounge
Vision of the Seas116Concierge Lounge
Sovereign Majesty of the Seas[105][106]22
Empress Empress of the Seas[107]23
Class ShipDynamic DiningPark CaféDog HouseJohnny RocketsBen & Jerry'sCupcake CupboardItalian restaurantChops GrilleIzumi Asian CuisineMexican restaurantSamba GrillChef's TableGastropubR BarCoke Free- styleVintages Wine bar
Quantum Quantum of the Seas[108]Café@Two70°Jamie's ItalianHarp & Horn
Anthem of the SeasCafé@Two70°Jamie's ItalianBrass & Bock
Ovation of the SeasCafé@Two70°Jamie's ItalianAmber & Oak
Oasis Oasis of the Seas[98][99]Cups & ScoopsCups & ScoopsGiovanni's TableSabor
Allure of the Seas[99]Cups & ScoopsCups & ScoopsGiovanni's TableSabor
Harmony of the Seas[100]Jamie's ItalianSabor
Symphony of the Seas[100]Jamie's ItalianEl Loco Fresh
Freedom Freedom of the Seas[101]Giovanni's TableSabor
Liberty of the Seas[109]Giovanni's TableSabor
Independence of the SeasGiovanni's Table
Radiance Radiance of the SeasGiovanni's TableRita's Cantina
Brilliance of the SeasGiovanni's TableRita's Cantina
Serenade of the SeasGiovanni's TableRita's Cantina
Jewel of the Seas[102]Giovanni's Table
Voyager Voyager of the Seas[96][103]Giovanni's TableThe Tavern
Explorer of the Seas[65][96]Giovanni's TableThe Tavern
Adventure of the Seas[104]in Café PromenadeGiovanni's Table
Navigator of the Seasin Café PromenadeGiovanni's TableSabor
Mariner of the SeasJamie's Italian
Vision Grandeur of the SeasGiovanni's Table
Rhapsody of the SeasGiovanni's Table
Enchantment of the Seas
Vision of the SeasGiovanni's Table
Sovereign Majesty of the Seas[105]
Empress Empress of the Seas[107]

Royal Promenade

The Voyager-class, Freedom-class, and Oasis-class ships feature the Royal Promenade, a centerline promenade in a long multi-deck atrium featuring a pedestrian mall with shops and restaurants. At night, the promenades are used as entertainment venues, hosting dance parties and parades.[110] The upper levels on the Royal Promenade are home to "Promenade Staterooms" that feature a window overlooking the promenade. The Royal Promenades on the Voyager-class and Freedom-class ships are 390 feet (118.9 m) and 400 feet (121.9 m) long, respectively, and are 4 decks high.[111][112] The Royal Promenades on the Oasis-class ships are only 3 decks high but are twice as wide and feature a mezzanine level.[110] The Quantum class does not feature a Royal Promenade, but instead features a 2-deck-high "Royal Esplanade" shopping area that does not have any overlooking cabins.[113]

Ship dining

In 2014 and 2015, Royal Caribbean introduced their new Dynamic Dining concept to replace the Main Dining Room on the Quantum-class ships.[98][99] Ships with Dynamic Dining do not feature a main dining room.[114] Instead, these ships feature several complimentary table service restaurants with their own theme and menu: "American Icon Grill", "The Grande", "Silk", and "Chic". Guests staying in suites also have access to the complimentary "Coastal Kitchen" restaurant. Similar to the Freestyle concept used on Norwegian Cruise Line, guests make reservations for their choice of restaurant for each night in advance,[27] and each venue will maintain the same menu and staff throughout the cruise.[28] On Anthem of the Seas, a "Dynamic Dining Classic" option allows guests rotate between restaurants but keep the same tablemates, waiter, and assistant waiter from night to night (similar to rotational dining on Disney Cruise Line).[115] On 27 November 2016 "Dynamic Dining Classic" was discontinued and replaced with "My Time Dining". The Grande and Chic restaurants serve Traditional Dining and the Silk and American Icon restaurants serve Flexibile Dining.[116]

Royal Caribbean had planned to extend dynamic dining to Oasis-class ships as well. During drydock refurbishment in 2014 and 2015, signage and décor was installed on the three levels of the main dining rooms of Oasis of the Seas and Allure of the Seas to prepare them to function as separate "American Icon Grill", "The Grande", and "Silk" restaurants, although the three levels continued to operate as a single dining room.[117] The "Coastal Kitchen" restaurant was also installed on both ships for suite guests. However, on 15 July 2015, Royal Caribbean announced that dynamic dining would not be rolled out on the Oasis-class ships or any other ship classes not specifically designed for it.[118] They also clarified that the upcoming Harmony of the Seas will debut with the traditional and "My Time Dining" options.[118]

Private resorts

Royal Caribbean operates two privately owned resorts that are used as stops on some Caribbean and Bahamas itineraries. They are Labadee, a resort on the northern coast of Haiti; and Coco Cay, a private island in the Berry Islands region of the Bahamas. Each resort features canopies for eating, lounge chairs, palm trees, white sand beaches, and a number of activities.

Later, the company intends to open the Perfect Day Islands in Labadee, Haiti and ports in Asia and Australia.[119]

Ports of call

Royal Caribbean operates internationally and has many ports of call.

Domestic Ports

Domestic ports for Royal Caribbean include Port Evergaldes in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, Cape Liberty Cruise Port, Honolulu Harbor, PortMiami, the Port of Seattle, the Port of Galveston in Galveston, Texas, the Port of Los Angeles, the Port of New Orleans, the Port of San Diego, the Port of Seward in Seward, Alaska, the Port of Baltimore, the Port of Boston, Port Canaveral in Cape Canaveral, Florida, and Port Tampa Bay in Tampa, Florida.[120]

International ports

Among these are the Port of Amsterdam, the Port of Barcelona, the Port of Quebec, the Port of Shenzhen, the Port of Stockholm, the Port of Vancouver, the Port of Auckland, the Port of Beijing, the Port of Civitavecchia, the Port of Singapore, the Port of Sydney, the Port of Venice, the Port of Copenhagen, the Port of Hong Kong, the Port of Melbourne, the Port of San Juan, the Port of Shanghai, and the Port of Southampton.[120]

Economic impact

Cruise operators represent a large percentage of business and expenses at homeports and ports-of-call.[121] With large crew and passenger populations per trip, expenses at homeports can be difficult to track and are generally underestimated.[121] According to the Florida-Caribbean Cruise Association, during the 2005-2006 cruise years, passengers spent approximately $98.01 per person at the port-of-call, and crew members spent approximately $74.56 per person per port-of-call.[121] Each new ship represents a large economic impact and investment of US dollars. Adding approximately $66 billion per ship.[121]

Influence on the Caribbean

The Caribbean region is considered the most preferred cruise destination, bringing more than $7 billion to the State of Florida.[122] Industries that benefit most from Royal Caribbean's presence in Florida include Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport, Miami International Airport, and Palm Beach International Airport.[123] Rodeway Inn & Suites Port Everglades Airport Cruiseport hotel, as well as restaurants, agencies, and many other businesses.[123] Food processors, electrical and nonelectrical machinery manufacturers, and advertising agencies also benefit.[122]

Awards

Recent Travel awards include

Controversies

As of 2008, Royal Caribbean had 22% of the market share in cruise line operation. Cruise line operators are criticized for using this large economic impact to cut deals with home ports, ports of call, and agencies.[125]

Norovirus outbreaks

In January 2014, an outbreak of norovirus aboard the Explorer of the Seas sickened 689 of 4,237 passengers and crew (16.3%), causing the ship to return to port two days early.[126][127] The outbreak reportedly marked the greatest number of cases of illness aboard a cruise ship in two decades,[128] barely exceeding a 2006 outbreak aboard the Carnival Cruise Lines' Carnival Liberty that sickened 679 of 3,970 passengers and crew (17.1%).[129] Royal Caribbean offered all passengers aboard that cruise a 50% refund of their cruise fare, an additional 50% (plus 10% for each day sick passengers were quarantined) of their cruise fare as a credit towards another cruise, and reimbursed extra travel expenses for guests returning home early.[130]

Docking in Haiti

In the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, Royal Caribbean continued docking cruise ships at the Labadee resort, located approximately 60 miles from the epicenter of the earthquake, during the ongoing humanitarian crisis. The ships provided a source of income to the devastated Haitian economy and delivered valuable relief supplies to the affected. Furthermore, the company promised to donate all proceeds from the visit to help the earthquake victims. Most passengers on board understood this, although some were "sickened" by the company's decision to dock in Haiti. Associate vice president John Weis defended the company's decision by stating that the company had "tremendous opportunities to use our ships as transport vessels for relief supplies and personnel to Haiti…. Simply put, we cannot abandon Haiti now that they need us most." The Labadee resort is leased to Royal Caribbean by the Government of Haiti.[131][132]

George Allen Smith case

On 5 July 2005, passengers on board the Brilliance of the Seas reported what appeared to be blood on a part of the ship below the passenger balconies. After a search, George Allen Smith was discovered to be missing and thought to have fallen overboard. A criminal investigation into possible foul play was conducted, and a brief press release on the company's investor relations website announced the settlement of the case,[133] later revealed to be more than $1 million.[134]

Environmental record

In 1998 and 1999, the company was fined US$9 million because one of its ships, the Sovereign of the Seas, had repeatedly dumped oily waste into the ocean and tried to hide this using false records, including fake piping diagrams given to the US Coast Guard. Because the company was and is incorporated in Liberia, Royal Caribbean argued that this case was not in the jurisdiction of US courts. Despite their argument, they were unsuccessful.[135]

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