Penny, British Columbia

Penny, British Columbia
Locality
Location of Penny in British Columbia
Coordinates: 53°51′00″N 121°17′00″W / 53.85000°N 121.28333°W / 53.85000; -121.28333Coordinates: 53°51′00″N 121°17′00″W / 53.85000°N 121.28333°W / 53.85000; -121.28333
Country Canada
Province British Columbia
Land District Cariboo
Regional District Fraser-Fort George
Geographic Region Robson Valley
Area code(s) 250, 778

Penny is located between Longworth and Dome Creek on the northeast side of the Fraser River in central British Columbia. It is an access point for outdoor recreational activities.[1][2] With a community hall and 5-10 permanent residents, the 40 plus houses are mainly absentee owned, but are occupied seasonally. There are no services. Prior to the post office permanently closing on 31 December 2013, the community was the only one in Canada that still relied upon the railway for its postal service.

Transportation

It is a flag stop for Via Rail's Jasper – Prince Rupert train.[3] The immediate Via Rail stops are Longworth to the northwest and Bend to the southeast.

History

Railway

Not a planned station on the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway (the Canadian National Railway after nationalization), Penny was absent from the 1914 timetable,[4] but appeared on a later map.[5] Opened around 1914-16,[6][7] it was situated between Lindup to its northwest, and Guilford to its southeast. The name, a surname that emerged by the beginning of the 13th century,[8] was selected for unknown reasons,[9] or came from the list prepared by Josiah Wedgwood (submitted at the request of William P. Hinton, the railway's general manager). Commonly claimed as an English place name,[10] no such location appears to have existed in the United Kingdom.

Penny is situated at Mile 69.5, Fraser Subdivision.[11] Previously designated as Mile 159 during the line’s construction, it was the area headquarters for Foley, Welch and Stewart, the prime contractor.[12][13] The Siems-Carey headquarters,[14] a work camp and hospital existed at Mile 160.[12] Mr. Flannigan, a contractor at this camp, who considered all the camps maintained exceptional sanitary conditions, complained of IWW agitators seeking better wages and camp conditions.[15] The government sanitary inspector, who described camp conditions as fair, destroyed 20,000 lbs. of beef at about Mile 160 and bacon unfit for human consumption at other camps. He advised contractors to stop dumping garbage into the Fraser River.[16] Soon after, typhoid and diphtheria cases filled the medical outpost. In one 10-day period, the facility treated five victims of dump-car accidents, and the latest patient from Camp 162 had been cut in two.[17] The Miles 160 and 162 camps were both large.[12][18] The true location of the hospital is unclear as later references suggest Mile 72 (formerly Mile 162) (see #Relief_Programs_During_the_Great_Depression). The railhead reached Mile 158 in September 1913.[19]

Trains sometimes struck straying livestock,[20] but slowed to a crawl if sighted in time.[21] In 1947, the original passenger shelter, a converted section tool house, burned to the ground.[22] Transported the five and a half miles by railway flatcar,[23] Lindup exchanged its standard-design Plan 100‐152 (Bohi’s Type E)[24][25] station building for Penny’s Plan 110‐101 converted sectionmen’s bunkhouse.[26] The CNR appointed the first station agent at this time.[7] By the 1980s, the station was boarded up apart from a small waiting room.[27] In 1988, an ice bridge was built across the Fraser River to carry the station by flatbed truck to its new home, the Prince George Railway & Forestry Museum.[28] 18 months earlier, volunteers transported by raft, a heritage railway speeder shed and tool shed from Penny to this site.[29]

A burned out journal box on a freight car immobilized a train at Penny for seven hours in 1955.[30] During the 1960s, 18 cars derailed from an eastbound 98-car freight train near Penny, which delayed the westbound passenger train for three hours.[31] In another incident, a head on collision with a bull moose, just outside Penny, derailed 23 cars of a westbound 50-car freight train.[32] The deep snow of the 1981/82 winter near Penny caused hundreds of collisions between moose and trains.[33]

In 1970, the CNR closed its section shop.[34] Isolated communities, like Penny, suffered when the Prince George-McBride way freight ceased operations in 1977.[35] The next year, Penny was one of the 11 communities between Prince Rupert and the Alberta border, where the CNR replaced its agent-operator position[36] with a resident serving as a CN Express agent,[37] making it a mere flag stop.[38]

Hunting & Wildlife

Trapper Fred Rankin, a keen astronomer, who arrived in the district in 1910, had a cabin near the creek bearing his name. He died at 84 in 1964.[39] Another Penny resident, Charles Hartsell, who trapped and hunted with Rankin,[40] was possibly the companion who mistook him for a moose and accidentally shot him in the arm a few miles from Penny in 1919.[41] Hartsell died in 1937.[42]

John (Jack) Evans had 100-mile trapline through Penny in 1912/13.[43] He paddled and poled to Tête Jaune in 1897, continued to Fort George in 1905, and later settled near Penny.[44] A regular contributor to the Red Cross,[45] he lived alone in his cabin, which was two miles upstream and across the river. Famed for his horticulture, he was especially popular with the local children for his candy treats. He was almost 82 on his death in 1948.[46][47]

In 1912, Ben & Adelia (Ada) Sykes, with their children Bessie (aged 5), David (aged 3), and Alice (aged 1), travelled from Tête Jaune to about five miles southeast of Penny. Here, they built a cabin and opened a trading post below the mouth of Slim Creek on the Fraser River. Both trappers and hunters, they sold the meat to the railway construction camps or traded with passing scows,[48] which would also drop off or pick up their mail. After returning in September 1913, Ben would visit Penny and Guilford for mail and groceries. A few years later, they relocated to Penny. Their younger children were Mary (1913), Thelma (1915), Marjory (1918), and twins Leona and Lucille (1922). When the family left in 1924, the school closed owing to insufficient pupils.[49]

By 1921, the recognized guides for big game hunters in the Penny area were B. T. Sykes,[50] J. R. Narboe and C. Hartsell.[51] Ben had guided with John Narboe. Although only an itinerant visitor to the Penny area,[52] John had died of a seizure that year at 68 in Nels Pedersen’s house (see #Community).[53]

In 1975, Imre Sorban fired shots at a boatload of people on the outskirts of Penny, forced another woman into a car, and later shot out two tires on the vehicle before he was subdued. Another victim sustained leg wounds from a shotgun blast. Midway through his trial, Sorban pleaded guilty to charges of carrying an offensive weapon and illegally confining another person.[54]

Forestry

Roy Spurr, who arrived at the Tête Jaune railhead in 1911, was a fur trader, who operated a store, café and accommodation, and provided a bookkeeping service, at camps during the railway construction. Using his savings, he opened a sawmill at Penny in 1917,[55][56] later buying out his partners. Connected by a railway spur, the mill lay south of the village on the riverbank. As early as the 1920s, fellow lumber operators recognized his sawmilling and business expertise and sought his advice.[57] A later misconception that the Penny Lumber Co. preceded the opening of the Red Mountain Lumber Co. by several years[58] possibly inspired the questionable claim that Spurr also had an ownership interest in the former.[59]

In bankruptcy by 1921,[60] the assets of the Penny Lumber were acquired by George H. Lipsett.[61] Located south of the CNR track on Rankin Creek,[62] it operated as Penny Lumber[63] and then as G.H. Lipsett Lumber,[64] until fire totally destroyed the mill in 1926.[65]

The narrow strip of accessible spruce forest bordering the railway that stretched some 100 miles east of Prince George was known as the East Line.[66] In the 1920s, with logging limited to the winter and fall seasons to facilitate the hauling of logs over snow and ice, loggers were transient. However, year round work existed in sawmill towns such as Giscome, Aleza Lake, Hutton, Penny, and Longworth.[67] Injuries and death were common in sawmills and logger camps. In 1923, a sawyer employed at the Red Mountain Lumber Co. was killed when a saw severed his body from head to hips.[68]

The proceeds from selling Red Mountain Lumber Co. during the 1928[69] boom year provided Spurr with the funds to acquire other mills at bargain prices during the Great Depression.[70] Like other sawmills during 1930-32, the Penny mill, then owned by the Joseph Campbell and John (Jack) Myers partnership,[71] scarcely operated.[18] In 1932, fire completely destroyed the sawmill and yard lumber.[72] At the time, Newlands, Snowshoe and Sinclair Mills were the only ones sawing, the latter having a big logging camp at Penny.[73]

During the 1920s, Mr. Langmuir was the district forester.[74] The forest ranger, residing in Penny for the Penny Ranger District covered an area that stretched from Dewey to Rider. His dispersed field staff,[75] which were seasonal from spring to fall, travelled by boat or speeder.[76] In 1948, two forestry speeders carrying 17 men to a forest fire at Loos collided near Bend. While the two most seriously injured went by freight train to Prince George, an amphibian plane later landed on the river at Penny to fly five of the less seriously injured for medical treatment.[77] The ranger position was eliminated in the mid-1960s.[78]

In 1933 Myers bought out his partner,[79] and the following year rebuilt the Red Mountain Lumber Co. mill.[80] In 1940, the 50,000-foot-daily capacity sawmill was again destroyed by fire, but the planing mill and processed lumber piles escaped conflagration.[81] Proceeding with his prior intentions,[82] Myers sold the mill to John F. McMillan and C. Earl Jaeck,[83] who changed the name to the Penny Sawmills.[84] Jaeck died in a train/truck collision in 1952.[85]

In 1941, Rory (Roy) R.M. McGillivray (1903-1994) relocated from Bend,[86] with his family, when he became general manager at the Penny mill.[87] His wife, Elizabeth, daughter of Sid & Lulu Coats of Longworth and C. Earl Jaeck’s cousin,[88] headed the local Red Cross fundraising effort during World War II.[89]

In 1942, a new dry kiln was installed,[90] and several new homes and bunkhouses were constructed on the mill site to accommodate the demand from running two shifts.[91] The following year, fire destroyed the planing mill boiler room,[92] putting it out of operation for 6 weeks.[93] This may have been the occasion when a passing CNR locomotive rescued part of the building.[94] In 1945, labor shortages closed one logging camp.[95] The company name changed again to Standard Tie and Timber, when Standard Forest Products acquired the mill in late 1945 or early 1946.[96] After an absence, Roy McGillivray returned[97] as general manager.[98][84] This position involved business travel in Western Canada,[99] and further afield.[100] The family relocated to Prince George in 1953.[101] On cremation, Roy’s ashes were scattered in the Fraser at Penny.[102]

In 1947, the large bunkhouse was constructed at Penny.[103] The following year, the mill burnt down,[104] and a portable mill set up at the mouth of the Red Mountain Creek was used until the old mill was rebuilt.[105][84] In 1952, renaming it the Penny Spruce Mills,[106] the Totem Pole group, controlled by the Thurston family, purchased the operations, which included the bunkhouse and 35 family residences.[107] Leboe Bros. of Crescent Spur provided mainly fir logs from the Goat River area, which were floated down the Fraser to Dome Creek, from where they were controlled by a fin boom system.[108]

The mill, which employed about 120 during summer and 45 in winter, plus 40 at the logging camps,[109] was one of the hardest hit by the strike of 1953.[110] In 1955, the mill cookhouse burned to the ground.[111] Closed in 1958,[112] after the Bank of Montreal called the operating loan,[109] the 100,000-foot capacity sawmill, steam and diesel power plants, 78-man bunkhouse, cookhouse, company houses, machine shop, garage, tractor house and various equipment were soon auctioned by court order.[113]

During the 1940s-50s, there were as many as three sawmills operating in the area.[114][62] The main mill, bought by Eagle Lake Lumber of Giscome, was renamed Penny Forest Products,[115] and continued as a much smaller operation.[112] In 1963, fire destroyed the mill and powerhouse, with only part of the trimmer left standing.[116] Subsequently, Gordon Geddes ran portable mills until all sawmilling activity ceased in 1965.[117][62] Northwood inherited the defunct Penny mill when it acquired the Eagle Lake mill in 1966.[118] Long abandoned, the beehive burner, one of the largest in BC’s history, still stands.[119]

The “Back to the land” movement peaked in the 1970s, with two tree planting companies and fire suppression crews based in Penny.[120]

Community

When Rev. W.J. Patton visited in the summer of 1918, he recorded the permanent population as 25.[121] Official records show 200 for 1920, 100 for 1934, 203 for 1943 and 1944, and 200 for 1948.[122][123] The population peaked in 1957/58 at 675, which included the logging camps.[117][112]

Commonly the postmaster in such towns was also a storeowner. Nels Pedersen, the first postmaster (1916-19), ran a general store (1914-27) as a sole proprietorship or in partnership as Johnston & Pedersen.[124] Thos. B. Wall, also a storeowner,[125][126] was postmaster (1919-25). William Bert and Joseph Melling purchased this store, with Bert as postmaster (1926-28).[127][128]

Samuel (Sam) & Annie Michaylenko, who arrived as the CNR section foreman around 1919/20, operated a store 1929-31. Their children were Nettie (1921), William (Bill) (1923-58),[129] Helen (1925),[130] Joseph (Joe) (1926-99),[131] Florence (1928),[132] Jessie (1930), and Magdelina (1931). When Annie died in 1931, Sam assumed responsibility for the children, except Magdelina, whom the Hinsbergers adopted. When Sam died in 1940,[133] Nettie cared for her siblings.[134] On adulthood, the children left Penny.[135]

Ole (1882-1956) & Halvor Mellos, brothers, arrived by scow in 1913, while the railway was still under construction.[136][137] They developed a farm[138] and were joined by their sister, Ingeborg L. Mellos. Relocating to the township in 1927,[139] she purchased the Pedersen general store and was postmaster (1929-38). Halvor Mellos, who became her business partner, served as postmaster (1938-48).[127] Together, they purchased the Bert and Melling store and sold their original property.[140]

In 1932, Halvor married Anna Marie Haugen.[141] They raised their own daughter, Katherine, and niece Kathleen Johnson, after Ole’s wife, Emma, died in 1942.[142][139] A 1936 fire destroyed their hotel and store. Recently constructed and equipped with all modern conveniences, it was the most popular accommodation between Longworth and McBride.[143] Their private hydro plant supplied electricity.[144]

In 1944 and 1945, the police arrested the offenders responsible for break and entries at the store.[145] For many years, Anna Mellos managed their rooming house.[43][146] In 1950, Halvar raised the alarm when he passed by a burning residence, but was unable to prevent considerable damage occurring.[147] Ingeborg died at 67 in 1952.[148] On Katherine’s marriage to Jack Clements in 1953, the couple remained in Prince George.[149] Although Kathleen married William Isfan at Penny in 1955, the couple never resided there.[150] Halvor died in 1973,[151] while wife Anna resided in Penny for 65 years before relocating.[43]

A sudden death in 1934 prompted an investigative visit by the coroner and a constable from Prince George.[152]

In 1935, the widowed Victor Mellows, his elderly mother Anna, and three sons Arne, Ivar and Oscar settled in Penny. Victor initially farmed, then worked at the sawmill. Anna died at 81 in 1943.[153][154] After Ivar and Oscar had left, Victor relocated in 1956.[155] Returning from World War II ,[156] Arne married Carrie Benson (1923-2012) from Bend.[157] Their children raised in Penny were Karen,[158] Lloyd,[159] and Craig.[160]

In 1948, Arne and brother-in-law Carl Benson, bought the Mellos’ store. It traded as Penny Merchants,[161] and then as Penny Mercantile Co.[162] The following year, Carl sold his share to Oscar.[163] Two years later, Arne installed a gas pump for the increasing number of vehicles.[164] In 1957, safecrackers stole $4,000 in cash from the premises.[165] Arne was postmaster 1948-65,[127] at which time the store closed permanently,[166] and the family departed for Prince George.[167]

Jack Taylor opened a coffee shop in his pool hall,[168] and sold the business to Mr. & Mrs. C. Kirkwood.[169][128]

Philippe & Anna Michaud’s children were Roland, Emile, René, Gisele, Madeleine, Fernande, Gilberte, Philip, Lorraine, Louis, Louise and Jeannie. Emile, who married Helen Bechtel,[170] raised three children there.[171] He stayed (1946-60)[172] and subsequently remarried. Other adult siblings came and went.[173] Philippe & Anna, who resided 1952-61, opened the Dew Drop Inn, a coffee shop, pool room and accommodation for boarders. Fernande (Fern) married[174] Mike Saiko, a local,[175] and their daughter was born in Penny. Gilberte married James (Jim) Kruger,[176] and moved away.[177] René, who played violin, suffered work and sports injuries.[178] Coming and going,[176] he married Teena Teichroeb in 1959. Lorraine married Richmond Lozeau,[179] and moved away. Philip (Phil), who played guitar and sang,[180] remained longer in Penny. Gisele married Bertil Stavely,[173] and their three children were born while at Penny. Philippe & Anna[181] and the three youngest children left in 1961.[182]

The first school, held in an old bunkhouse behind the sawmill, opened in 1921 with Mrs. Cameron as the inaugural teacher. Owing to low student numbers, it closed 1925-29. A one-roomed school was built as a replacement in 1930.[183] To facilitate a second teacher,[184] it was remodelled as two classrooms in 1943.[185] The following year, a teacherage was built on the school grounds,[186] with propane lighting added in 1955,[187] and an addition in 1958.[188]

The last of the three facilities, a two-roomed school opened for the 1953/54 year,[189] with propane lighting added in 1954.[190] The former building was moved off the grounds.[191] In that decade, the pupil numbers peaked at about 50.[114] During 1960-63, enrolments averaged 28.[192] The school closed for six years during the 1970s,[114] but students taking correspondence courses continued to use a classroom.[193] It reopened in 1977 with 13 students.[194] Average enrolment during 1981-84 was 11.[195] Having only seven students, the school closed permanently in 1985,[196] with the building ultimately removed.[117]

The community club, formed in 1932,[197] held functions for nine years in the sawmill cookhouse.[198] The community hall was built in 1941.[199] The building, severely damaged by heavy snow in 1946,[200] was repaired and an electrical generator installed two years later.[201] The hall hosted country artists, professional entertainers, movie screenings and many weddings.[202]

John E. & Jean Humphreys, with children John A. (who married Margaret Boudreau) (see #Boudreau_Family), Jim, Jean, and Jerry arrived in 1946. From 1947, John ran a store in Dome Creek, returning to Penny at weekends. For years, he operated the projector at the Penny weekly movie night.[203] Admission was 50 cents.[204] Active in the social life,[205] Jean,[206] a registered nurse,[207] who delivered 14 of the community babies,[208][209] left in 1957[210] to make Dome Creek their home.[211]

Badminton was popular.[212] The hall was a venue for community dances during World War II,[213] when many were in aid of the Red Cross.[214] The post-war dances[215][216] often attracted visitors from surrounding communities.[217] The hall, falling into disuse during the 1960s, was renovated in 1971 and used for badminton during the 1970s-1980s.[218]

In his role as rector of All Saints Anglican, McBride, Rev. Duncan Cameron regularly conducted Sunday evening services in the Penny schoolhouse,[219] as did his predecessor, Rev. J.J. Cowan, each month.[220] A Sunday school commenced in 1946.[221] St. Paul’s United Church, McBride, also held evening services in the Penny school.[222] The priest came from Giscome each month to St. James Catholic Church, which opened in 1954.[117] Formerly, their services were conducted in the school,[223] with Catholic, Anglican and United alternating weeks. The deconsecrated Catholic building has become a residence.[224]

The Penny cemetery is known to have been in use well into the 1970s.[225]

A homecoming reunion for former residents occurred August 18-20, 1995,[226] for which the book covering the community’s history was compiled.[227] At the time, the permanent population of 11,[117] was meagre in relation to the 36 dwellings.[228]

Boudreau Family

Joseph (Joe) & Bessie Boudreau arrived in 1923. Isabelle, Evie, Josie, Joie, Clarence, Jack, Margaret and June, their children born and raised in Penny, made their own entertainment, singing and playing musical instruments, fishing and hiking. A fire that swept through the valley in 1927 destroyed their original house. Joe, a trapper and logger,[229][230] died at 79 in 1969.[231] Bessie, an avid gardener, who delivered many of the community’s babies, died at 89 in 1983.[232] She could play the piano, flute and harp, whereas Joe played the violin.[208]

M. Isabelle Boudreau (1923-2001) left Penny, but held her wedding to Peter Motiuk there.[233] Never residing as a couple in Penny, their children were Patricia (Pat) and Cary.[234] Isabelle provided a home away from home to family members who came to Prince George for high school.[235]

In 1946, Eveline Boudreau (1925-98)[236] married Jack McKinley,[237] a talented Prince George piano player. They supplied the music for many events.[238] Their children raised in Penny were Gail,[239] Barry,[240] and Rocky L.,[241] with Melody and Charlene born after the family left in 1956.[242]

Josephine (Josie) Boudreau (1927-2010)[243] married William F. (Bud) Proctor in 1946.[237] Months earlier, Bud, a local logger, suffered a skull fracture when struck by a falling tree.[244] Josie and daughter Sandra[245] spent part of 1947 with Bud in Merritt.[246] Josie returned to Penny prior to the birth of son Dwayne.[247] Tragically, 20-month-old Sandra, died of accidental ingestion of gasoline.[207] Janet A.[248] and J. Mark[249] were born subsequently. In 1956, Josie left permanently to work in Prince George.[250] Remarried,[251] she and Marcien Fisher, of Penny,[252] had three children.[253]

In 1950, Joseph E. (Joe Jr.) Boudreau (1929-91)[254] married Edith (Penny) Lammle (1934-2011)[255] at Penny.[256] Their children raised there were Rhoda,[257] Donna (1953-2009),[258] Judy,[259] and William. Joe, a sawfiler then millwright, departed with his family to pursue other work opportunities.[260]

Clarence Boudreau (1931-) married Olga Horn (1932-),[261] one of the two teachers who had arrived for the 1950/51 school year.[262] Their children Dan,[263] Diane Louise (1954-2009),[264] Larry,[265] Maxine, and Jenny, attended the Penny school, as well as three of the grandchildren.[266] When 15, Clarence joined his father and older brother in driving their horse team that hauled logs for milling. In 1956, he bought a Caterpillar D6 to clear their land for potato farming.[267] When cattle ranching proved unprofitable, he focused on logging, land clearing and snowplowing. He was fire warden for many years, and ran (1980-1996)[268] the salmon hatchery (1980-2006) located on their property.[269] In retirement, he voluntarily maintained the Longworth-Penny road with his Cat D6,[268] and remained a resident for nearly 80 years.[270] During the 1970s, when the school closed temporarily, Olga supervised the correspondence course children.[271] Although away from teaching while raising her children, she did substitute when needed. She worked in, and did the bookkeeping for, the hatchery. She also kept a large garden and canned the produce.[268]

E. Jack Boudreau (1933-2018) and ex-wife, Andreen E. Spoklie (1942-2015), had two children, Kelly and Kim,[272] whom Jack raised. Apart from his final years, Jack was a lifelong resident of the area. He was a licensed scaler, an industrial first-aid attendant, and forest firefighter mostly with the Ministry of Forests.[273] In 1967, residents protested the closure of their post-office and it reopened after six weeks.[274] Jack was postmaster (1967-76),[275][276] chair of the citizens committee,[277] and remained a resident.[278] In 1999 on retirement, he wrote the first of his 10 published books on the region's history and personalities.[273]

In 1951, Margaret Boudreau (1934-) married John A. Humphreys, [279] a logger[280] of Penny. Their children were David J.,[249] James (Jim) C.,[281] and Allan. By 16, Margaret could harness and work her fathers’ horse team. The family left in 1965 and John died in 2006.[208]

June Boudreau worked briefly in Prince George,[250] before marrying William (Bill) Benedict, and having children Julie[282] (died of SIDS at six months), Shirley (Allannah), Darlene and Wayne. The Penny station was busy for most of Bill’s tenure as CNR station agent (1954-65), but the family departed after sawmilling activity ceased. In 1993, he returned to live in Penny for a number of years.[117][283] Remarried, June Vandermark has been a prolific writer of letters to the editor, which criticize mainline religious,[284] environmental,[285] and sundry matters.[286]

Pastor Family, Scouts, Guides & Polio Outbreak

Joseph Pastor (1896-1982), who immigrated to Canada in 1925, was a logger along the East Line. He was a fellow resident with Joseph Kobra in Lindup, before settling in Penny in 1934, where his wife Mary (1900-1984), and three children (Mary, Terry and Joe), joined him from Hungary.[287] Although he worked in the sawmill[288] during the earlier years, the farm[289] was his primary involvement. Mary (Snr) delivered milk, cream, butter and cheese to residents.[290] On retiring in 1973, they left Penny.[291]

Joseph was also a hunting guide. On a 1965 trip near Penny, Kalman Malzsencizky mistook his friend, Bela Bill Cservenka, for a moose and fatally shot him. First aid was administered immediately and after a boat trip back to the Pastor farm, where the victim died four hours after the incident.[292] At his trial, Malzsencizky pleaded guilty to criminal negligence.[293] Schervenka’s widow was awarded $60,719 in damages under the provincial Families Compensation Act.[294] Joseph himself had been shot during World War I and the bullet was removed from his elbow in 1944.[295] A sometime Penny resident since the 1940s, his friend Joseph Kobra[296][297] died at 62 in 1965, having lived in the Penny/Lindup area for 40 years.[298]

In 1937, Mary E. Pastor (1920-1986) married Gustof (Gus) Frenkel (1905-1983), but they never resided as a couple in Penny. Their children were John, Margaret, Sheila and Marie.[299][290]

In 1943, Theresa (Terry) M. Pastor (1922-1984) married Earl J. Lousier (1924-2011).[300] Initially a sawmill blade tooth setter, Earl became a sawyer after two years. Danny, their son, was born in Penny,[301] with Theresa (Terry) Ann, Bonita (Bonnie), and Lorraine born after the family left in 1952.[302][303]

During the mid-1940s, a Scout troop and Wolf Cub pack operated. Charles (Charlie) Adcock, the CNR section foreman, was scoutmaster, and Earl Lousier was his assistant. Thurston Berg led the Cubs.[304] On Charlie’s transfer,[122] Larry Willington became scoutmaster and Alice Sinclair had taken charge of the cubs,[305] but these activities soon folded.[306]

In 1946, Joseph (Joe Jr.) Pastor married Marie E. Jopp.[307] Joe, who played trumpet at the dances,[308] months earlier had lost two toes in a logging accident.[237] Marie was one of the two teachers for the 1944/45-1946/47 school years, after which she was available as a substitute.[309] During the mid-to-late 1940s, she led the Girl Guides,[310] who were involved in a range of events.[311][312] In 1950, Marie was briefly confined to hospital in Prince George with suspected polio,[313] before convalescing at home.[314] Their children raised in Penny were Gary,[315] Richard (Ritchie),[316] Shirley,[317] Stewart (1953-93),[318] and Terry-Lynn,[319] with Ronnie born after the family left in 1955.[320][321]

In 1952, Mrs. R. Clark and Mrs. A Ward are recorded as teachers for the Girl Guides and Brownies,[322] the latter company having been recently organized,[306] but these groups are not mentioned after 1953.[323]

John Kuz (1913-50) was the only Penny resident to die of polio. He had arrived in Penny in 1937, where his wife Anne, and baby son, Harold soon joined them. They were active in community life,[324] and their subsequent children raised in Penny were Leona,[325] M. Elaine,[326] and John in 1949. Initially a logger, John (Snr) became a mill labourer, oiler, and finally millwright, where in 1943 he lost three toes in a mill accident.[327] In 1949, a 12-foot fall required a hospital visit.[328] On John’s death in hospital at Prince George, public functions in Penny were cancelled and the school closed as a precaution,[313] which was repeated during another polio outbreak two years later.[329] The community collected almost $1,100 for the family,[330] who left in 1951.[331]

Riggs & Finer Families

Wilbert (Bert) Riggs (1912-99), third son of Wilson A. Riggs of Longworth,[332] took up logging [333] and farming there.[334] In 1928, widower Frederick (Dick) R. Finer arrived in Penny. The following year, his children Mabel, Irene and Allen joined him. Mabel soon left and married Wilbert in 1932. They homesteaded at Longworth, before residing off and on in Penny from 1936. Their first three children were Clarence, Lelia and Keith.[335] Bert was a logger, sawmill worker, and with Mabel, ran their small farm.

Irene G. Finer left and married Wilfrid Appleyard in 1937.[336] Allen R. Finer enlisted during World War II,[337] was wounded,[338] married,[339] and settled in Vancouver.[340] His father soon followed and died at 69.[341]

In 1942, the Riggs resettled in Penny.[342] Their son Clarence, drowned at Guilford Lumber mill in 1945.[343] Pat[344] and Nita[345] were their youngest children. Mabel Riggs operated an iced confectionary booth from her front porch during the summertime.[346][347] Bert Riggs was hospitalized several times,[348] being evacuated by amphibian plane on one occasion.[349] After relocating to and from Prince George for a couple of years,[350] the family, except Lelia,[351] returned.[352] Keith left for work,[353] and Lelia I. married Lawrence B. Tindill.[354] In 1958, Bert relocated for work and in 1963, Mabel, Pat and Nita joined him.[333][355]

Relief Programs During the Great Depression

The Aleza Lake to Tête Jaune highway-construction relief project began in 1931. The seven camps between Aleza Lake and McBride housed 500 workers. Discontent in the camps prompted demands for increased wages, and strike action occurred in April and July 1932, at which time the workers departed for Prince George. In August 1932, the province redirected the men to these isolated locations, now designated as non-work relief camps. Camp 88, Penny,[356] was the largest of the group.[357] On 19 November 1932, a physical confrontation with the camp foreman led to his replacement and a police investigation.[358] On 25 November 1932, police arrested three agitators from the camp for travelling without railway tickets and they received one-month prison sentences. By month end, the camp held its full complement of 108 men. The camp closed in October 1933.[359]

The Penny location at Mile 72, called the hospital camp, occupied the former GTP hospital site and construction camp at then Mile 162. In 1934, the Chambers family moved to the camp, where Ed was employed and by 1936, he worked at a logging camp across the river. The family settled in Penny just before World War II, with the children spending varying periods of their adult lives there.[360]

Bernice married Len Gagnon, who worked in the sawmill.[361] James (Jim) E. served 1942-46,[362] married Marion Hooker (daughter of James B. Hooker of Bend)[363] and left Penny. Lillian J. served 1944-45,[362] and married Chester Whalen.[364] C. Lindy Chambers remained based in Penny,[365] married Alice, but died at 49.[366] M. Jean married local Charles (Charlie) F. Benton.[367][368] Marie C. served 1944-46,[362] lived in Vancouver and became Mrs. J. McNeil.[369] Bette left for Vancouver and became Mrs. Faulkner.[370]

Roads

In 1947, Standard Tie and Timber graded a one-mile road through the town. By 1951, there were 21 cars in the community, but still only one mile of road.[371] When Highway 16, linking Prince George and McBride, opened in 1969,[372] many residents would park their vehicles on the opposite bank of the Fraser River. In winter, the frozen river could usually be crossed by an ice bridge,[373] but if the weather was unusually mild, the train provided the only access.[374] When ice jams upstream and downstream blocked the river during the winter of 1980/81, owners could not reach their cars and flooding submerged 13 vehicles and carried off several boats.[375] Though the townsite on higher ground was safe, houses in low-lying areas were flooded.[376] A proposal for a reaction ferry or bridge access divided the community.[377] In 1995, volunteers upgraded a 12-kilometre logging road, and for the next 20 years, maintained this only road access to the community.[378] In 2017, the province agreed to maintain the private road to Longworth for the following two years.[379]

Electricity, Broadcast Transmissions & Communications Devices

From 1929, the CNR telephone lines opened for public usage, linking Dome Creek with Prince George.[380] Fifty years later, the CN lines from Giscome still served Penny’s crank-style phones[381] on a party line.[102] In the 1990s, the service continued to be erratic, because Telus could not justify the cost of dedicated lines for so few customers.[382]

While the sawmill existed, it provided electricity to many company houses.[383] Some places had diesel[114] or alternately powered generators.[384] Otherwise, oil or gas lamps provided light and wood-burning stoves heat. A communal well provided water for houses without indoor plumbing.[385] There are no BC Hydro transmission lines.[43]

A new transmitter, installed by CKPG-TV on Mount Tabor in 1964, provided reception as far southeast as Longworth & Penny.[386]

Completed in 2014, the Telus cell tower near Dome Creek also serves over 16 kilometres of Highway 16 between Penny and Dome Mountain.[387]


Footnotes

  1. ↑ http://www.penny-redmountain.ca/
  2. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 17 Jul 2010
  3. ↑ "Penny flag stop". VIA Rail.
  4. ↑ GTP Timetable 1914
  5. ↑ http://maps.library.utoronto.ca/datapub/digital/G_R_3572_C4P3_1911.jpg (Use of names Stuart, Loos, Rider and Mt. Cavell date map as 1916-23)
  6. ↑ http://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/6972.html
  7. 1 2 A Penny For…, p. 37
  8. ↑ http://www.surnamedb.com/Surname/Penny
  9. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 27 Jan 1984 (44)
  10. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 27 May 1957
  11. ↑ "CN Timetable: Nov 20, 1977" (PDF).
  12. 1 2 3 Fort George Herald, 17 May 1913
  13. ↑ https://www.gent-family.com/GrandTrunkPacific/grandtrunkpacificcontractors.html
  14. ↑ Fort George Herald, 21 Jun 1913
  15. ↑ Fort George Herald, 12 Apr 1913
  16. ↑ Fort George Herald, 31 May 1913
  17. ↑ Fort George Herald, 7 Jun 1913
  18. 1 2 A Penny For…, p. 2
  19. ↑ Fort George Herald, 20 Sep 1913
  20. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 15 Jun 1944
  21. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 25 Apr 2000
  22. ↑ A Penny for…, p. 38
  23. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 4 Sep 1947, 16 Oct 1947 & 8 Jul 1989
  24. ↑ http://www.oil-electric.com/2008/09/type-e-mythology.html
  25. ↑ https://www.michaelkluckner.com/bciw10gtp.html
  26. ↑ Bohi, Charles W. & Kozma, Leslie S. (2002). Canadian National’s Western Stations. Fitzhenry & Whiteside, pp. 121, 136 & 141
  27. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 23 Jan 1985
  28. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 11 & 12 Feb 1988
  29. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 19 & 21 Jul 1986
  30. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 1 Sep 1955
  31. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 14 & 15 Dec 1961
  32. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 17 Jan 1967
  33. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 15 & 17 Sep 1982
  34. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 24 Jun 1970
  35. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 25 Jul 1977
  36. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 2 & 8 Aug 1978
  37. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 3 Oct 1978 & 13 Mar 1980
  38. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 7 Feb 1980
  39. ↑ A Penny for…, pp. 1 & 153-154
  40. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 4 Jan 1934
  41. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 8 Oct 1919
  42. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 27 May 1937
  43. 1 2 3 4 Prince George Citizen, 9 Aug 1995
  44. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 9 Feb 1939
  45. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 30 Jul 1942, 12 Nov 1942, 14 Jan 1943, 11 Mar 1943, 20 May 1943, 15 Jul 1943, 19 Aug 1943, 7 Oct 1943, 17 Feb 1944, 25 May 1944, 20 Jul 1944, 12 Oct 1944, 21 Dec 1944, 22 Feb 1945, 5 & 26 Apr 1945, & 7 Mar 1946
  46. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 10 Jan 1946, 15 Jan 1948, 22 Jan 1948, & 12 Feb 1948
  47. ↑ A Penny for…, pp. 103-104
  48. ↑ http://fhnas.ca/scow-boats-heavy-haulers-athabasca-river-alberta-canada/
  49. ↑ A Penny for…, pp. 165-168
  50. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 12 Oct 1920
  51. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 13 Sep 1921
  52. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 3 Sep 1919
  53. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 18 Jan 1921
  54. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 3 Oct 1975; & 2 & 3 Dec 1976
  55. ↑ Fort George Herald: 9 Nov 1912 & 13 Sep 1913
  56. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 16 Aug 1954
  57. ↑ Drushka, Ken (1998). Tie Hackers to Timber Harvesters. Harbour Publishing, p. 83
  58. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 2, 16 & 23 Aug 1918; & 1 May 1924
  59. ↑ A Penny for…, pp. 2 & 21
  60. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 7 & 11 Jan 1921; & 1, 8, 15 & 22 Mar 1921
  61. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 1 May 1924
  62. 1 2 3 A Penny For…, p. 22
  63. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 30 Aug 1921 & 28 Oct 1921
  64. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 3 Jun 1926
  65. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 10 Jun 1926
  66. ↑ summit.sfu reference, p. 14
  67. ↑ summit.sfu reference, p. 137
  68. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 19 Jul 1923
  69. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 8 Nov 1928
  70. ↑ summit.sfu reference, p. 98
  71. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 2 May 1988
  72. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 25 Aug 1932
  73. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 11 Aug 1932
  74. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 17 Feb 1922
  75. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 26 Aug 1937, 27 Apr 1944 & 26 May 1949
  76. ↑ A Penny for…, p. 19
  77. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 24 Jun 1948
  78. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 9 Oct 1964
  79. ↑ summit.sfu reference, p. 84
  80. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 10 May 1934
  81. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 12 Sep 1940
  82. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 29 Aug 1940
  83. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 21 Nov 1940
  84. 1 2 3 A Penny For…, p. 21
  85. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 28 Apr 1952
  86. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 8 Jun 1994
  87. ↑ A Penny for…, p. 127
  88. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 15 Dec 1949 & 19 Feb 1962
  89. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 4 Jun 1942 & 18 Jan 1945
  90. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 21 May 1942
  91. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 27 Aug 1942
  92. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 22 Jul 1943
  93. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 9 Sep 1943
  94. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 27 Jan 1984 (40)
  95. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 30 Aug 1945
  96. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 22 Aug 1946
  97. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 3 Jan 1946 & 17 Apr 1947
  98. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 28 Oct 1948, 9 Aug 1951 & 27 Nov 1952
  99. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 6 May 1948, 28 Oct 1948, 9 Jun 1949, 17 Nov 1949, 19 Apr 1951, 28 Aug 1952, 13 Nov 1952, & 14 May 1953
  100. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 6 Mar 1952
  101. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 21 Mar 1929, 28 May 1953, & 22 Jan 1991
  102. 1 2 A Penny For…, p. 172
  103. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 12 Jun 1947
  104. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 7 Oct 1948
  105. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 16 Dec 1948 & 3 Mar 1949
  106. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 3 Mar 1952
  107. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 27 Nov 1952
  108. ↑ A Penny for…, p. 27
  109. 1 2 A Penny For…, p. 28
  110. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 22 Oct 1953
  111. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 29 Sep 1955
  112. 1 2 3 A Penny For…, p. 3
  113. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 16 Oct 1959
  114. 1 2 3 4 Prince George Citizen, 2 May 1985
  115. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 12 Apr 1961 & 24 May 1961
  116. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 22 Mar 1963
  117. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Prince George Citizen, 19 Aug 1995
  118. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 10 Aug 1973 & 30 Jun 1988
  119. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 25 Aug 1995
  120. ↑ A Penny for…, p. 4
  121. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 26 Aug 1958
  122. 1 2 Prince George Citizen, 17 Oct 1946
  123. ↑ A Penny for…, pp. 177-183
  124. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 8 Oct 1920, 18 Jan 1921, 30 Oct 1924 & 17 Jul 1941
  125. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 14 Feb 1922
  126. ↑ Prince George Leader, 8 Mar 1923
  127. 1 2 3 "Postmasters".
  128. 1 2 A Penny For…, p. 66
  129. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 11 Jun 1958
  130. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 4 Jan 1945 & 12 Jul 1951
  131. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 4 Oct 1945 & 9 Jun 1999
  132. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 22 Aug 1946 & 5 Mar 1953
  133. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 23 May 1940
  134. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 6 Nov 1941
  135. ↑ A Penny for…, pp. 140-142
  136. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 18 Aug 1955 & 9 Feb 1956
  137. ↑ A Penny for…, pp. 1-2
  138. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 29 Mar 1923, 22 & 29 Aug 1929, 5 Sep 1929, & 5 Oct 1933
  139. 1 2 A Penny For…, p. 132
  140. ↑ A Penny for…, pp. 63 & 132
  141. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 14 Jul 1932
  142. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 12 Nov 1942, 10 Dec 1953 & 6 Oct 1955
  143. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 30 Jul 1936
  144. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 15 Jun 1933
  145. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 27 Jan 1944, 3 Feb 1944 & 3 May 1945
  146. ↑ A Penny for…, pp. 96, 105 & 133
  147. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 8 Jun 1950
  148. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 26 Jun 1952
  149. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 10 Dec 1953 & 18 Nov 1954
  150. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 6 Oct 1955 & 24 Jan 1957
  151. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 31 Oct 1973
  152. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 8 Nov 1934
  153. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 19 Aug 1943
  154. ↑ A Penny for…, pp. 134-135
  155. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 19 Mar 1953, 25 Mar 1954, 29 Mar 1956, 26 Apr 1956 & 30 Jul 1994
  156. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 4 Oct 1945
  157. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 5 Sep 1946
  158. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 15 Mar 1951
  159. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 14 May 1953
  160. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 10 Jan 1955
  161. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 27 May 1948
  162. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 26 May 1960
  163. ↑ A Penny for…, p. 81
  164. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 12 Jul 1951
  165. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 25 & 28 Oct 1957
  166. ↑ A Penny for…, p. 64
  167. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 21 Jul 1986 & 12 Dec 2012
  168. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 10 May 1951
  169. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 6 Mar 1952 & 12 May 1952
  170. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 6 Sep 1951
  171. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 17 Jul 1952 & 14 May 1956
  172. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 26 Sep 1960
  173. 1 2 Prince George Citizen, 19 Jul 1956
  174. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 2 Jul 1953
  175. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 13 & 27 May 1948, 28 Jul 1949, 13 Apr 1950, 22 Jun 1950, 23 Nov 1950, 14 Dec 1950, 18 Feb 1952, 19 Jan 1956 & 18 Mar 1957
  176. 1 2 Prince George Citizen, 30 Sep 1954
  177. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 19 Jul 1956 & 25 Apr 1957
  178. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 6 Mar 1952 & 19 Mar 1953
  179. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 8 Sep 1959
  180. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 22 Apr 1954
  181. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 17 Jan 1984
  182. ↑ A Penny for…, pp. 136-140
  183. ↑ A Penny for…, pp. 2 & 46
  184. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 12 Aug 1943
  185. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 15 Jul 1943 & 19 Aug 1943
  186. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 14 Sep 1944
  187. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 8 Dec 1955
  188. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 26 Nov 1957
  189. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 24 Sep 1953
  190. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 2 Dec 1954
  191. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 20 Oct 1955
  192. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 2 Sep 1960 & 23 Oct 1963
  193. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 19 May 1972 & 16 Feb 1977
  194. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 16 Sep 1977
  195. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 4 Sep 1981, 20 Oct 1982, 21 Apr 1983 & 25 Oct 1984
  196. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 22 May 1985
  197. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 23 Jun 1932
  198. ↑ A Penny for…, pp. 9 & 229
  199. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 18 Sep 1941; & 4 & 25 Dec 1941
  200. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 7 Mar 1946
  201. ↑ A Penny for…, p. 9
  202. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 7 Oct 1948, 21 Sep 1950, 26 Jul 1951, 15 Nov 1951, 22 May 1952, 9 Sep 1954 & 25 Jul 1977
  203. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 12 Aug 1948, 26 Jan 1950, 1 Sep 1955, 9 Jan 1956, & 12 Feb 1987
  204. ↑ A Penny for…, p. 175
  205. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 11 May 1950, 9 Aug 1951, 7 Aug 1952, 28 May 1953, 26 Apr 1956, & 2 May 1957
  206. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 21 Apr 1996
  207. 1 2 Prince George Citizen, 9 Sep 1948
  208. 1 2 3 Prince George Citizen, 30 Oct 2016
  209. ↑ A Penny for…, pp. 107-9
  210. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 27 Jun 1957
  211. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 28 Nov 1958
  212. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 25 Dec 1941, 10 Jan 1946, 7 Mar 1946, 20 May 1948, 16 Sep 1948 & 3 Nov 1949
  213. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 25 Dec 1941, 5 Feb 1942, 2 Apr 1942, 14 May 1942, 3 Jun 1943, 9 Dec 1943, 6 Jan 1944, 6 Jul 1944, 26 Oct 1944, 4 & 21 Dec 1944, 22 Mar 1945 & 24 May 1945
  214. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 16 & 23 Apr 1942, 4 Jun 1942, 16 Jul 1942, 25 Mar 1943, 23 Mar 1944, 20 Jul 1944 & 5 Jul 1945
  215. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 7 Mar 1946, 16 May 1946, 31 Jul 1947, 13 Nov 1947, 20 & 27 May 1948, 8 Jul 1948, 16 Sep 1948, 6 Jan 1949, 3 & 24 Mar 1949, 2 Jun 1949, 13 Oct 1949, 6 Jul 1950, 14 Dec 1950, 11 Jan 1951, 22 Feb 1951, 6 Sep 1951, 8 Nov 1951, 7 Jan 1954, 13 Jan 1955, 2 Jun 1955 & 28 Mar 1957
  216. ↑ A Penny for…, p. 17
  217. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 6 Sep 1945, 18 Jul 1946, 5 Sep 1946, 4 Sep 1947, 15 Jan 1948, 5 & 26 Aug 1948, & 14 Jul 1955,
  218. ↑ A Penny for…, p. 10
  219. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 27 Mar 1947; 1 May 1947; 12 Jun 1947 (Bishop); 24 Jul 1947; 21 Aug 1947; 16 Oct 1947; 13 Nov 1947; 15 Jan 1948; 12 & 26 Feb 1948; 22 Apr 1948, 27 May 1948; 3 & 17 Jun 1948; 8 Jul 1948; 23 Sep 1948; 7 & 21 Oct 1948; 4 & 18 Nov 1948; 2, 16 & 30 Dec 1948; 27 Jan 1949; 10 & 24 Feb 1949; 3, 10 & 24 Mar 1949; 7 & 21 Apr 1949; 5 & 19 May 1949; 9 Jun 1949; 20 Oct 1949; 17 Nov 1949; 1, 15 & 29 Dec 1949; 12 Jan 1950; 16 Feb 1950; 16, 23 & 30 Mar 1950; 13 & 27 Apr 1950; 4 May 1950; 8 & 15 Jun 1950; 27 Jul 1950; 19 Oct 1950; 9 Nov 1950; 11 & 25 Jan 1951; 8 Feb 1951; 29 Mar 1951; 12 & 26 Apr 1951; 3 & 24 May 1951; & 23 Aug 1951;
  220. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 3 Nov 1938; 2 & 30 Oct 1941
  221. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 15 Aug 1946
  222. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 24 Jun 1948, 8 Jul 1948, 7 Oct 1954, 6 Oct 1955, 1 Mar 1956, 29 Nov 1956 & 28 Mar 1957
  223. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 24 Jun 1948 & 2 Jul 1953
  224. ↑ A Penny for…, p. 7
  225. ↑ A Penny for…, p. 169
  226. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 9, 19 & 21 Aug 1995
  227. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 5 Feb 1996
  228. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 22 Oct 1999
  229. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 19 Aug 1995 & 19 Feb 2013
  230. ↑ A Penny for…, p. 83
  231. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 3 Mar 1969
  232. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 26 Aug 1983
  233. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 19 Nov 1951 & 17 Aug 1988
  234. ↑ A Penny for…, pp. 84-85
  235. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 11 Apr 2001
  236. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 24 Nov 1998
  237. 1 2 3 Prince George Citizen, 21 Mar 1946
  238. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 8 Apr 1948, 8 Jul 1948, 26 Aug 1948, 2 Dec 1948, 30 Mar 1950, 28 May 1953, 18 Feb 1954 & 30 Oct 2016
  239. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 3 Apr 1947 & 11 May 1950
  240. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 25 Aug 1949
  241. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 7 Jun 1956
  242. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 21 Jun 1956 & 9 Jun 2016
  243. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 26 Mar 2010
  244. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 3 Jan 1946
  245. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 19 Dec 1946
  246. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 17 Jul 1947 & 13 Nov 1947
  247. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 15 Jan 1948 & 12 Feb 1948
  248. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 28 Apr 1949 & 9 Jun 1949
  249. 1 2 Prince George Citizen, 7 Jul 1955
  250. 1 2 Prince George Citizen, 3 May 1956
  251. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 2 May 1957
  252. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 19 & 26 Oct 1950, 9 Nov 1950, 17 Jul 1952, 2 Jul 1953 & 30 Sep 1954
  253. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 3 Mar 1960, 21 Mar 1963 & 5 May 1966
  254. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 28 May 1991
  255. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 9 Nov 2011
  256. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 21 Sep 1950
  257. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 17 Jul 1952
  258. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 14 Dec 1953 & 9 Nov 2011
  259. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 27 Feb 1956
  260. ↑ A Penny for…, p. 85
  261. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 26 Jul 1951 & 16 Feb 2016
  262. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 21 Dec 1950
  263. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 6 Mar 1952 & 24 Sep 1953
  264. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 21 Oct 1954, 19 Aug 1995 & 28 Dec 2009
  265. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 15 Nov 1956
  266. ↑ A Penny for…, p. 106
  267. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 17 May 1956 & 16 May 1957
  268. 1 2 3 Prince George Citizen, 19 Feb 2013
  269. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 25 May 1985, 10 Apr 1987 & 16 Feb 2016
  270. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 16 Feb 2016
  271. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 24 Jun1970
  272. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 20 Oct 2015
  273. 1 2 Prince George Citizen, 25 Jan 2018
  274. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 30 Jun 1967, 7 Jul 1967 & 24 Aug 1967
  275. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 21 Aug 1967
  276. ↑ A Penny for…, p. 66
  277. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 22 Sep 1970
  278. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 19 Sep 1977
  279. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 19 Nov 1951
  280. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 3 Feb 1955
  281. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 6 Feb 1956 & 7 Jun 1956
  282. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 30 Jul 1958
  283. ↑ A Penny for…, pp. 39 & 78-80
  284. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 27 Mar 1986, 18 Sep 1986, 24 Jul 1997, 12 Jan 1999, 19 Aug 2000, 15 & 21 Dec 2000, 21 Jul 2001, 8 Aug 2002, 27 Jan 2010, 1 & 2 Feb 2010, 20 Oct 2010, 30 Nov 2010, 27 Sep 2011, 27 Aug 2012, 25 Nov 2015 & 19 Apr 2016,
  285. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 30 Nov 1985, 21 Jan 1991 & 21 Jan 2002
  286. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 1 Feb 1983, 24 Jul 1984, 24 Jun 1985, 22 Jul 1993, 31 Jan 1994, 6 Mar 1995 & 23 Feb 2000
  287. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 22 Nov 1982 & 10 Apr 1984
  288. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 27 Jan 1944
  289. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 3 Oct 1940, 10 Sep 1942, 1 Apr 1948, 27 Mar 1947, 19 May 1955, 17 Jun 1957, 12 Dec 1957 & 4 Aug 1959
  290. 1 2 A Penny For…, p. 150
  291. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 21 Jun 1979
  292. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 12 Oct 1965, & 19 & 21 Jan 1966
  293. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 12 May 1966
  294. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 27 Feb 1968
  295. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 23 Mar 1944
  296. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 2 Nov 1944, 26 Jul 1945 & 4 Apr 1957
  297. ↑ Boudreau, Clarence & Olga. (2003). Into the Mists of Time. Self-published. p. 59
  298. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 29 Jun 1965
  299. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 14 Oct 1937, 15 Nov 1983 & 30 Dec 1986
  300. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 4 Nov 1943, 9 Dec 1943, 28 Aug 1984 & 26 Feb 2011
  301. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 31 Aug 1944
  302. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 21 Feb 1952
  303. ↑ A Penny for…, pp. 119-123 & 150
  304. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 31 May 1945, 14 & 21 Jun 1945, 2 Aug 1945, 8 Nov 1945, 3 Jan 1946 & 7 Mar 1946
  305. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 1 May 1947
  306. 1 2 Prince George Citizen, 9 Oct 1952
  307. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 8 Aug 1946
  308. ↑ A Penny for…, p. 123
  309. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 5 Jul 1945 & 18 Sep 1947
  310. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 21 Jun 1945 & 15 May 1947
  311. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 5 Apr 1945, 24 & 31 May 1945, 5 Jul 1945, 16 Aug 1945, 7 Mar 1946, 7 Aug 1947 & 12 Feb 1948
  312. ↑ A Penny for…, p. 211
  313. 1 2 Prince George Citizen, 16 Oct 1950
  314. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 9 Nov 1950
  315. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 5 Feb 1948
  316. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 17 Nov 1949
  317. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 16 Aug 1951
  318. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 15 Jun 1953 & 1 Jun 1993
  319. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 10 Feb 1955
  320. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 1 Dec 1955
  321. ↑ A Penny for…, pp. 109-110 & 150
  322. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 30 Dec 1952
  323. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 19 Mar 1953 & 27 Apr 1953
  324. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 4 Jun 1942, 1 Jul 1943, 24 May 1945, 17 Oct 1946 & 3 Nov 1949
  325. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 8 Jun 1939
  326. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 4 Mar 1943
  327. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 18 Jun 1942
  328. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 7 Jul 1949
  329. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 3 Nov 1952
  330. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 19 Oct 1950
  331. ↑ A Penny for…, pp. 110-112
  332. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 28 Dec 1939
  333. 1 2 Prince George Citizen, 21 Jan 1999
  334. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 6 Aug 1931
  335. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 19 Aug 1937
  336. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 14 Oct 1937
  337. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 6 Nov 1941 & 4 Jun 1942
  338. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 21 Oct 1943 & 18 Nov 1943
  339. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 13 Sep 1945
  340. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 18 Oct 1945 & 24 Jul 1947
  341. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 12 Jun 1952
  342. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 4 Jun 1942
  343. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 19 Jul 1945
  344. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 26 Apr 1945
  345. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 17 Apr 1947
  346. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 5 Aug 1948
  347. ↑ A Penny for…, p. 95
  348. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 11 Dec 1947, 7 Sep 1950 & 6 Mar 1952
  349. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 25 Jun 1951
  350. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 28 Aug 1952, 24 Dec 1953 & 18 Feb 1954
  351. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 14 Oct 1954, 18 Nov 1954, 24 Mar 1955, 21 Jul 1955 & 5 Apr 1956
  352. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 6 May 1954
  353. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 5 Jul 1956
  354. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 25 Mar 1957 & 2 May 1957
  355. ↑ A Penny for…, p. 159
  356. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 19 Oct 1933
  357. ↑ summit.sfu reference, p. 292
  358. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 24 Nov 1932
  359. ↑ summit.sfu reference, p. 296
  360. ↑ A Penny for…, pp. 90-95
  361. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 17 Apr 1941, 27 Aug 1942, 15 Apr 1943, 28 Sep 1944, 13 Sep 1945, 11 Apr 1946, 3 Apr 1947, 6 May 1948, 30 Mar 1950, 16 Aug 1951, 19 Jun 1952, 2 Mar 1953, 18 Feb 1954, 16 Sep 1954, & 5 & 19 May 1955
  362. 1 2 3 Prince George Citizen, 3 Oct 1946
  363. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 26 Sep 1946
  364. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 13 Sep 1945, 3 Oct 1946, 11 May 1950, 5 Apr 1951 & 10 Jan 1952
  365. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 8 Apr 1954, 2 May 1957 & 11 Jul 1967
  366. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 10 Aug 1979
  367. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 7 Oct 1948, 11 May 1950, 10 Jan 1952 & 8 Apr 1954
  368. ↑ A Penny for…, p. 82
  369. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 17 Jul 1947
  370. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 17 Jul 1947 & 10 Jan 1952
  371. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 9 Aug 1951
  372. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 22 May 1969
  373. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 5 Mar 1980 & 30 Dec 1986
  374. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 23 Feb 1990
  375. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 19 & 22 Dec 1980
  376. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 18 Dec 1980
  377. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 30 & 31 Jan 1980; 1, 7 18 & 29 Feb 1980; 5 Mar 1980; & 18 Jan 1981
  378. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 9 Aug 1995 & 19 Feb 2013
  379. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 12 Apr 2017
  380. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 20 Jun 1929
  381. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 8 Aug 1978 & 22 Dec 1980
  382. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 9 Aug 1995 & 22 Oct 1999
  383. ↑ A Penny for…, p. 164
  384. ↑ Prince George Citizen, 23 Mar 1950
  385. ↑ A Penny for…, pp. 175 & 251
  386. ↑ Prince George Citizen: 27 Oct 1964 & 7 Dec 1964
  387. ↑ https://www.therockymountaingoat.com/2014/01/cell-service-expands-on-highway-16/


References

  • "Penny (community)". BC Geographical Names.
  • http://pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca/fedora/repository
  • The Penny Reunion Committee. (1995). A Penny for Your Thoughts… Self-published
  • Olson, Raymond W. (2014). Ghost Towns on the East Line. Self-published
  • http://summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6364/b16611068.pdf
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