Parking enforcement officer

A parking attendant vehicle in San Francisco.
Honda Civic Hybrid used in Chinatown, Los Angeles
A Traffic Warden van in Inverness.
"Meter maid" in Stockholm, 1961

A parking enforcement officer (PEO),[1][2] traffic warden[1] (British English), parking inspector/parking officer[3] (Australia and New Zealand), or civil enforcement officer[1] is a member of a traffic control department or agency who issues tickets for parking violations. The term parking attendant is sometimes considered a synonym[4] but sometimes used to refer to the different profession of parking lot attendant.[2]

Even where parking meters are no longer used, the terms meter attendant, meter maid, and meter Nazi are still used colloquially or officially to refer to female and male PEOs.[5][2][6]

Other duties

On 9 December 2007, the mayor of Stockholm, Mikael Söderlund, announced that the tasks of the parking enforcement officers will be broadened to include fining graffiti vandals and litterers. Trade union representatives say these officers are not prepared to take on new tasks, already stretched by metering vehicles, and that they fear the risk of violence. Those authorities in England that invested in vehicles with onboard computer and camera equipment have also begun policing bus lanes.[7] With the combination of the role of parking attendants in some areas of Great Britain into that of civil enforcement officers, many now routinely issue fixed penalties for such offences as littering, public drinking, anti-social behaviour and noise violations in addition to dealing with nuisance parking offences which previously escaped the attention of parking attendants as they contravened legislation other than the Road Traffic Act 1991. Nevertheless, the National Careers Service does not list any of these new tasks.[1]

By country

Australia

Meter maid in 2011.

The Surfers Paradise Meter Maids were introduced to the world in 1965 by local businessman Bernie Elsey to provide a positive spin on parking regulations. Instead of issuing tickets for expired parking, the Meter Maids dispensed coins into the meter and left a calling card under the windscreen wiper of the vehicle.

Initially introduced as a countermeasure against the unpopularity of parking meters installed the previous year, the Maids are known for their gold bikini outfits and (now defunct) tiaras.

Ticket-issuing parking inspectors continue to patrol streets to enforce parking regulations, and the Gold Coast City Council is installing voucher-dispensing parking machines in place of traditional parking meters, leaving 'meter maids' unable to top up the meter to protect vehicles from being fined by parking inspectors.

Canada

In Canada, parking enforcement duties are frequently handled under the umbrella of bylaw enforcement by bylaw enforcement officers. No jurisdictions remain where persons employed for the purpose of enforcing traffic bylaws are referred to as "meter maids" and increasingly fewer offices of "parking enforcement officer" exist. Most officials once employed as PEOs are now utilized to perform a variety of bylaw enforcement duties, often including animal control or the enforcement of other bylaws. The position is increasingly upgraded to that of the more professional position of bylaw enforcement officer. Common duties of bylaw enforcement officers include parking enforcement, property and zoning regulation, and regulation of general conduct of persons in public. Bylaw officers, however, only have the power to issue civil citations as such as penalties for most municipal bylaw violations.

The cities of Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver still employ officials with the title of parking enforcement officer. In the case of Montreal and Toronto, PEOs are a sub-division of their respective police force : the Montreal SPVM (where they are nicknamed "green onions" due to their formerly green uniforms) and the Toronto Police Service (where they have been nicknamed 'blue hornets' because of their blue uniform stripe, which is red on police officers' uniforms). In Vancouver's case, PEOs are employees of the municipal government, not affiliated with the Vancouver Police Department.

Canadian parking enforcement officers are de facto peace officers while in the performance of their duties and inasmuch as that designation is required for the performance of their duties, even if they are not sworn officers or constables. Case law has upheld this legal interpretation. See bylaw enforcement officer for case-law excerpts. This means that assault on a Canadian parking enforcement officer or bylaw officer conducting traffic bylaw enforcement is punishable under the Criminal Code of Canada as assault on a peace officer and carries higher penalties than standard assault.

In some areas in Canada, parking enforcement services are subcontracted to a private organization, such as the Canadian Corps of Commissionaires. However these facilities are usually privately owned parking lots and garage. Although some large municipalitys have long standing agreements.[8]

Toronto is deploying traffic wardens to help with congestion at major intersections in the city beginning in early 2018.[9] Their focus is to expedite flow of cars and pedestrians at problem intersections, where they will replace use of Toronto police officers in the same role.

Indonesia

An Indonesian Traffic Warden

In Indonesia, traffic wardens or also known as parking enforcement officers are under the Ministry of Transportation and are known as "Dishub" or "LLAJR". Beside enforcing parking regulations, they also assist the Police in directing traffic and maintain discipline in the road especially for public transportation vehicles such as public buses, taxis, trucks, etc. which use yellow license plate. Their uniform is white (used to be blue, but has since been changed due to similarity with the air force's uniform) which is different from the Police that wear Brown. They are usually stationed in Bus Terminals, public transportation stations, and other public transportation agencies in Indonesia.

Ireland

In the Republic of Ireland, parking enforcement officer are employed by councils to enforce laws relating to the parking and stopping of motor vehicles. They were introduced by the Local Authorities (Traffic Wardens) Act 1975. Under the Road Traffic Acts, traffic wardens are empowered to issue on the spot parking tickets and fines for non-display for a tax disc. It is an offence to refuse to provide your name and address when demanded to do so by a traffic warden.

New Zealand

In New Zealand, local councils may appoint a person to hold the office of Parking Officer. Parking Officers only have jurisdiction on a public road within the local council's region, and may enforce most parking offences and special vehicle lane offences. These offences include (but are not limited to): driving in an active bus-lane, incorrect parking, having an expired WOF or Rego and parking at an expired meter. The fines for various offences are considerably lower than many other places around the world, with fines as low as $12 for minor offences. However, abuse and violence against officers is common, resulting in some councils adopting body worn cameras for them. Parking Officers may direct people to remove their vehicle off a public road if it causes an obstruction, or if it is desirable in the interests of the Public. They also have the power to enter a vehicle for the purposes of moving it or preparing it for towing, and like Ireland, by law can request your identifying details.

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom (UK), traffic wardens have historically been employed by the territorial police force to help with traffic management and parking regulations. Parking attendants have more recently been introduced by local authorities to pursue decriminalised parking enforcement. Accusations of overzealousness on the part of parking attendants is likely due to high pressure management focused around delivering a certain number of tickets per day, leading to allegations of corruption and illegality.[10] This brings accusations that their real purpose is to raise revenue for the local authority rather than keep the traffic moving. Those who receive fines argue that the "punishment does not fit the crime,"[11] pointing to the size of fines levied for minor parking violations in comparison with fines generally issued for more serious motoring offences or other offences such as shoplifting. Public dislike of parking attendants in the UK is such that they have been stabbed,[12] received death threats,[13] and been issued stab-proof vests[14] and cotton swabs to take DNA samples when members of the public spit on them, for later prosecution.

Enforcement of laws dealing with the parking of motor vehicles in the UK can be the responsibility of one or more of the following persons:

Civil enforcement officers (England, Wales, Scotland), including those previously known as parking attendants (whose duties might still be limited to parking contraventions or might now be extended to other road traffic contraventions where a local authority has chosen to do so),[15] are employed by local authorities or a contractor providing their services to a local authority. Since the advent of decriminalised parking enforcement, they have largely replaced traffic wardens as the primary enforcers of parking regulations. They have the power to issue penalty charge notices (PCNs) for parking contraventions dealt with by ss.63-79 Road Traffic Act 1991; in areas where their duties have been extended beyond that of a parking attendant they can also issue PCNs for parking offences coming under other legislation such as e.g. parking a vehicle entirely on a footway or the parking of a detached vehicle trailer or skip.

Traffic attendants (Northern Ireland) issue parking offence penalty charge notices (i.e. a civil penalty not a criminal penalty) for the Roads Service using powers under the Traffic Management (Northern Ireland) Order 2005.

Traffic wardens are employees of police forces and are primarily responsible for controlling traffic in general using powers available to authorised persons defined in the Road Traffic Act 1988. Their usage for parking enforcement is less common since the advent of decriminalised parking enforcement which in many areas transferred the enforcement of offences concerning simple parking in controlled areas to local authorities; other parking offences such as any involving penalty points and/or those not involving the 1991 Act (or equivalent in Northern Ireland) remain enforceable by traffic wardens. Traffic wardens in the Metropolitan Police could be promoted to traffic warden supervisor, traffic warden controller, senior traffic warden controller, and area traffic warden controller.

Traffic officers of the Highways Agency (England and Wales) operate under the Traffic Management Act 2004 and have various powers to deal with vehicles on a "relevant road" (chiefly motorways and trunk roads) which on other roads would be dealt with as parking offences by police or local authorities; this includes the power to remove such vehicles.

The power to deal with a parking offence on a highway generally remains available to a police constable.

The term 'meter maid' was popularised in The Beatles' song "Lovely Rita", in which the male singer, smitten with a female traffic warden, recalls:

Standing by a parking meter, when I caught a glimpse of Rita
Filling in a ticket in her little white book.
In a cap, she looked much older,
And the bag across her shoulder
Made her look a little like a military man.
Lovely Rita meter maid,
May I inquire discreetly,
When are you free to take some tea with me?

The A&E reality television show Parking Wars focuses on parking enforcement.

In the 1984 BBC television drama Threads, a deputized traffic warden armed with a machine gun is briefly shown keeping watch over an improvised internment camp for looters, following a nuclear strike on Sheffield. The warden's bandaged face was used in the promotional material for the film.[16]

In the 2016 Disney animated film Zootopia the main character, Judy Hopps, is disappointed to be assigned parking enforcement duties, but decides to excel at her task.[17]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Job profiles of the UK National Careers Service
  2. 1 2 3 United States Department of Labor Dictionary of Occupational Titles, classification number 375.587-010
  3. ↑ Australian and New Zealand Standard Classification of Occupations
  4. ↑
  5. ↑ American Heritage Dictionary
  6. ↑ Entry for "meter maid" in the Random House Dictionary, 2011.
  7. ↑ Anders Sundström (2007-12-09). "P-vakter blir klotterjägare" (in Swedish). DN.se. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
  8. ↑ "Canadian Corps of Commissionaires "Enforcement Services"". Commissionaires.ca. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
  9. ↑ http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/toronto-traffic-wardens-new-measures-john-tory-announcement-1.4294534
  10. ↑ "UK | Magazine | Confessions of a parking attendant". BBC News. 2005-06-01. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
  11. ↑ "Meter Maid Man". D4 Brothers. Retrieved 2015-10-09.
  12. ↑ "Parking attendant stabbed in arm". BBC News Online. 14 April 2008. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
  13. ↑ Magee, Julie (6 August 2011). "Parking attendants at Castlepoint face death threats". Bournemouth Echo. Bournemouth. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
  14. ↑ Kaiser, Robert (15 December 2014). "Robert Kaiser's Blog: Can Stab Resistant Vests Improve The Safety Of Parking Enforcement Professionals / Traffic Wardens?". PPSS Group. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
  15. ↑ s.76 Traffic Management Act 2004
  16. ↑ http://www.electronicsunset.org/radio_times_threads_traffic_warden_doublethink
  17. ↑ Downhower, Annick J. (16 March 2016). "Protecting and Serving in "Zootopia"". Mid Valley News. El Monte, California. Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2016.

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