Romani people in Slovakia

Romani in Slovakia
Total population
105,738[1] (2011 census)
Languages
Romani and other languages (Slovak, Hungarian)
Religion
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According to the last census from 2011, there were 105,738 persons counted as Romani people in Slovakia, or 2.0% of the population.[1] The Romani are the second-largest ethnic minority in Slovakia after Hungarians and they live mostly in the eastern parts of the country.

Other sources claim that 7.5% of inhabitants of Slovakia[2] (402,840 people[3]) may be Romani.

History

Migration to Slovakia

Roma children in Eastern Slovakia
A Roma settlement in the region of Šariš
The Roma minority in Slovakia (census 2001)

The first record of sightings of small groups of Romani within the area of present-day Slovakia are from 1322 AD, when the region was part of the Kingdom of Hungary. Major waves of Romani nomads were recorded from 1417 onwards. In 1423 they received a decree from the Hungarian king Sigismund of Luxemburg at Szepes Castle, granting them Europe-wide right of passage and the right to settle. They proved to be useful metal workers for the royal armies fighting the Turks.

Through the ensuing centuries, whilst in western and central Europe Romani were treated violently and often expelled, the Hungarian Kingdom and Habsburg Monarchy in general provided a tolerant and stable safe-haven for the Romani community. In the 18th century, Joseph II of the house of Habsburg attempted to 'civilize' the Romani, for example by prohibiting their dress and customs and educating them. However these efforts generally failed.

20th century

After the repressive Romani policies of the first Czechoslovak Republic[4] (1918-1939), the communist government of 1945-1989 attempted to integrate the Romani into the majority population through obligatory education and employment, and the formation of Romani organizations. The nomadic way of life was banned in 1958. Parts of the Romani population were also transferred from Slovakia into the country's Czech regions.

Though these policies were partly successful[5], after the 1989 Velvet Revolution, the Romani have once again found themselves on the margins of the society. On the one hand, there is a generous social system, but the system fails to effectively integrate them into the mainstream society.

Discrimination in education

Roma people suffer serious discrimination in Slovakia. Roma children are segregated in school and do not receive the level of education as other Slovakian children. Some are sent to schools for children with mild mental disabilities. As a result, their attainment level is far below average.[6] Amnesty International’s report "Unfulfilled promises: Failing to end segregation of Roma pupils in Slovakia" describes the failure of the Slovak authorities to end the discrimination of Roma children on the grounds of their ethnicity in education. According to a 2012 United Nations Development Programme survey, around 43 per cent of Roma in mainstream schools attended ethnically segregated classes.[7]

Forced sterilisation

A human rights fact finding mission found widespread violations of Romani women’s human rights including forced sterilisations, racially discriminatory access to health care and physical and verbal abuse by medical staff amongst others. The report states that there was a "clear and consistent patterns of health-care providers who disregarded the need for obtaining informed consent to sterilization and who failed to provide accurate and comprehensive reproductive health information to Romani patients."[8]

Crime

Panel house in the Luník IX. ghetto

Roma are the victims of ethnically driven violence and crime in Slovakia. According to monitoring and reports provided by the European Roma Rights Center (ERRC), racist violence, evictions, threats, and more subtle forms of discrimination have increased over the past two years in Slovakia. The ERRC considers the situation in Slovakia to be one of the worst in Europe.[9]

Social help

Romani people receive new housings from municipalities and regional administrations for free every year, however most of them end up being destroyed by Romani people themselves.[10][11][12][13] After the destruction, the residents receive new housings, without being criminally persecuted for destroying state property.[14]

Notable Romani people living or born in the area of present-day Slovakia

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 14, 2012. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
  2. ↑ "Po deviatich rokoch spočítali Rómov, na Slovensku ich žije viac ako 400-tisíc". SITA. 2013-09-25. Retrieved 2013-09-25.
  3. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on May 15, 2009. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
  4. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=3DAxAQAAIAAJ&q=After+the+repressive+Romani+policies+of+the+first+Czechoslovak+Republic&dq=After+the+repressive+Romani+policies+of+the+first+Czechoslovak+Republic&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlt9rsu7HaAhXL7IMKHbeeBEIQ6AEINjAD
  5. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=Me8YDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA55&dq=gypsies+czechoslovakia+party+successful&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiO_LS34u7bAhVBQN4KHU00BMkQ6AEIIjAA#v=onepage&q=gypsies%20czechoslovakia%20party%20successful&f=true
  6. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved September 2, 2014.
  7. ↑ "Slovak authorities in breach of obligations to Romani school children | Amnesty International". Amnesty.org. Retrieved 2016-05-21.
  8. ↑ Center for Reproductive Rights and Poradna pre obcianske a l'udské práva , in consultation with Ina Zoon. "BODY AND SOUL Forced Sterilization and Other Assaults on Roma Reproductive Freedom in Slovakia" (PDF). The Center for Reproductive Rights and Poradπa pre ob∞ianske a ∂udské práva (Centre for Civil and Human Rights or Poradπa). Retrieved 2 September 2014.
  9. ↑ Lake, Aaron (2013-12-25). "The New Roma Ghettos | VICE | United States". Vice.com. Retrieved 2016-05-21.
  10. ↑ "VIDEO Zhorela im bytovka, unimobunky od mesta zničili. Teraz Rómovia nariekajú: Žijeme ako psy!". Pluska.sk (in Slovak). Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  11. ↑ "Video: V Trnave búrajú bytovku, ktorú zničili Rómovia". Webnoviny.sk. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  12. ↑ "Takto si Rómovia zničili bývanie v Žiline". TVnoviny.sk. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  13. ↑ "Rómovia odmietajú ísť do zdevastovaných bytov, ktoré sami zničili". Topky.sk. 2010-04-17. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  14. ↑ "Rómovia zničili bytovku, dostali náhradné bývanie". Info.sk. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
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