Oleo strut

Landing gear with oleo strut and scissor- or torque links
Landing gear with oleo shock absorber and trailing link

An oleo strut is a pneumatic air–oil hydraulic shock absorber used on the landing gear of most large aircraft and many smaller ones.[1] This design cushions the impacts of landing and damps out vertical oscillations.

It is undesirable for an airplane to bounce on landing—it could lead to a loss of control.[2] The landing gear should not add to this tendency. A steel coil spring stores impact energy from landing and then releases it. An oleo strut absorbs this energy, reducing bounce.[3]

As the strut compresses, the spring rate increases dramatically, because the air is being compressed, while the viscosity of the oil dampens the rebound movement.[4][5]

The largest cargo airplanes in the world, such as the Antonov An-124 Ruslan, use oleo struts to allow for rough-field landing capacity with a payload of up to 150 tons. This design also cushions the airframe from the impacts of taxiing.[6]

History

Cleveland Pneumatic Tool Company designed and introduced the first oleo-pneumatic shock-absorbing strut for airplanes, later called "Aerol" struts in 1926.[7][8][9][10] Oleo-pneumatic struts have been in use for many decades.[3] Oleo-pneumatic shock absorber technology has continued to be refined, for example with US patent US2959410 A, Jarry Hydraulics, in 1960.[11]

Operation

Antonov An-124 Ruslan landing gear

Pneumatic systems like the oleo strut generally have long operating lives, and the construction is not unusually complex for maintenance purposes.[12]

An oleo strut consists of an inner metal tube or piston, which is attached to the wheel axle, and which moves up and down in an outer (or upper) metal tube, or cylinder, that is attached to the airframe. The cavity within the strut and piston is filled with gas (usually nitrogen, sometimes air—especially on light aircraft) and oil (usually hydraulic fluid), and is divided into two chambers that communicate through a small orifice.

When the aircraft is stationary on the ground, its weight is supported by the compressed gas in the cylinder.[1] During landing, or when the aircraft taxis over bumps, the piston slides up and down. It compresses the gas, which acts as a spring, and forces oil through the orifice, which acts as a damper. A tapered rod is used on some designs to change the size of the orifice as the piston moves, providing greater resistance as compression of the strut increases. Additionally, a check valve is sometimes used to uncover additional orifices so that damping during compression is less than during rebound.

Nitrogen is usually used as the gas instead of air, since it is less likely to cause corrosion. The various parts of the strut are sealed with O-rings or similar elastomeric seals, and a scraper ring is used to keep dust and grit adhering to the piston from entering the strut.[6]

Automotive applications

Hydropneumatic suspension, introduced in 1954, utilizes the same principle of a gas that compresses (nitrogen) and a fluid that does not. In this application, an engine driven pump is used to pressurize the hydraulic fluid.

The Quadro range of motor scooters use the oleo strut to allow for low speed lean.[13]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Van Sickle, Neil D., Welch, John F, Bjork, Lewis and Bjork, Linda, Van Sickle's modern airmanship. Page 125. Retrieved March 12, 2011
  2. ↑ Welcome Guest Login Here. "Activities, Courses, Seminars & Webinars - ALC_Content - FAA - FAASTeam". FAASafety.gov. Retrieved 2016-06-26.
  3. 1 2 http://club66pro.com/documents/oleoniu.pdf
  4. ↑ "Flight Training Magazine - AOPA". Flighttraining.aopa.org. Retrieved 2016-06-26.
  5. ↑ Fri, 07/22/2011 - 17:52 (2008-12-26). "Oleo struts | Welcome to the P28B Web Site". P28b.com. Retrieved 2016-06-26.
  6. 1 2 Woodhouse, Mary and Gifford, Scott "How to make your airplane last forever," Tab Books, 1996, Page 75. ISBN 978-0-07-071704-6. Retrieved March 12, 2011
  7. ↑ Cleveland: The Making of a City, p.865
  8. ↑ The Savvy Aviator #31: Know Your Oleo
  9. ↑ American Engineer's Feat Proves Boom to Aviation, Aeronautical World Journal of Commerce, 1930 Vol. 3-4 p. 34.
  10. ↑ Absorbing the Shocks US Air Services, 1931, Vol. 16, p. 48
  11. ↑ "Patent US2959410 - Double stage oleo-pneumatic shock absorber - Google Patents". Google.sc. Retrieved 2016-06-26.
  12. ↑ Garrison, Peter (2012-04-30). "Sherlock and the Sagging Strut". Flying Magazine. Retrieved 2016-06-26.
  13. ↑ Radu, Mihnea (2014-11-05). "2015 Quadro 4 Pushes Leaning and Stability to Extremes at EICMA 2014". Retrieved 2016-07-04.
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