Ronald Lauder

Ronald Lauder
Ronald S. Lauder (September 2014)
President of the World Jewish Congress
Assumed office
June 10, 2007
Preceded by Edgar Bronfman, Sr.
United States Ambassador to Austria
In office
April 16, 1986 – October 27, 1987
President Ronald Reagan
Preceded by Helene A. von Damm
Succeeded by Henry Anatole Grunwald
Personal details
Born Ronald Steven Lauder
(1944-02-26) February 26, 1944
New York City, New York, United States
Nationality United States
Political party Republican
Spouse(s) Jo Carole Knopf
Children Jane Lauder Warsh
Aerin Lauder Zinterhofer
Parents Estée Lauder
Joseph Lauder
Relatives Leonard Lauder
(brother)
Alma mater The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania (BS)
Occupation Chairman Emeritus of Estée Lauder Companies
Net worth Increase US$3.7 billion (September 2013)[1]

Ronald Steven Lauder (born February 26, 1944) is an American businessman, art collector, and political activist. He is an heir to the Estée Lauder Companies, and the president of the World Jewish Congress.

Early life and education

Lauder was born in New York City, the son of Estée Lauder and Joseph Lauder, founders of Estée Lauder Companies. He is the younger brother of Leonard Lauder, chairman of the board of the Estée Lauder Companies. The boys were raised Jewish.

He attended the Bronx High School of Science and holds a bachelor's degree in International Business from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. He studied at the University of Paris, and received a Certificate in International Business from the University of Brussels.

Career

Lauder started to work for the Estée Lauder Company in 1964. In 1984, he became a Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for European and NATO policy at the United States Department of Defense.

In 1986, Ronald Reagan named him as the United States Ambassador to Austria, a position he held until 1987. As ambassador, he fired diplomatic officer Felix Bloch, who later became known in connection with the Robert Hanssen espionage case.[2]

As a Republican, he made a bid to become the mayor of New York City in 1989, losing to Rudy Giuliani in the Republican primary. Michael Massing, writing of this nomination race, notes that politically Lauder 'seemed out of step with most American Jews; ... he ran to the right of Rudolph Giuliani. And, on Israeli issues, he was a vocal supporter of the Likud party, with long-standing ties to Benjamin Netanyahu."[3]

In 1998, Lauder was asked by Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to begin Track II negotiations with Syrian leader Hafez al-Assad; these negotiations continued after the election of Ehud Barak to the post. Lauder communicated a new-found willingness on Assad's part to make compromises with the Israelis in an overall land for peace deal, and his draft "Treaty of Peace Between Israel and Syria" formed an important part of the (ultimately fruitless) Israeli-Syrian negotiations that occurred in January 2000 in Shepherdstown, West Virginia.[4]

Lauder manages investments in real estate and media, including Central European Media Enterprises and Israeli TV. In 2010, Lauder founded RWL Water, LLC.

Civic and philanthropic activities

Lauder is actively involved in numerous civic organizations, including the Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations, the Jewish National Fund, the World Jewish Congress, the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, the Anti-Defamation League, the Jewish Theological Seminary, Brandeis University, and the Abraham Fund. With his brother he founded the Lauder Institute at Wharton School. Lauder has also served as a finance chairman of the New York Republican State Committee.

In 2003, Lauder founded and became a president of Lauder Business School in Vienna, Austria.

Lauder led a movement to introduce term limits in the New York City Council, which were subsequently imposed on most NYC elected officials, including the Mayor and City Council, after a citywide referendum in 1993. In 1996, voters turned down a council proposal to extend term limits. Lauder spent $4 million on the two referendums. He has been involved in environmental conservation efforts in eastern Long Island and has served on the board of directors of the conservation organization Group for the East End since 2002.

Art

On November 16, 2001, Lauder opened the Neue Galerie in New York, an art museum across the street from the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The Neue Galerie is dedicated to art from Germany and Austria from the early 20th century. It holds one of the best collections of works by Egon Schiele in the world.

On June 18, 2006, he purchased from Maria Altmann and her family, the painting Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I by Gustav Klimt for $135 million, the highest price ever paid for a painting at that time. Lauder called the painting "Our Mona Lisa". He reportedly saw Klimt's portrait as a youth in Vienna and had admired it since.[5][6] The painting, a Nazi-looted art piece which had just been restored to Altmann following years of negotiation and litigation with the Austrian government, now forms the centerpiece of the museum's collection.

Lauder also has the world's largest private collection of medieval and Renaissance armor.

Lauder has been instrumental in a number of cases in recovering "lost" art from the Nazi period.[7] He has been criticized for failure to resolve a case involving the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), which in 1997 exhibited some paintings owned by Rudolph Leopold, a Viennese doctor and art collector. An investigative article in The New York Times on December 24, 1997 – "A Singular Passion for Amassing Art, One Way or Another" – outlined a case involving Portrait of Wally by Egon Schiele, which was in the MoMA exhibition but was obtained by Leopold soon after the Nazi era. The New York County District Attorney (Manhattan) stepped in to help restore the piece to descendants of its original owner, but ownership of the painting is still in contention, nearly ten years later. Lauder has been accused of a failure to act on the case, despite being MoMA chairman at the time.[8]

Lauder is an honorary trustee of the World Monuments Fund, a New York-based non-profit with the mission of protecting endangered cultural heritage sites around the world.

Ronald S. Lauder Foundation

In 1987, Lauder established the Ronald S. Lauder Foundation, a philanthropic organization that is dedicated to rebuilding Jewish life in Central and Eastern Europe.[9] The foundation also supports student exchange programs between New York and various capitals in Central and Eastern Europe.

Alzheimer's Research

In 1998, Lauder co-founded the Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation with his brother, Leonard A. Lauder.[10] Its mission it to "rapidly accelerate the discovery of drugs to prevent, treat and cure Alzheimer's disease.[11]" Ronald continues as the Foundation's co-chairman.

President of the World Jewish Congress

Lauder with German leaders at a rally against anti-Semitism in Berlin, September 14, 2014. Left to right: Cardinal Reinhard Marx, Protestant Church leader Nikolaus Schneider, Ronald S. Lauder, German Federal President Joachim Gauck, Central Council of Jews in Germany President Dieter Graumann, German Federal Chancellor Angela Merkel.

Lauder was elected president of the World Jewish Congress on June 10, 2007,[12] following the resignation of Edgar Bronfman, Sr.. He beat the South African businessman Mendel Kaplan and Einat Wilf of Israel by a clear margin. As head of the international Jewish umbrella organization, he has met with a number of heads of state and government, including German Chancellor Angela Merkel, Pope Benedict XVI, Italian President Giorgio Napolitano, Austrian Chancellor Alfred Gusenbauer, Czech President Václav Klaus, Hungarian Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány, King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia, King Abdullah of Jordan, Swiss President Pascal Couchepin, Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez and Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto.

President George W. Bush appointed him to serve on the honorary delegation to accompany him to Jerusalem for the celebration of the 60th anniversary of the State of Israel in May 2008.[13]

Lauder condemned the persecution of Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar. He said in a statement that "The World Jewish Congress is extremely concerned by the plight of the Rohingya minority in Myanmar, who has suffered widespread persecution for years under the ruling military government and has been forced to flee in the hundreds of thousands in the past two weeks alone."[14]

Jewish activism

In July 2009, Bernie Ecclestone faced calls from Lauder to resign as Formula One chief after he had praised Adolf Hitler in a newspaper interview and said that Hitler "got things done". Lauder said someone with Ecclestone's views should not be allowed to run such an important and popular racing series. He urged Formula One teams, drivers and host countries to suspend their cooperation with him. In reaction, Ecclestone told the news agency Associated Press that "I think the people who are saying that haven't got the power to say these things." Asked if the World Jewish Congress was influential, Ecclestone said: "It's a pity they didn't sort the banks out" and "They have a lot of influence everywhere". After a public outcry, Ecclestone apologized for his remarks and said he had "been an idiot".[15][16][17]

In December 2009, Lauder protested against the Roman Curia's decree recognizing the heroic virtues of Pope Pius XII, asserting that an eventual beatification would be inopportune until the Holy See's historical archives from the 1939–1945 period were opened.[18]

In 2011, writing in the German newspaper Die Welt,[19] Lauder called for Israel to be admitted into the Western defense alliance NATO: "Israel needs real guarantees for its security. European NATO member states – including Turkey – must admit the state of Israel into the Western alliance," the WJC president wrote. He referred to the uprisings in Egypt and Tunisia and said they were reminders of how "unpredictable" developments in the Middle East were. Israeli NATO membership "would send a strong signal to other countries not to take on Israel", Lauder argued.[20]

Lauder addressing a World Jewish Congress meeting in Berlin

Lauder has also been outspoken on anti-Semitism. In an opinion article entitled "Sweden's Shame", he attacked the Swedish government, church officials and media for "fanning the flames" of hatred against Jews.[21]

In May 2012, Lauder condemned as "despicable" remarks made by the Norwegian sociologist Johan Galtung who had "revived anti-Semitic canards such as Jewish control of the media" and suggested that Israel's Mossad could have been behind the 2011 "massacres in Norway committed by Anders Breivik" in which 77 people died. Lauder declared: "There is a growing tendency to blame the Jews for all evil that happens under the sun. It is a scandal that a leading academics such as Galtung does not shy away from citing notorious forgeries such as the Protocols of the Elders of Zion to support his bigoted arguments."[22]

In August 2012, Lauder criticized Austrian politicians for failing to publicly denounce the leader of the third-largest political party in the country, the FPÖ, Heinz-Christian Strache, who had posted an anti-Semitic cartoon on his Facebook page. "Clearly, and not for the first time, the FPÖ leader is trying to whip up anti-Semitic sentiment. His repeated denials are not credible because his words and actions speak for themselves," Ronald Lauder said in a statement, adding: "This scandal shows that anti-Jewish resentment is still widespread, and unscrupulous politicians are allowed to exploit it for electioneering purposes. That is mind-boggling, and it could have negative repercussions for Austrian Jews."[23]

Lauder has been strongly critical of business deals by European energy firms with Iran and called for stronger UN sanctions because of Tehran's threat against Israel and its nuclear program. In April 2008, he criticized a visit by Swiss Foreign Minister Micheline Calmy-Rey to Tehran where she met with Iran's President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad to help a Swiss company secure a multibillion-dollar contract to buy natural gas from Iran. Lauder told a press conference in Bern: "Maybe that money that Switzerland is paying to Iran will some day be used to either buy weapons to kill Israelis, or buy weapons to kill Americans, or buy missiles to be able to deliver nuclear weapons."[24] Lauder also led diplomatic efforts to persuade European businesses to withdraw from Iran. In January 2010, he warmly welcomed the announcement by Siemens CEO Peter Löscher that his company would not seek new business in Iran.[25]

In February 2018, the Polish Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki stated that "there were Jewish perpetrators" of the Holocaust, "not only German perpetrators."[26] Lauder condemned Morawiecki's comment as anti-Semitic, saying: "The Polish prime minister [Morawiecki] has displayed appalling ignorance with his unconscionable claim that so-called 'Jewish perpetrators' were partly responsible for the Nazi German attempt to wipe out European Jewry...this government is going to extreme and unfathomable lengths to exonerate some of their countrymen's own complicity in the murders of their neighbors. This is nothing short of an attempt to falsify history, that is one of the very worst forms of anti-Semitism and Holocaust obfuscation. We demand an immediate retraction and apology from the Polish government of these absurd and offensive remarks.".[27]

On 19 April 2018, Ronald Lauder together with international guests took part in official 75th anniversary of the outbreak of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in Poland. Lauder made a long speech near the front of the Monument to the Ghetto Heroes in Warsaw and said:

We are standing here in a modern day Masada. Here in this former Warsaw Ghetto area the current ground is about 120 cm above prewar ground, above the rubble, bones and bodies of the heroes. This is holy ground. Every one here today should use these brave young Warsaw Ghetto fighters as an inspiration we will face all challenges ahead. We should learn strength and courage. I know I do. We also know that the death camps were designed, maintained and staffed by German SS troops. Jews, Christians and others were murdered there. Throughout Europe and in Poland there were also brave non-Jews [Righteous Among the Nations] who risked their lives and saved Jewish lives and were also people who betrayed Jews and sold their property. There was another chapter of great heroism written in Warsaw, here that we must also remember. Just one year after the small band of Polish Jews rose up against the Germans [Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 1943], the entire Polish underground fought the German Nazis in one of the most brutal battle of the world [Non-Jewish but Polish Warsaw Uprising in 1944] and we must honor these great fighters as well in 1944. May God bless the memory of the valiant Polish Jews who fought and died here in the Warsaw Ghetto. May God bless the memory of the valiant Polish Catholics who fought and died here. May God bless all the Jewish people worldwide and all the Polish people. We will fight together against any oppressor who want to destroy our world. God bless Poland![28]

Anti-Muslim activism

In 2018, OpenSecrets reported that Lauder had donated $1.1 Million to Secure America Now. The organization spent millions on targeted campaign ads predicting a Muslim takeover of the United States - pushing an islamaphobia agenda.[29][30]

Israel activism

Lauder has repeatedly come to the defense of Israel in public and is seen as an ally of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. In May 2012, he reacted "with dismay" at a suggestion by Ireland's Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Eamon Gilmore to impose a European Union-wide import ban on products made in Israeli settlements in the West Bank, which Gilmore said were "illegal" and made peace between Israel and the Palestinians "impossible". Lauder said: "Such boycott calls are cynical and hypocritical. Minister Gilmore is taking aim at the only liberal democracy in the Middle East while keeping quiet about those who really wreak havoc in the region: the Assads, Ahmadinejads and their allies Hezbollah and Hamas." He added that "the West Bank territories are legally disputed and not illegally occupied."[31]

In remarks to the International Council of Jewish Parliamentarians made on June 28, 2011, Lauder reportedly scolded Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu for a number of missteps, including lacking a diplomatic plan heading into the September UN vote on Palestinian statehood and setting preconditions for negotiations as part of the Israeli–Palestinian peace process, according to Haaretz.[32] However, in June 2012, on the third anniversary of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's speech at Bar-Ilan University, Lauder published a full-page advertisement in The Wall Street Journal and other newspapers in which he called on Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas to return to the negotiating table. "Accept the offer to talk, President Abbas. It takes two sides to make peace," Lauder wrote.[33]

Channel 10

Lauder has participated in a number of large media deals in Israel, among which was his purchase of part of commercial television Channel 10.

In September 2011, Israeli media published accounts that Lauder had put heavy pressure on the executives of the channel to broadcast a personal apology to the businessman Sheldon Adelson with regards to a profile that the channel had broadcast in January 2011. The apology read, "After the broadcast of the piece, we checked the accusations. Our checks revealed that the accusations were – and are – completely false... We are very regretful that we did not check these accusations before broadcasting them." Lauder's forcing of the form of the apology led to the resignation of the channel's news chief Reudor Benziman, its news editor Ruti Yuval, and its presenter Guy Zohar (who continues in another post in Channel 10), who criticized Lauder for the pressure he exerted.[34][35] Because of the attacks, detailed above, on Lauder (who had been until then the last major funder of the channel), he decided to reconsider his financial support. If the channel lost his funding, it would have difficulty continuing to operate to its current standard past October 2011.[36]

On November 3, 2011, The Second Authority for Television and Radio reached a decision on the issue in which it decided that the apology to Adelson broadcast by the channel was appropriate and that "no evidence has been presented that there was any intervention by the shareholders of Channel 10 on new content, or even on the text of the apology, which was agreed between the news company and the person injured by the broadcast".[37]

Accusations by Austrian Jewish community leader

The Israelitische Kultusgemeinde Wien (Vienna Israelite Community) banned Lauder for allegedly interfering in its board elections.[38] IKG President Oskar Deutsch alleged that Lauder had offered incentives to members of the IKG to support another candidate. A Lauder spokesman denied the allegations.[39] In January 2013, it was reported that Deutsch and Lauder had resolved their dispute.[40]

Residences

A 2007 profile of Lauder in The New Yorker magazine detailed his residences, including three properties in Manhattan – a townhouse on East 70th Street, a townhouse (designed by Philip Johnson) on East 52nd Street, as well as an apartment at 740 Park Avenue. The profile additionally listed homes in Florida, London, Paris, and Wainscott, Long Island.[41]

Personal life

He is married to Jo Carole (Knopf) Lauder.[42][43][44] They have two children, Aerin and Jane.

His daughter Jane is married to Kevin Warsh, a former member of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors.[45]

Honors

See also

References

  1. ↑ Forbes The World's Billionaires: Ronald Lauder September 2013
  2. ↑ "Just Who Was Our Envoy to Vienna?". The New York Times. July 27, 1989. Retrieved February 28, 2009.
  3. ↑ Massing, Michael (March 2001). "Deal Breakers". The American Prospect.
  4. ↑ Indyk, Martin (2009). Innocent Abroad: An Intimate Account of American Peace Diplomacy in the Middle East. Simon & Schuster.
  5. ↑ Vogel, Carol (June 19, 2006). "Lauder Pays $135 Million, a Record, for a Klimt Portrait". The New York Times. Retrieved June 23, 2016.
  6. ↑ "Klimt Painting Sells for Record Amount". Los Angeles Times.
  7. ↑ "Testimony of Ronald S. Lauder, Chairman, Commission for Art Recovery, World Jewish Congress, Before The House Committee on Banking and Financial Services, February 10, 2000". Archived from the original on June 2, 2006. Retrieved June 20, 2006. . financialservices.house.gov
  8. ↑ Dobrzynski, Judith H. (January 25, 1998) "Man in the Middle of the Schiele Case". The New York Times.
  9. ↑ "Our President". lauderfoundation.com. Retrieved 2017-09-27.
  10. ↑ The Estée Lauder Companies. "Ronald S. Lauder Biography" (PDF). The Estée Lauder Companies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-06-22. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
  11. ↑ "About Us | Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation". www.alzdiscovery.org. Retrieved 2017-09-27.
  12. ↑ "Lauder elected President of WJCongress". The Jerusalem Post. June 10, 2007.
  13. ↑ Lake, Eli (May 13, 2008). "Bush Visit May Boost Olmert". The New York Sun. Retrieved June 23, 2016.
  14. ↑ World Jewish Congress. "World Jewish Congress condemns Myanmar's persecution of Rohingya, urges international community to safeguard rights of all minorities :: World Jewish Congress". worldjewishcongress.org. Retrieved 2017-09-14.
  15. ↑ "F1 boss Ecclestone faces criticism over Hitler comments". CBS Sports. July 4, 2009. Retrieved July 2, 2012.
  16. ↑ "Jews call on Bernie Ecclestone to resign over Hitler remarks". ThaiIndian.com. July 6, 2009. Retrieved July 2, 2012.
  17. ↑ "Ecclestone: Outrage 'probably my fault'". Associated Press. July 6, 2009. Retrieved July 2, 2012.
  18. ↑ "World Jewish Congress criticizes Pope's decision to beatify Pius XII". The Jerusalem Post (December 21, 2009).
  19. ↑ "Ronald Lauder, Warum Israel Mitglied der Nato werden muss". Die Welt, February 7, 2011.
  20. ↑ "Call for Israel to join NATO". Jewish Chronicle. February 8, 2011.
  21. ↑ Lauder, Ronald S. (August 12, 2010). "Sweden's Shame". Project Syndicate.
  22. ↑ "Ronald Lauder condemns Norwegian scholar anti-Semitic statements" Archived May 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.. EJU News. May 3, 2012.
  23. ↑ Prodhan, Georgina (August 23, 2012) "Austrian rightist chief accused of anti-Semitism over cartoon". Reuters.
  24. ↑ "World Jewish Congress head wants Swiss to cancel Iran deal" Associated Press. April 29, 2008.
  25. ↑ "Siemens to stop doing business in Iran". Associated Press. January 27, 2010.
  26. ↑ "Benjamin Netanyahu attacks Polish PM for saying Jews were among perpetrators of the Holocaust". The Independent. 18 February 2018.
  27. ↑ "Polish PM pays respects to Nazi collaborators underground group". Ynetnews. 18 February 2018.
  28. ↑ Video available on www.tvn24.pl
  29. ↑ Robert Mercer backed a secretive group that worked with Facebook, Google to target anti-Muslim ads at swing voters, Open Secrets
  30. ↑ U.S. Jewish Leader Ronald Lauder Gave $1.1 Million to Covert Group Pushing anti-Muslim Campaign, Apr 06, 2018, Haaretz
  31. ↑ "World Jewish Congress dismayed at Irish call for EU ban on Israeli goods from West Bank". Worldjewishcongress.org. (May 23, 2012).
  32. ↑ "Top Jewish leader and close Netanyahu ally blasts PM for lack of diplomatic plan". Haaretz. June 29, 2011.
  33. ↑ "World Jewish Congress urges Abbas to resume talks". YNet News. June 17, 2012.
  34. ↑ Averbach, Lior; Barak, Roi (September 9, 2008). "Benziman's Resignation: What really happened behind the scenes at Channel 10 News?" (in Hebrew). Globes. Retrieved June 23, 2016.
  35. ↑ Pritzker, Shelly (September 9, 2008). "The Shocks Continue at Channel 10: Ruti Yuval, editor of the Friday edition 'The Week', has resigned" (in Hebrew). Calcalist. Retrieved June 23, 2016.
  36. ↑ Yitzhak, Yoav (September 17, 2011). "Channel 10 has no funds for October" (in Hebrew). News First Class. Retrieved June 23, 2016.
  37. ↑ Israel Hayom (Israel Today). November 4, 2011.
  38. ↑ Staff (December 7, 2012). "Austrian Jewish group bans Ron Lauder". Reuters (via Ynetnews). Retrieved June 23, 2016.
  39. ↑ Liphshiz, Cnaan (December 4, 2012). "Lauder accused of trying to buy Jewish election in Vienna". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved June 23, 2016.
  40. ↑ Liphshiz, Cnaan (January 25, 2013). "Ron Lauder, Austrian Jewish community bury hatchet". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved June 23, 2016.
  41. ↑ Mead, Rebecca (January 15, 2007). "An Acquiring Eye – Ronald Lauder's Career in Collecting Art". The New Yorker. Retrieved June 23, 2016. "One afternoon, Lauder took me to a town house, on Seventieth Street between Park and Madison Avenues, that his mother bought in the sixties, and in which she lived until her death, in 2004, at ninety-seven. Estée Lauder left an empire worth ten billion dollars, and part of Ronald's inheritance was this house, which he has added to a collection that includes residences in Florida, Paris, and London; an apartment at 740 Park Avenue; and a town house on East Fifty-second Street that was designed by Philip Johnson in 1950 as a guesthouse for Blanchette Rockefeller, who was later the president of MOMA, and which Lauder bought at auction in 2000 for eleven million dollars. There is also a country house in Wainscott, Long Island, on the grounds of which sits an eighteenth-century church that Lauder bought in Massachusetts and had moved to a more convenient spot."
  42. ↑ Israel, Lee (1985). Estée Lauder – Beyond the Magic – An Unauthorized Biography. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 978-0025221000.
  43. ↑ Mead, Rebecca (January 15, 2007). "An Acquiring Eye" (PDF). bslaw.net.
  44. ↑ Mead, Rebecca (January 15, 2007). "An Acquiring Eye". The New Yorker. Retrieved June 23, 2016.
  45. ↑ "Kevin M. Warsh, '92 – The Governor Is In". Stanford Alumni News.
  46. ↑ "Jo Carole & Ronald Lauder: 2011 Medal Recipients". Andrew Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy. February 29, 2012. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
  47. ↑ Davidzon, Vladislav (September 28, 2018). "Ronald Lauder Awarded Andrey Sheptytsky Medal by Ukrainian-Jewish Organizations". Tabletmag.com.

Further reading

  • Lauder, RS. Fighting Violent Crime in America. Dodd Mead (April 1985). ISBN 0-396-08495-8
  • Anne-Marie O'Connor. The Lady in Gold: The Extraordinary Tale of Gustav Klimt's Masterpiece, Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer. Alfred A. Knopf, New York 2012, ISBN 0-307-26564-1
Party political offices
Preceded by
Diane McGrath		 Conservative Nominee for Mayor of New York City
1989		 Succeeded by
George Marlin
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by
Helene A. von Damm		 U.S. Ambassador to Austria
1986–1987		 Succeeded by
Henry Anatole Grunwald
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.