Pars pro toto

Pars pro toto (/ˌpɑːrz proʊ ˈtoʊtoʊ/;[1] Latin: [ˈpars proː ˈtoː.toː]), Latin for "a part (taken) for the whole",[2] is a figure of speech where the name of a portion of an object, place, or concept represents its entirety. It is distinct from a merism, which is a reference to a whole by an enumeration of parts; metonymy, where an object, place, or concept is called by something or some place associated with the object, place, or concept; or synecdoche, which can refer both to this and its inverse: the whole representing a part.

In the context of language, pars pro toto means that something is named after a part of it, or after a limited characteristic, in itself not necessarily representative for the whole. For example, "glasses" is a pars pro toto name for something that consists of more than just two pieces of glass. Examples of common pars pro toto usage in political geography include "Russia" or "Russians", for the entire former Russian Empire or former Soviet Union or its people, China for People's Republic of China, Holland for the Netherlands, and, particularly in languages other than English, using the translation of "England" in that language for "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". Among English-speakers "Great Britain" or "Britain" is a common pars pro toto shorthand for the entire United Kingdom. Switzerland's name (in German Schweiz) comes from its central Canton of Schwyz.

The inverse of a pars pro toto is a totum pro parte, in which the whole is used to describe a part, such as widespread use of "America" (which originally named the entire western hemisphere to place it geographically, with alliteration, alongside Asia, Africa, "Europa", and ultimately Antarctica and Australia) in place of "United States of America", "United States" or "USA".[3] The term synecdoche is used for both, as well as similar metaphors, though in Greek it literally means "simultaneous understanding".

Geography

Certain place names are sometimes used as synecdoches to denote an area greater than that warranted by their strict meaning:

Other examples

  • Individual body parts may refer to an entire body. Examples:
    • "Skin" or "hide" ("save your skin" or "skin in the game" or "the teacher will have my hide")
    • "mouth" ("mouth to feed")
    • "head" ("head count")
    • "face" ("famous faces")
    • "hand" ("all hands on deck")
    • "eyeballs" (television audience)
    • "guts" (to "hate someone's guts")
    • "back" used to mean the entire human body in relation to clothing ("shirt off my back")
    • or "back" or "neck" used to mean a person's entire self in relation to being bothered ("get off my back" or "we'll have the police on our necks").
    • Also "back" meaning a person's whole self or physical being or physical life in the saying "to have someone's back", and "neck" meaning a person's life or physical being in the phrase "save one's neck".
    • "ass" (crude; referring to a "butt hole") referring to the entire buttocks
    • "butt" used to indicate a person's entire self or body ("get your butt on a plane" or "the boss fired my ass.")
    • "body" for a person (for example, "the beach was "crowded with bodies" or a "warm body" or "what's a body to do", or the words "somebody," "anybody," "everybody," "nobody")
    • similarly, "soul" for a person, (for example, "the poor soul" or "don't tell a soul.")
  • using slang words for genitalia to indicate that particular gender, especially in terms of a sexual partner.
    • similarly, "vagina" for the entire vulva.
  • "hand" for a person, usually a woman, being considered as a marital partner, used in the phrases "hand in marriage" or "he asked her father for her hand."
  • "bread" for food in general, as in "my job puts bread in my children's mouths"
  • "Pork bellies" for commodities to be traded
  • "hand" for applause, as in "let's have a great big hand for our guest"
  • "bread" for livelihood/sustenance/a living, as in "earn your daily bread"
  • "hand" for help, such as "lend a hand" or "give me a hand"
  • "head" for individual farm animal, such as "twelve head of cattle" for "twelve cows, bulls, etc."
  • "Big Ben" for Elizabeth Tower
  • "motor" for automobile, as in the corporation General Motors or the word "Motors" used in the name of a car dealership
    • similarly, "jet" for jet(-propelled) airplane, "sail" for sailing ship, "wheels" for automobile
  • In the context of shooting, the term "gun" refers to the shooter as well as his firearm. (e.g., "he was a hired gun".)
  • Chevrolet, Holden (in Oceania) or Opel (in Europe) to represent the entirety of General Motors, where using the most common GM brand in each region represents the entirety of General Motors
  • Activision or Blizzard to refer to holding parent company Activision Blizzard

See also

References

  1. ↑ "pars pro toto | Definition of pars pro toto in English by Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries | English. Retrieved 2018-01-19.
  2. ↑ "pars pro toto - Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary". Merriam-webster.com. 2012-08-31. Retrieved 2014-02-03.
  3. ↑ Blair Arts Ltd. "Online Dictionary of Language Terminology (ODLT) s.v. totum pro parte". ODLT. Retrieved 2014-02-03.
  4. ↑ "Hindustan: Definition". Thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 2017-09-07.
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