Raymond "Shrimp Boy" Chow

Raymond "Shrimp Boy" Chow
Born Chow Kwok-cheung
(1959-12-31) December 31, 1959
Hong Kong
Other names Shrimp Boy
Ha Jai
Occupation Former Triad member
Spouse(s)
Anna Ma
(m. 1980; div. 1986)

Cindy Szeto
(m. 1990; div. 1992)
Conviction(s) Murder, conspiracy to commit murder, robbery, aggravated assault, illegal possession of firearms, racketeering.
Raymond "Shrimp Boy" Chow
Traditional Chinese 周國祥
Simplified Chinese 周国祥

Raymond Chow Kwok-cheung (Chinese: 周國祥; born December 31, 1959), nicknamed "Shrimp Boy", is a Hong Kong-born felon with ties to a San Francisco Chinatown street gang and an organized crime syndicate, including the American branch of the Hong Kong-based triad Wo Hop To[1] and the Hop Sing Boys.

In 2006, Chow became the leader of the Ghee Kung Tong (CKT), a Chinese fraternal association based in San Francisco, California. In 2014, Chow along with 28 other defendants including former California State Senator Leland Yee, were indicted for racketeering, money laundering, and a host of other alleged criminal activities. Leland Yee pleaded guilty to racketeering in July 2015 for conspiring with his campaign fundraiser to defeat donation limits through money laundering. Despite initial press releases, Chow was not indicted in a racketeering conspiracy with Leland Yee. Chow was indicted in a racketeering conspiracy which alleged that he oversaw a criminal faction of the Ghee Kung Tong. Chow is the only co-defendant of 29 to publicly profess his innocence and ask for an expedited jury trial. His trial began on November 9, 2015.[2] On January 8, 2016, Chow was found guilty on all 162 charges, including one count of murder, which carries a probable life sentence.

Personal life

Chow was born on December 31, 1959 in Hong Kong.[3] He is of Taishanese descent, and had three brothers:[4] two older and one younger.[5]:28 His nickname "Shrimp Boy" (虾仔; haa1 zai2) was reportedly bestowed by his grandmother,[6] due to his small stature.[7]

His father owned a barbershop, but lost his business to gambling debts when Chow was eight. The family moved into a single room shack for a year, until it burned down.[6] On the program Gangland, Chow said he first joined a gang in his native Hong Kong when he was nine years old.[4] After joining the gang, he intervened in a fight involving his gang mentor by striking his mentor's opponent on the head with a knife, becoming a gang hero in the process.[6] Chow came to the United States with his parents at the age of 17,[5] and dropped out of high school after approximately one month[5]:29 when he became involved with the Hop Sing Tong gang.[8]

Chow has been married twice: to Anna Ma (1980–86) and Cindy Szeto (1990–92). His marriage to Szeto was not registered, but they had a reception at the Empress of China restaurant at the top of the China Trade Center, and it ended when he was arrested in 1992.[5]:29

After they met in 2008 until his arrest, Chow lived with Alicia Lo, her 11-year-old daughter, and two dogs. Chow had publicly renounced his former life of crime, and Lo, a UC Berkeley graduate without Chow's criminal ties, believed she was gradually rehabilitating Chow by introducing him to mainstream American culture. Meanwhile, Chow was teaching Lo Chinese culture.[6]

Criminal activity

Chow stated he carried a letter of introduction from the leader of his gang in Hong Kong when he emigrated to San Francisco. In an early incident, when he was 17, he was dropped off at a home in Hillsborough and was told to beat the resident to send a message from La Cosa Nostra; he finished the beating with the help of a two-by-four in two minutes and earned $3,000.[6] One year after arriving in the city, Chow was dining at the Golden Dragon with other Hop Sing Boys members during the infamous Golden Dragon massacre in 1977.[9] In the wake of the 1977 shooting, the Wah Ching were ascendant and the Hop Sing were chased out of San Francisco.[1] Chow's first conviction was in 1978, for an armed robbery in Chinatown, San Francisco which occurred on February 17, 1978. Chow was identified as one of a trio of robbers who held up a group of 23 at a meeting of the Chinese-American Institute of Engineers. While one of the victims was being returned from the Hall of Justice, he identified Chow as one of the robbers, as Chow was wearing a distinctive jade ring and medallion.[5]:24 Chow received an 11-year sentence,[1] of which he served 7 years and 4 months.[7] During this first stint in prison, Chow studied to become a deep-sea welder, but his education was interrupted by a prison riot and he turned to dealing heroin inside San Quentin instead.[6] He was released on April 30, 1985.[5]:24 [9]

After being released, Chow stopped at a noodle shop on his way back to San Francisco; at the shop, he convinced the prostitutes outside to work for him and he set up an escort service.[6] One year later, in 1986, Chow was charged with 28 counts of assault with a deadly weapon, attempted murder, mayhem, and illegal possession of a firearm, related to the shooting of David Quach, a Wah Ching gang member, at the Golden Key Restaurant in San Francisco. Quach had been in an altercation with Chow's sister-in-law, Karen Ma. Chow was convicted in 1987 and sentenced to serve three years in prison.[5]:24 He was released in 1989.[1][9][7] After his second release, Chow said he tried to renounce crime and found work as a bagger in a Daly City grocery store, but he left that job when his boss became suspicious after receiving a phone call from the SFPD gang task force. He also tried to work as a bodyguard in an Oakland Casino, but met Peter Chong shortly afterward.[6]

Hop Sing Tong building on Waverly Place in San Francisco's Chinatown (2013)

Around 1989, Peter Chong, a member of the Wo Hop To Triad, was sent to San Francisco, which was planned as the first location to build the Triad's presence in America.[1] Chong adopted Chow, then head of the Hop Sing, as his American lieutenant shortly after his arrival and formed an alliance.[1] Under the alliance, the Hop Sing and Wo Hop To merged, and an umbrella organization, Tien Hu Wui, was formed to oversee their combined business.[7] Chow opened a boy's athletic club in the Hop Sing Tong building basement in San Francisco to recruit new members, drawing from teenagers influenced by the heroic bloodshed genre of Hong Kong action cinema.[1]

Racketeering

In 1990 and 1991, the Wah Ching and Wo Hop To were struggling for power in San Francisco. Wah Ching member Danny Phat Vong was killed in April 1990 outside the Cats nightclub on Geary, and in retaliation, the Wah Ching killed Wo Hop To member Michael Bit Chen Wu outside The Purple Onion, a nightclub in North Beach, in May 1990.[10][11] Wah Ching leader Danny Wong called for a cease-fire at the Harbor Village, and was toasted by Chong. The toast for peace was later repeated at Chow's wedding, who called Chong "Uncle to us all." Despite the apparent cease-fire, the violence culminated in the assassination of Wong in April 1991.[1][12] According to court records, Chow was in charge of day-to-day operations and new member recruitment, leading them through a series of 36 loyalty oaths, promising death if any was broken.[1]

Early in the morning of August 28, 1990, Chow was in the lead car of two that were stopped by police after making an illegal U-turn in Foster City with Norman Hsu as the passenger; Hsu claimed he had been kidnapped but declined to implicate Chow.[13] Chow claimed he was driving an inebriated friend home from a bar, but was unable to produce the registration and could not account for his whereabouts earlier in the day. The officer noticed Hsu appeared to be nervous and trying to get his attention. When he was able to speak privately with the officer, Hsu stated "I'm being kidnapped, those three have been holding me against my will in Daly City for twelve hours." Hsu then told the officer he was being held in connection with a debt he owed Chow, and that the safety of him and his family had been threatened if he was unable to pay.[5]:26–27

Chong was summoned to testify before the United States Senate on November 5, 1991, and was asked if he was the head of the Wo Hop To, and if he was responsible or involved in the murder of Danny Wong. Chong declined to answer each question, citing his Fifth Amendment rights.[14]

Chow was arrested for on May 31, 1992[5]:25 for suspected drug dealing at LaGuardia Airport while holding $12,000 in cash, which led him to believe there was a confidential informant within the gang. Chow identified Madeline "Mayflower" Lee as the informant when he noticed her sentence was significantly lighter than her partners after they were caught in an attempted robbery. He ordered her beaten in two separate incidents. Lee noted the license plate of the getaway car after the first beating, which left her with a broken shoulder and missing teeth. After the first beating, Lee called Chow with the license plate asking him to find out who had beaten her.[1] At his 1996 trial for racketeering, the prosecution alleged that Chow ordered her beaten again because she was insufficiently injured.[15] During the second beating, a passing police officer intervened and one of the assailants, Raymond Lei, was arrested. Chow ordered Lee to drop the charges against Lei, but she refused, and instead helped police assemble a case against the leadership of the Wo Hop To: Chow and Chong.[1]

In October 1993, Chow, Chong, and several others were indicted on racketeering charges. Chow had already been arrested on charges of murder for hire, drug trafficking, and illegal firearms,[16] and Chong fled the United States a few days ahead of the racketeering indictment. Chow was later tried in two separate proceedings. The first trial was for illegal gun sales and the second was for racketeering.[1] His first trial resulted in a conviction two weeks after it started on six counts of illegal firearms trafficking on February 21, 1995.[17] Two of his co-defendants had earlier pleaded guilty in exchange for reduced sentances.[18] A year and a half after his conviction, Chow was sentenced to more than 23 years; sentencing for the 1995 conviction had been delayed while he was undergoing his second trial.[19] An appeal in 1998 was unsuccessful; the Ninth Circuit ruled "the evidence against Chow was so overwhelming that it is unlikely the jury would have reached any other verdict".[20]

Chow's second trial (for racketeering) started in March 1996 and was dismissed as a mistrial in May 1996.[1][21] At the outset, the defense portrayed him as a Buddhist and practitioner of kung fu, rather than a criminal mastermind trying to consolidate organized crime in Chinatowns nationwide.[15] The defense strategy also claimed the government's case was simply not credible, as most of the evidence was produced by criminals who were testifying in exchange for reduced sentences.[22] Two jurors said there was "no chance of reaching a unanimous verdict" after six days of deliberation. Chow's lawyer, Maureen Kallins, bragged that authorities had "spent $10 million to get this guy and they couldn't get him on any of the 38 counts."[21]

After Chong was captured and extradited to the United States in 2000, Chow became an informant and testified against his old boss in exchange for a reduced sentence. He was first released to U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement in May 2002, and then put into supervised release from prison in January 2003.[5]:25 [23] Chow stated that one reason he turned on Chong in 2000 was because he felt betrayed after Chong had hired away his defense attorney from the second trial,[6] Maureen Kallins,[15] who was a popular choice for those seeking a defense attorney.[24] Kallins was later removed from Chong's defense at his request, as her defense of Chow in the 1996 trial relied on blaming Chong for the crimes, a potential conflict of interest.[25]

Allen Leung

As part of the deal to win early release in 2003, Chow testified against Chong. In addition, Chow's application for a resident visa was supported by the government.[23] He requested witness protection but his request was denied by the prosecuting attorney. Chow was also required to wear a tracking device under the terms of his release.[26][27] Because Chow had applied for a S-5 visa (intended for witnesses in a criminal case) but had not yet secured it, his immigration status was not permanent and he could not legally work in the United States; in 2014, more than ten years after his release, the visa application was still pending.[9] Initially, Chow lived with his brother and his brother's girlfriend, who complained about the amount of toilet paper he used.[6] Chow's confinement to home was ended in 2004, and his period of supervised release ended in 2005.[5]:26

After Chow was released from prison, an associate of Chow contacted Jack Lee, a friend of Allen Leung, to ask for money "to do business" with the Hop Sing. Lee and Leung were both Hop Sing elders, and Leung had served as president of the Hop Sing Tong four times, first in 1994 after the previous Hop Sing leadership (Chong and Chow) were in exile or imprisoned.[23] Lee raised $120,000 in pledges for a planned local youth group from Hop Sing chapters in other western states. While Hop Sing was still deciding whether to release the money, the headquarters of four tongs and a restaurant were splattered with red paint on February 25, 2005, but the headquarters of the Hop Sing were spared. However, on March 11, 2005, the Hop Sing voted to turn down the request for money and the next day, shots were fired into the headquarters of Hop Sing. A threatening letter written in Chinese was sent to the Hop Sing Tong.[28][29]

Translation of letter[9][23][28]
Someone opened fire at your front door, but you're just chickens—, no response to it. Just keeping your mouth quiet. Having this kind of leader makes all the tongs lose face. I have a poem to dedicate to you: 'You should be embarrassed for a thousand years and your reputation stink for ten thousand years.'

Two years before the Hop Sing shooting, in late 2003, Leung approached the FBI saying that Chow intended to "clean up Chinatown" by removing him and the head of another tong, according to testimony at Chow's 2015 trial from William Wu, the agent handling Chow.[30] Leung approached the FBI again in the wake of the Hop Sing shooting, and said that Chow had personally demanded $100,000 at the Hop Sing headquarters in late 2004. Since Chow was still on supervised release, the FBI questioned him about the incident, and Chow countered that Hop Sing had instead approached him and "wanted him to loan-shark the money."[23] Shortly afterward, Chow was taken into custody on immigration charges.[23][28] The charges stemmed from Chow's apparent association with Chinatown gangs, in violation of his bargain with prosecutors, and deportation proceedings began.[31] Leung stated that Chow or his associates "will try to get him and the [Hop Sing] board members" in retaliation for the failed demand for money, but Leung refused to wear a listening device, and the extortion case died for lack of evidence.[23][31] When questioned by the FBI, Chow said the Hop Sing had asked him to "loan-shark the money" instead.[9]

603 Jackson; the name of Leung's business, Wonkow Imports, can still be seen behind the red paint on the awning

Chow became a member of Hung Moon Ghee Kong Tong (CKT), a fraternal association in San Francisco sometimes referred to as the Chinese Freemasons.[26] At the time, the CKT were led by Leung until he was shot to death on February 27, 2006 by an unidentified suspect at his Chinatown import-export business on Jackson Street.[32] According to the police, the gunman entered Leung's office and demanded cash; although Leung offered it to him, the unknown suspect shot Leung in "an execution slaying" before Leung could hand over any money.[23][28][33] According to later testimony from Joe "Fat Joe" Chanthavong, who was one of the men present, Chow held a meeting in mid-2005 in the back room of an Oakland bar to plot how to kill Leung. Chanthavong was then tasked with driving by Leung's shop at 603 Jackson to watch Leung's movements.[30]

Head of Ghee Kung Tong

Chow led a Freemason salute to Leung at his funeral on March 18,[23] and ascended to the leadership of the CKT in a ceremony in August 2006, where he received an official certificate of honor from San Francisco, arranged by Supervisor Fiona Ma.[31][34] San Francisco Police and the FBI began investigating the murder of Leung by staking out Chow's swearing-in ceremony.[13] The government's probe of Chow was dubbed 'Operation White Suit' after Chow visibly and uniquely wore a white mourning suit to Leung's funeral.[35]

CKT headquarters, Spofford Street (2018)

After ascending to the head of CKT, Chow became publicly visible as a mentor to Asian and African American youths, speaking to dozens of community groups each year[6] and receiving congratulations from U.S. Senator Dianne Feinstein for winning a "Change Agent" award in 2012 from Bayview Hunters Point Multipurpose Senior Services.[36][37] According to a mayor's aide, Chow "[showed] up at events and [tried] to get pictures with politicians", eventually posting a picture he took with Gavin Newsom on his Facebook page.[38]

Meanwhile, for 'Operation White Suit', an undercover FBI agent (identified either as UCE 4599 or by the alias David Jordan) had been introduced to Chow in May 2010 as an East Coast emissary from La Cosa Nostra.[6] In May 2012, Chow was secretly recorded by the FBI while he was conferring with George Nieh (Chow's driver), stating that he did not want the CKT involved with David Jordan, the undercover agent posing as a member of the Mafia, for fear the CKT would be labeled 'an underworld society' that participated in organized crime.[9] The case against Chow was built in part on the thousands of dollars given by Jordan to Chow; on one occasion, Jordan gave Chow $2,000 as thanks for the opportunity to work with Nieh. Although Chow protested, saying "Damn, that is bribery money, dude — that's not good", he did not return the payment.[6]

Leland Yee dragnet

On March 26, 2014, Raymond Chow was arrested during an FBI raid in connection with an investigation into official corruption by State Senator Leland Yee. Chow faced charges of money laundering and conspiracy to deal stolen property. He was accused of operating a faction, or subgroup in the CKT, a benevolent association, as a racketeering enterprise that trafficked in drugs, weapons, and stolen items.[39] Federal authorities alleged Chow's reformation was a façade.[40]

Leland Yee

In April 2014, trial lawyer Tony Serra joined Chow's defense team.[41]

Chow was charged with seven counts of money laundering, two counts of conspiring to transport and receive stolen liquor, and one count of conspiracy to traffic untaxed cigarettes. He faced a maximum of 20 years imprisonment for each money laundering count.[9]

On July 7, 2015, Chow declined to take a plea deal from prosecutors on the racketeering charges.

On October 15, 2015, Chow was formally charged with conspiracy to murder in connection with the deaths of Allen Leung and Jim Tat Kong. Kong was a member of the Hop Sing Tong gang in San Francisco who was fatally shot in Mendocino County in October 2013. Kong, along with his wife, were found dead from gunshot wounds in their minivan near Fort Bragg. Chow was not charged with the death of Kong's wife.[42] Chow pleaded not guilty to the charges of murdering Leung and conspiracy to commit the murder of Kong in "aid of racketeering". He faced two trials: one for the earlier charges of racketeering and money laundering under his 2014 indictment, and a second one for the murder charges.[43]

Trials and conviction

His first trial began on November 9, 2015.[2] On December 15, 2015, Thau Benh Cam testified that Chow had ordered him to shoot the Hop Sing Tong headquarters in March 2005. The next day, Allen Leung's son Clifton testified that in December 2005 or January 2006, Raymond "Skinny Ray" Lei, an associate of Chow, had entered Leung's shop on Jackson Street to ostensibly discuss business, but casually asked if the security cameras in the office were functional. Allen turned to Clifton, asking the same question, and Clifton said they did not work.[35]

Taking the stand as the first defense witness on December 21, Chow testified that after he was released from prison in 2003, he had been promised a new identity and a new start under the witness protection program, but instead was returned to San Francisco with a monthly allowance of $2,000 and an ankle monitor. Unemployable and afraid to leave his home, he suffered a nervous breakdown in 2004. As part of his rehabilitation, he counseled troubled youths about "the frame of the criminal mind" and began to meditate at Ocean Beach. Three days of meditation led him to an epiphany: "I change myself. I tell myself I'm not going to cross the line and commit the crime."[44] The next day, Chow testified that he had expelled Kong from the Hop Sing Tong because Kong had used Chow's name and reputation to recruit new youth drug dealers. Although expelling Kong effectively stripped him of protection, Chow thought "[Kong was] gonna get his ass whupped", but never intended to kill Kong.[45] In addition, Chow testified the payments that had been pressed upon him by the undercover FBI agent known as David Jordan were accepted only "for his love and respect" and "if anyone tell me it's illegal money, drugs, alcohol ... I will not receive these monies."[45]

On January 8, 2016, Chow was found guilty on all 162 counts, including one count of murder.[46] Chow's lawyers filed for a new trial, alleging the number of defense witnesses was unfairly limited and previous testimony in 2002 regarding the 1991 murder of Danny Wong had been wrongfully used against him. The presiding judge, Charles Breyer, denied the motion for a new trial on June 2, 2016.[47] He was sentenced to two life terms (one for racketeering, and one for murder) plus twenty years for the other convictions on August 4, 2016.[34]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Isaacs, Matt (June 14, 2000). "Twice Burned". SF Weekly. Retrieved December 5, 2007.
  2. 1 2 Egelko, Bob (November 10, 2015). "'Shrimp Boy' depicted as ruthless killer, wise leader as trial opens". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
  3. ↑ "USA v. Raymond Chow: Motion to Dismiss for Selective Prosecution". United States District Court for the Northern District of California. Retrieved December 21, 2015.
  4. 1 2 Mozingo, Joe (March 28, 2014). "Who is 'Shrimp Boy' Chow? A look at his violent past, alleged reform". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 28, 2014.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Presentence Investigation Report, United States of America vs. Kwok Cheung Chow a/k/a Raymond Chow, a/k/a Ha Jai, a/k/a Shrimpboy, Docket No. 0971 3:14CR00196-001 CRB". Internet Archive. 18 July 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Weil, Elizabeth (October 13, 2015). "Shrimp Boy's Day in Court: What happened when one of San Francisco's most notorious underworld bosses tried to go clean". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved October 14, 2015. When Lo began Shrimp Boy’s re-education, she told me, she treated him ‘‘as a foreigner’’ or ‘‘like a baby. He was so out of place in society, he drove an old bulletproof Mercedes.’’
  7. 1 2 3 4 "Q&A: A guide to Leland Yee corruption scandal: 'Shrimp Boy' to guns". Los Angeles Times. March 28, 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  8. ↑ Burke, Garance (March 27, 2014). "FBI sting shows San Francisco Chinatown underworld". San Diego Union-Tribune. Associated Press. Retrieved March 28, 2014.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Coté, John (April 12, 2014). "The enigma of Raymond Chow, the self-proclaimed ex-gangster". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
  10. ↑ Zamora, Jim Herron (15 May 1990). "S.F. Chinatown Shootings May Be Tied to Gang". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
  11. ↑ "Gunmen attack departing nightclub patrons". UPI. United Press International. 15 May 1990. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
  12. ↑ Sward, Susan; Wallace, Bill (December 12, 1996). "Slaying Puts Gang Wars In Spotlight / Asian factions fight over Tenderloin turf". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  13. 1 2 Matier, Phillip; Ross, Andrew (March 30, 2014). "Yee case started in 2006 after killing of Chinatown leader". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
  14. ↑ Asian organized crime: hearing before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Second Congress, first session, October 3, November 5-6, 1991. United States Government Printing Office. November 5, 1991. pp. 140–141. ISBN 016038611X. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  15. 1 2 3 Wallace, Bill (1 March 1996). "Chinatown Boss — Or Do-Gooder?". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  16. ↑ Murray, William D. (12 October 1993). "Asian gangs indicted in San Francisco". UPI. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  17. ↑ Wallace, Bill (22 February 1995). "Suspected Crime Boss Convicted / 'Shrimp Boy' guilty of gun trafficking charges". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  18. ↑ Wallace, Bill (7 February 1995). "2 Men Plead Guilty In Gun Case / Link to S.F. Chinatown cited in smuggling trial". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  19. ↑ "Alleged Asian Gang Boss Sentenced". San Francisco Chronicle. 15 August 1996. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  20. ↑ "Alleged S.F. Gang Leader Loses Appeal". San Francisco Chronicle. 2 May 1998. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  21. 1 2 Hatfield, Larry D. (2 May 1996). "'Shrimp Boy' Chow's case ends in mistrial". San Francisco Examiner. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  22. ↑ Wallace, Bill (2 May 1996). "Hung Jury in 'Shrimp Boy' Chow's Racketeering Trial / Ruling called setback in war against gangs". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Van Derbeken, Jaxon; Hua, Vanessa (April 8, 2006). "A killing in Chinatown: Allen Leung was slain 2 months ago - and no one is talking". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
  24. ↑ Dolan, Maura (21 April 2001). "Scrappy Lawyer Inspires Awe, Ire". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  25. ↑ "Chong v. Kallins, Case No. A111844" (PDF). Court of Appeal of the State of California, First Appellate District, Division Four. 20 April 2007. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  26. 1 2 Spicuza, Mary (August 1, 2007). "Enter the Dragon Head". SF Weekly. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
  27. ↑ Lee, Vic (September 7, 2007). "Financier Norman Hsu's Sordid Past". KGO-TV. Archived from the original on 11 September 2007. Retrieved September 9, 2007.
  28. 1 2 3 4 Van Derbeken, Jaxon; Hua, Vanessa (March 1, 2006). "Gunned-down Chinatown leader feared for his life / Businessman intended victim, police say". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
  29. ↑ Adams, Jane Meredith (31 March 2006). "Mystery shrouds slaying of Chinatown businessman". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  30. 1 2 Emslie, Alex (November 10, 2015). "FBI: 'Shrimp Boy' Behind S.F. Chinatown Unrest as He Rose to Power". KQED. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  31. 1 2 3 Matier, Phillip; Ross, Andrew (August 27, 2006). "Chinatown gang ties no hindrance to award in S.F." San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
  32. ↑ Estrella, Cicero A. (February 28, 2006). "San Francisco / Art dealer fatally shot in Chinatown / Community leader slain in his shop — killer at large". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
  33. ↑ Hua, Vanessa (March 19, 2006). "Slain Chinatown leader remembered fondly". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
  34. 1 2 Egelko, Bob (August 5, 2016). "SF crime boss 'Shrimp Boy' Chow gets life, insists he's innocent". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
  35. 1 2 Dinzeo, Maria (December 17, 2015). "Slain Man's Son Points Finger at 'Shrimp Boy'". Courthouse News. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  36. ↑ Egelko, Bob (April 15, 2014). "In Calif. Sen. Yee case, Feinstein disavows praise of Chow". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
  37. ↑ Megerian, Chris; Stevens, Matt; Winton, Richard (March 27, 2014). "Until his arrest, 'Shrimp Boy' considered an 'inspiration'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  38. ↑ Megerian, Chris (March 27, 2014). "'Shrimp Boy' tried to hang with San Francisco politicians". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  39. ↑ Egelko, Robert (June 30, 2015). "Ex-Sen. Leland Yee may be headed for a plea deal". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
  40. ↑ Lee, Vic (March 26, 2014). "State Sen. Leland Yee accused of bribery, wire fraud". KGO-TV. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
  41. ↑ Egelko, Bob (April 8, 2014). "Calif. state Sen. Yee: Tony Serra joins 'Shrimp Boy' defense". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
  42. ↑ Egelko, Bob (October 16, 2015). "Raymond 'Shrimp Boy' Chow charged in killing of alleged Chinatown rivals". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
  43. ↑ Winton, Richard (October 16, 2015). "'Shrimp Boy' Chow killed his way to the top of S.F. Chinatown group, feds charge". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  44. ↑ Egelko, Bob (21 December 2015). "Raymond 'Shrimp Boy' Chow takes stand in his own defense". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  45. 1 2 Egelko, Bob (22 December 2015). "Raymond 'Shrimp Boy' Chow says he took money, but not for crimes". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  46. ↑ Egelko, Bob; Rubenstein, Steve (8 January 2016). "Raymond 'Shrimp Boy' Chow found guilty". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
  47. ↑ Egelko, Bob (2 June 2016). "Judge rejects Raymond 'Shrimp Boy' Chow's plea for new trial". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
  • "In Re: Criminal Complaint" (PDF). United States District Court, Northern District of California, San Francisco Division. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  • "Shrimp Boy Court Filings". Internet Archive. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  • Gangland, S02E02: "Deadly Triangle" on IMDb
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