Glossary of leaf morphology

The following is a defined list of terms which are used to describe leaf morphology in the description and taxonomy of plants. Leaves may be simple (a single leaf blade or lamina) or compound (with several leaflets). The edge of the leaf may be regular or irregular, may be smooth or bearing hair, bristles or spines. For more terms describing other aspects of leaves besides their overall morphology see the leaf article.

Chart illustrating leaf morphology terms

Leaf structure

A ternate compound leaf with a petiole but no rachis (or rachillae)

Leaves of most plants include a flat structure called the blade or lamina, but not all leaves are flat, some are cylindrical. Leaves may be simple, with a single leaf blade, or compound, with several leaflets. In flowering plants, as well as the blade of the leaf, there may be a petiole and stipules; compound leaves may have a rachis supporting the leaflets. Leaf structure is described by several terms that include:

Term	Latin	Description
bifoliolate		Having two leaflets^[1]
geminate
jugate
bigeminate		Having two leaflets, each leaflet being bifoliolate
bipinnate	bipinnatus	The leaflets are themselves pinnately-compound; twice pinnate
biternate		With three components, each with three leaflets
imparipinnate		With an odd number of leaflets, pinnate with a terminal leaflet (the opposite of paripinnate)
odd-pinnate
paripinnate		Pinnate with an even number of leaflets, lacking a terminal leaflet (the opposite of imparipinnate)
even-pinnate
palmately compound		Consisting of leaflets all radiating from one point
pinnately compound		Having two rows of leaflets on opposite sides of a central axis, see imparipinnate and paripinnate
simple		Leaf blade in one continuous section, without leaflets (not compound)
ternate	ternatus	With three leaflets
trifoliate	trifoliatus
trifoliolate	trifoliolatus
tripinnate	tripinnatus	Pinnately compound in which each leaflet is itself bipinnate

Leaf and leaflet shapes

Being one of the more visible features, leaf shape is commonly used for plant identification. Similar terms are used for other plant parts, such as petals, tepals, and bracts.

Oddly pinnate, pinnatifid leaves (Apium graveolens, celery)

Partial chlorosis revealing palmate venation in simple leaves of Hibiscus mutabilis

Term	Latin	Refers principally to	Description
acicular	acicularis	entire leaf	Slender and pointed, needle-like.
acuminate	acuminatus	leaf tip	Tapering to a long point in a concave manner.
acute		leaf tip or base	Pointed, having a short sharp apex angled less than 90°.
apiculate	apiculatus	leaf tip	Tapering and ending in a short, slender point.
aristate	aristatus	leaf tip	Ending in a stiff, bristle-like point.
attenuate		leaf base	Having leaf tissue taper down the petiole to a narrow base, always having some leaf material on each side of the petiole.
auriculate		leaf base	Having ear-shaped appendages reaching beyond the attachment to the petiole or to the stem (in case of a seated leaf).
asymmetrical		entire leaf	With the blade shape different on each side of the midrib.
caudate		leaf tip	Tailed at the apex.
cordate	cordatus	entire leaf	Heart-shaped, with the petiole or stem attached to the notch.
cuneate	cuneatus	leaf base	Triangular, wedge-shaped, stem attaches to point.
cuspidate		leaf tip	With a sharp, elongated, rigid tip; tipped with a cusp.
deltoid or deltate	deltoideus	entire leaf	Shaped like Greek letter Delta, triangular, stem attaches to side.
digitate	digitatus	entire leaf	With finger-like lobes, similar to palmate.^[2]
elliptic	ellipticus	entire leaf	Oval, with a short or no point.
ensiform	ensiformis	entire leaf	Shaped like a sword, long and narrow with a sharp pointed tip.
emarginate		leaf tip	Slightly indented at the tip.
falcate	falcatus	entire leaf	Sickle-shaped.
fenestrate	fenestratus	surface features	Large openings through the leaf, see perforate. Sometimes use to describes leaf epidermal windows.
filiform	filiformis	entire leaf	Thread- or filament-shaped.
flabellate	flabellatus	entire leaf	Semi-circular, or fan-like.
hastate	hastatus	entire leaf	Spear-shaped: Pointed, with barbs, shaped like a spear point, with flaring pointed lobes at the base.
laciniate		entire leaf	Very deeply lobed, the lobes being very drawn out, often making the leaf look somewhat like a branch or a pitchfork.
lanceolate	lanceolatus	entire leaf	Long, wider in the middle, shaped like a lance tip.
laminar			Flat (like most leaves)
linear	linearis	entire leaf	Long and very narrow like a blade of grass.
lobed	lobatus	entire leaf	Being divided by clefts, may be pinnately lobed or palmately lobed.
lorate	loratus	entire leaf	Having the form of a thong or strap.
lyrate	lyratus	entire leaf	Shaped like a lyre, pinnately lobed leaf with an enlarged terminal lobe and smaller lateral lobes. See also: List of lyrate plants
mucronate		leaf tip	Ending abruptly in a small sharp point as a continuation of the midrib.^[3]
multifid	multi + findere	entire leaf	Cleft into many parts or lobes.
obcordate	obcordatus	entire leaf	Heart-shaped, stem attaches at the tapering end.
oblanceolate	oblanceolatus	entire leaf	Much longer than wide and with the widest portion near the tip, reversed lanceolate.
oblique		leaf base	Asymmetrical leaf base, with one side lower than the other
oblong	oblongus	entire leaf	Having an elongated form with slightly parallel sides, roughly rectangular.
obovate	obovatus	entire leaf	Teardrop-shaped, stem attaches to the tapering end; reversed ovate.
obtrullate		entire leaf	Reversed trullate, the longer sides meet at the base rather than the apex.
obtuse	obtusus	tip	Blunt, forming an angle > 90°.
orbicular	orbicularis	entire leaf	Circular.
ovate	ovatus	entire leaf	Oval, egg-shaped, with a tapering point and the widest portion near the petiole.
palmate	palmatus	entire leaf	Palm-shaped, i.e., with lobes or leaflets stemming from the leaf base.^[4]
palmately lobed	palmatus	entire leaf	Lobes spread radially from a point. ^[5]
palmatifid	palma + findere	entire leaf	Palm-shaped, having lobes with incisions that extend less than half-way toward the petiole.
palmatipartite	palma + partiri	entire leaf	Having lobes with incisions that extend over half-way toward the petiole.
palmatisect	palma + secare	entire leaf	Having lobes with incisions that extend almost up, but not quite to the petiole.
pandurate		entire leaf	Fiddle-shaped; obovate with a constriction near the middle.
pedate	pedatus	entire leaf	Palmate, with cleft lobes.^[6]
peltate	peltatus	stem attachment	A round leaf where the petiole attaches near the center. An example would be a lotus leaf.
perfoliate	perfoliatus	stem attachment	With the leaf blade surrounding the stem such that the stem appears to pass through the leaf.
perforate	perforatus	leaf surface features	Many holes, or perforations on leaf surface. Compare with fenestrate.
pinnately lobed	pinna + lobus	entire leaf	Having lobes pinnately arranged on the central axis.
pinnatifid	pinna + findere	entire leaf	Having lobes with incisions that extend less than half-way toward the midrib.
pinnatipartite	pinnatus + partiri	entire leaf	Having lobes with incisions that extend more than half-way toward the midrib.
pinnatisect	pinnatus + sectus	entire leaf	Having lobes with incisions that extend almost, or up to midrib.
plicate	plicatus	3-d shape	Folded into pleats, usually lengthwise, serving the function of stiffening a large leaf.
reniform	reniformis	entire leaf	Shaped like a kidney: an oval with an inward curve on one side.
retuse		leaf tip	With a shallow notch in a round apex.
rhomboid or rhombic	rhomboidalis	entire leaf	Diamond-shaped.
rounded	rotundifolius	leaf tip or base	Circular, no distinct point.
semiterete		3-d shape	Rounded on one side, but flat on the other.
sinuate		3-d shape	Circularly-lobed kind of leaves
sagittate	sagittatus	entire leaf	Arrowhead-shaped with the lower lobes folded, or curled downward
spatulate	spathulatus	entire leaf	Spoon-shaped; having a broad flat end which tapers to the base
spear-shaped		entire leaf	see hastate.
subobtuse	subobtusus	leaf tip or base	Somewhat blunted, neither blunt nor sharp
subulate	subulatus	leaf tip	Awl-shaped with a tapering point
terete		3-d shape	Circular in cross-section; more or less cylindrical without grooves or ridges.
trullate		entire leaf	Shaped like a bricklayer's trowel
truncate	truncatus	leaf tip or base	With a squared-off end
undulate	undulatus	3-d shape	Wave-like
unifoliate	unifoliatus	compound leaves	With a single leaflet. It is distinct from a simple leaf by the presence of two abcission layers and often by petiolules and stipels

Edge

Leaf margins (edges) are frequently used in visual plant identification because they are usually consistent within a species or group of species, and are an easy characteristic to observe. Edge and margin are interchangeable in the sense that they both refer to the outside perimeter of a leaf.

Image	Term	Latin adjective	Description
	entire	Forma integra	Even; with a smooth margin; without toothing
	ciliate	ciliatus	Fringed with hairs
	crenate	crenatus	Wavy-toothed; dentate with rounded teeth
crenulate	crenulate	Finely crenate
crisped	crispus	curly
	dentate	dentatus	Toothed. May be coarsely dentate, having large teeth, or glandular dentate, having teeth which bear glands
	denticulate	denticulatus	Finely toothed
	doubly serrate	duplicato-dentatus	Each tooth bearing smaller teeth
	serrate	serratus	Saw-toothed; with asymmetrical teeth pointing forward
	serrulate	serrulatus	Finely serrate
	sinuate	sinuosus	With deep, wave-like indentations; coarsely crenate
	lobate	lobatus	Indented, with the indentations not reaching the center
lobulate	lobulatus	With small lobes
	undulate	undulatus	With a wavy edge, shallower than sinuate
	spiny or pungent	spiculatus	With stiff, sharp points such as thistles

Leaf folding

Leaves may also be folded or rolled in various ways. The folding of leaves within a bud is vernation, ptyxis is the folding of an individual leaf in a bud.

Image	Term	Latin	Description
carinate or keeled	carinatus	with a longitudinal ridge
conduplicate		folded upwards, with the surfaces close to parallel
	cucullate	forming a hood, margins and tip curved downward
involute		rolled upwards (towards the adaxial surface)
	plicate	plicatus	with parallel folds
reduplicate		folded downwards, with the surfaces close to parallel
	revolute		rolled downwards (towards the abaxial surface)
supervolute		opposing left and right halves of lamina folded along longitudinal axis, with one half rolled completely within the other

Latin descriptions

The Latin word for 'leaf', folium, is neuter. In descriptions of a single leaf, the neuter singular ending of the adjective is used, e.g. folium lanceolatum 'lanceolate leaf', folium lineare 'linear leaf'. In descriptions of multiple leaves, the neuter plural is used, e.g. folia linearia 'linear leaves'. Descriptions commonly refer to the plant using the ablative singular or plural, e.g. foliis ovatis 'with ovate leaves'.^[7]

References

↑ Radford, A. E., W. C. Dickison, J. R. Massey, C. R. Bell (1976), "Phytography - Morphological Evidence", Vascular Plant Systematics, Harper and Row, New York
↑ Also used to describe compound leaves with finger-like leaflets.
↑ Mucronate, Answers.com, from Roget's Thesaurus.
↑ "palmate (adj. palmately)". GardenWeb Glossary of Botanical Terms.
↑ "Leaf description glossary". www.cs.rochester.edu. Retrieved 2017-11-02.
↑ "Pedate leaf". Retrieved February 24, 2014.
↑ Stearn (2004), pp. 439–440.

Bibliography

Stearn, W.T. (2004). Botanical Latin (4th (p/b) ed.). Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-7153-1643-6.
"Leaves". , in Massey & Murphy (1996)
"Shapes". , in Massey & Murphy (1996)
Massey, Jimmy R.; Murphy, James C. (1996). "Vascular plant systematics". NC Botnet. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 19 January 2016.

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[1] Radford, A. E., W. C. Dickison, J. R. Massey, C. R. Bell (1976), "Phytography - Morphological Evidence", Vascular Plant Systematics, Harper and Row, New York

[2] Also used to describe compound leaves with finger-like leaflets.

[3] Mucronate, Answers.com, from Roget's Thesaurus.

[4] "palmate (adj. palmately)". GardenWeb Glossary of Botanical Terms.

[5] "Leaf description glossary". www.cs.rochester.edu. Retrieved 2017-11-02.

[6] "Pedate leaf". Retrieved February 24, 2014.

[FOOTNOTEStearn2004439–440-7] Stearn (2004), pp. 439–440.