Papyrus 45
New Testament manuscript | |
![]() Folios 13-14 with part of the Gospel of Luke | |
Name | P. Chester Beatty I |
---|---|
Sign | 45 |
Text | Gospels, Acts |
Date | c. 250 |
Script | Greek |
Found | Egypt |
Now at | Chester Beatty Library |
Cite | F.G. Kenyon, The Chester Beatty Biblical Papyri (London: E. Walker), 1933 |
Size | 30 leaves; 10 in x 8 in |
Type | eclectic text-type |
Category | I |
Papyrus 45 ( 45 or P. Chester Beatty I) is an early New Testament manuscript which is a part of the Chester Beatty Papyri. It was probably created around 250 in Egypt.[1] It contains the texts of Matthew 20-21 and 25-26; Mark 4-9 and 11-12; Luke 6-7 and 9-14; John 4-5 and 10-11; and Acts 4-17. The manuscript is currently housed at the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin, Ireland, except for one leaf containing Matt. 25:41-26:39 which is at the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna (Pap. Vindob. G. 31974).[2][3]
Condition of the manuscript
The manuscript is heavily damaged and fragmented. The papyrus was bound in a codex, which may have consisted of 220 pages, however only 30 survive (two of Matthew, six of Mark, seven of Luke, two of John, and 13 of Acts). All of the pages have lacunae, with very few lines complete. The leaves of Matthew and John are the smallest. The original pages were roughly 10 inches by 8 inches. Unlike many of the other surviving manuscripts from the 3rd century which usually contained just the Gospels, or just the Catholic letters, or just the Pauline epistles, this manuscript possibly contained more than one grouping of New Testament texts. This hypothesis is attributed to the use of gatherings of two leaves, a single-quire that most other codices had.[4]
Textual character
Because of the extent of the damage, determining the text's type has been difficult for scholars. The manuscript was obtained by Alfred Chester Beatty in the first half of the 20th century, and published in The Chester Beatty Biblical Papyri, Descriptions and Texts of Twelve Manuscripts on Papyrus of the Greek Bible by Frederic G. Kenyon in 1933. In this work, Kenyon identified the text of the Gospel of Mark in 45 as Caesarean, following the definition of Burnett Hillman Streeter.[5] Hollis Huston criticized Kenyon's transcription of various partially surviving words, and concluded that chapters 6 and 11 of Mark in 45 could not neatly fit into one text-type, especially not Caesarean, because the manuscript predates the distinctive texts for each type from the 4th and 5th centuries.[6]
45 has a great number of singular readings.[7] On the origin of these singular readings, E. C. Colwell comments:
- "As an editor the scribe of 45 wielded a sharp axe. The most striking aspect of his style is its conciseness. The dispensable word is dispensed with. He omits adverbs, adjectives, nouns, participles, verbs, personal pronouns—without any compensating habit of addition. He frequently omits phrases and clauses. He prefers the simple to the compound word. In short, he favors brevity. He shortens the text in at least fifty places in singular readings alone. But he does not drop syllables or letters. His shortened text is readable."[8]
Text-type
45 has a relatively close statistical relationship with Codex Washingtonianus in Mark, however, and to a lesser extent Family 13. Citing Larry Hurtado's study, Text-Critical Methodology and the Pre-Caesarean Text: Codex W in the Gospel of Mark,[9] Eldon Jay Epp has agreed that there is no connection to a Caesarean or pre-Caesarean text in Mark. There is also not a strong connection to the Neutral text of Codex Vaticanus, the Western text of Codex Bezae, and the Byzantine text of the textus receptus.[10] Another hypothesis is that 45 comes from the Alexandrian tradition, but has many readings intended to "improve" the text stylistically, and a number of harmonizations. While still difficult to place historically in a category of texts, most scholars today agree that the text is not Caesarean, contrary to Kenyon.
The textual character of the manuscript varies from book to book. In Mark, multivariate analysis of apparatus data from the UBS Greek New Testament (4th ed.)[11] places 45 in a group which includes W (for chapters 5-16), Θ, Family 1, 28, 205, 565; the Sinaitic Syriac, Armenian, and Georgian versions; and Origen's quotations.[12] This group corresponds to what Streeter called an "Eastern type" of the text.[13] In Luke, an eleven-way PAM partition based on Greek manuscript data associated with the INTF's Parallel Pericopes volume[14] places the manuscript in a group with C (04), L (019), Ξ (040), 33, 892, and 1241.[15] In Acts it is closest to the Alexandrian text.
It is calculated that the codex omitted the Pericope Adulterae (John 7:53-8:11).[16]
Notable readings
![](../I/m/P45_Matthieu_25.41-46.jpg)
Mark 6:40
- κατὰ ἑκατὸν καὶ κατὰ πεντήκοντα:
- Omit. : 45
- Incl. : All other witnesses
Mark 6:44
- τοὺς ἄρτους:
Mark 6:45
- εἰς τὸ πέραν:
- Omit. : 45 W f1 118 itq syrs
- Incl. : All other witnesses
Mark 8:12
Mark 8:15
Mark 8:35
- ἐμοῦ καὶ:
- Omit. : 45 D 28 700 ita.b.d.i.k.n.r1 syrs arm Origen
- Incl. : All other witnesses
Mark 9:27
- καὶ ἀνέστη:
- Omit. : 45(vid) W itk.l sys.p
- Incl. : All other witnesses
Luke 6:48
- διὰ τὸ καλῶς οἰκοδομῆσθαι αὐτήν: 75vid א B L W Ξ 33 157 579 892 1241 1342 2542 syhmg sa bopt
- τεθεμελίωτο γὰρ ἐπὶ τὴν πέτραν: A C D Θ Ψ f1,13 700c Byz latt syrp.h cop bopt arm, geo, goth
- Omit. : 45(vid) 700* syrs
Luke 11:33
- οὐδὲ ὑπὸ τὸν μόδιον:
Luke 11:44
- γραμματεις και Φαρισαιοι υποκριται:
Luke 11:54
- ινα κατηγορησωσιν αυτου:
Luke 12:9
- Omit. verse: 45 it e syrs boms
- Incl. verse: All other witnesses
Luke 12:47
- μὴ ἑτοιμάσας ἢ:
- Omit. : 45
- Incl. : All other witnesses
John 11:7
- τοῖς μαθηταῖς:
John 11:25
- καὶ ἡ ζωή:
- Omit. : 45 it 1 syrs Diatessaronsyr Cyprian
- Incl. : All other witnesses
John 11:51
- τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ ἐκείνου:
- Omit. : 45 it e l syrs
- Incl. : All other witnesses
Acts 5:37
- πάντες:
- Omit. : 45 D it
- Incl. : All other witnesses
Acts 8:18
Acts 9:17
Acts 9:21
- οἱ ἀκούοντες:
- Omit. : 45 74 Ψ* pc
- Incl. : All other witnesses
Acts 9:38
Acts 10:10
Acts 10:13
- Πέτρε:
- Omit. : 45 gig Clement Ambrose
- Incl. : All other witnesses
Acts 10:16
- εὐθὺς:
- παλιν : (❦ D) Ψ 33vid. 1739 p syh samss mae
Acts 10:33
Acts 11:12
Acts 13:48
Acts 13:49
- τοῦ κυρίου:
- Omit. : 45 pc
- Incl. : All other witnesses
Acts 15:20
- τῆς πορνείας:
- Omit. : 45
- Incl. : All other witnesses
Acts 15:40
Acts 16:32
Acts 17:13
See also
Notes and references
- ↑ "The Conversion of Saul (Paul)". The Western Collection; Papyri; Letters of Paul. Dublin, Ireland: Chester Beatty Library. Archived from the original on 4 January 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2009.
- ↑ Kurt and Barbara Aland, Der Text des Neuen Testaments. Einführung in die wissenschaftlichen Ausgaben sowie in Theorie und Praxis der modernen Textkritik. Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, Stuttgart 1989, p. 109. ISBN 3-438-06011-6
- ↑ "Liste Handschriften". Münster: Institute for New Testament Textual Research. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
- ↑ Bruce M. Metzger, Bart D. Ehrman, The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration, Oxford University Press (New York - Oxford, 2005), p. 54.
- ↑ Huston 1955, p. 262
- ↑ Huston 1955, pp. 265, 268, 270-271.
- ↑ Barbara Aland, The Significance of the Chester Beatty in Early Church History, in: The Earliest Gospels ed. Charles Horton, London 2004, p. 110.
- ↑ Ernest Cadman Colwell, “Scribal Habits in the Early Papyri: A Study in the Corruption of the Text,” in: "The Bible in Modern Scholarship" ed. J. P. Hyatt, New York: Abingdon Press 1965, p.383.
- ↑ Hurtado, Text-Critical Methodology and the Pre-Caesarean Text, 1981.
- ↑ Epp 1974, p. 395
- ↑ Aland et al. (eds), Greek New Testament, 4th rev. ed., Stuttgart: German Bible Society, 1998
- ↑ Timothy J. Finney. "How To Discover Textual Groups". Retrieved 2013-03-16.
- ↑ Streeter, B. H. (1924). The Four Gospels. London: Macmillan. pp. 27, 108.
- ↑ Holger Strutwolf and Klaus Wachtel (eds), Novum Testamentum Graecum: Editio Critica Maior: Parallel Pericopes: Special Volume Regarding the Synoptic Gospels (Stuttgart: German Bible Society, 2011)
- ↑ PAM (partitioning around medoids) is a multivariate analysis technique. For a description, see Timothy J. Finney. "Views of New Testament Textual Space". Retrieved 2013-03-16.
- ↑ T. C. Skeat, A Codicological Analysis of the Chester Beatty Papyrus Codex of Gospels and Acts (P 45), in: T. C. Skeat and J. K. Elliott, The collected biblical writings of T. C. Skeat, Brill 2004, p. 147.
Further reading
- Frederic G. Kenyon, Chester Beatty Biblical Papyri II/1: The Gospels and Acts, Text, London 1933.
- Epp, Eldon Jay. "The Twentieth Century Interlude in New Testament Textual Criticism". Journal of Biblical Literature. vol. 93, No. 3 (Sep., 1974), pp. 386–414
- Hurtado, Larry W. Text-Critical Methodology and the Pre-Caesarean Text: Codex W in the Gospel of Mark. Studies and Documents 43. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1981.
- Hurtado, Larry W., “P45 and the Textual History of the Gospel of Mark,” in The Earliest Gospels: The Origins and Transmission of the Earliest Christian Gospels--The Contribution of the Chester Beatty Gospel Codex P45, ed. Charles Horton (London: T&T Clark International, 2004) pp. 132–48.
- Huston, Hollis W. "Mark 6 and 11 in 45 and in the Caesarean Text." Journal of Biblical Literature. vol. 64, No. 4 (Dec., 1955) pp. 262–271
- Metzger, Bruce M., The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration, Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 54.
- Ayuso, El texto cesariense del papiro de Chester Beatty en ela Evangelio de San Marcos, EB. IV (1934), 268-281.
- T. C. Skeat, A Codicological Analysis of the Chester Beatty Papyrus Codex of Gospels and Acts (P 45), in: T. C. Skeat and J. K. Elliott, The collected biblical writings of T. C. Skeat, Brill 2004.
- Comfort, Philip W.; David P. Barrett (2001). The Text of the Earliest New Testament Greek Manuscripts. Wheaton, Illinois: Tyndale House Publishers. pp. 155–201. ISBN 978-0-8423-5265-9.
- P.L. Hedley, The Egyptian Texts of the Gospels and Acts, The Church quarterly review 1934, ss. 188-230.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Papyrus 45. |
- Robert B. Waltz. 'NT Manuscripts: Papyri, Papyri 45.' The Encyclopedia of New Testament Textual Criticism. Retrieved June 10, 2013
- , an image and description of Acts 8.34 - 9.6.
- , an image and description of Acts 17.9-17.