Nidaros Cathedral

Nidarosdomen
Nidaros Cathedral
View of the church's west front
Nidarosdomen
Location of the church
Nidarosdomen
Nidarosdomen (Norway)
63°25′37″N 10°23′49″E / 63.4269°N 10.3969°E / 63.4269; 10.3969Coordinates: 63°25′37″N 10°23′49″E / 63.4269°N 10.3969°E / 63.4269; 10.3969
Location Trondheim, Trøndelag
Country Norway
Denomination

Church of Norway

( Evangelical Lutheran)
Previous denomination Catholic
Churchmanship Evangelical Lutheran
Website nidarosdomen.no
History
Status Cathedral
Founded c. 1070
Architecture
Functional status Active
Architect(s) Heinrich Ernst Schirmer
and Christian Christie
Architectural type Long church
Style Romanesque and Gothic
Completed 1300 / 2001
Specifications
Capacity 1850
Materials Soapstone
Administration
Parish Nidaros og Vår Frue
Deanery Nidaros domprosti
Diocese Nidaros

Nidaros Cathedral (Norwegian: Nidarosdomen / Nidaros Domkirke) is a Church of Norway (Evangelical Lutheran) cathedral located in the city of Trondheim in Trøndelag county, of southern Norway. It is built over the burial site of King Olav II of Norway and Saint Olav (c. 995-1030, reigned 1015-1028), the King of Norway in the 11th century, who became the patron saint of the nation, and is the traditional location for the consecration of new Kings of Norway. It was built over a long period of 230 years, from 1070 to 1300 when it was substantially completed. But additional work, additions and renovations continued occasionally intermittently for seven more centuries until 2001, and designated as the cathedral for the Diocese of Nidaros in 1152. After going the turmoil and controversies of the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century, it was taken from the Catholic Church by the newly reformed established state Church of Norway in 1537, which adopted and following the teachings and reforms of the German Catholic priest, Augustinian friar and university professor Martin Luther (1483-1546), Phillip Melancthon (1497-1560) and others, becoming Evangelical Lutheran. Norwegian Christian faith was heavily influenced by the events and theological debates further south in continental Europe in the Holy Roman Empire and German Confederation under Emperor Charles V (1500-1558, reigned 1516-1558). Nidaros is the northernmost medieval cathedral in the world.[1]

The cathedral is the main church for the Nidaros og Vår Frue parish, the seat of the Nidaros domprosti (arch-deanery), and the seat of the Bishop of the Diocese of Nidaros. The Preses of the Church of Norway is also based at this cathedral. The large, stone church seats about 1,850 people and it was historically used as the site of the coronation for the Kings of Norway.[2][3]

History

The Cathedral in 1857

Nidaros Cathedral was built beginning in 1070 to memorialize the burial place of Olav II of Norway, the king who was killed in 1030 in the Battle of Stiklestad. He was canonized as Saint Olav a year later by Grimketel, the Bishop of Nidaros (the canonization was later confirmed by the pope[lower-alpha 1]). It was designated the cathedral of the Catholic Archdiocese of Nidaros from its establishment in 1152 until its abolition in 1537 under the Reformation.[4]

Since the Reformation, it has served as the cathedral of the Lutheran bishops of Trondheim (or Nidaros) in the Diocese of Nidaros. The architectural style of the cathedral is Romanesque and Gothic. Historically it has been an important destination for pilgrims coming from all of Northern Europe.[5]

Along with Vår Frue Church, the cathedral is part of the Nidaros og Vår Frue parish in the Nidaros deanery in the Diocese of Nidaros.[6]

Building and restoration

Work on the cathedral as a memorial to St. Olav started in 1070. It was finished some time around 1300, nearly 150 years after being established as the cathedral of the diocese. The cathedral was badly damaged by fires in 1327 and again in 1531. The nave was destroyed and was not rebuilt until the restoration in early 1900s.

In 1708, the church burned down completely except for the stone walls. It was struck by lightning in 1719, and was again ravaged by fire. Major rebuilding and restoration of the cathedral started in 1869, initially led by architect Heinrich Ernst Schirmer, and nearly completed by Christian Christie. It was officially completed in 2001. Maintenance of the cathedral is an ongoing process.

The oldest parts of the cathedral consist of the octagon with its surrounding ambulatory. This was the site of the original high altar, with the reliquary casket of Saint Olav, and choir. Design of the octagon may have been inspired by the Corona of Canterbury Cathedral, although octagonal shrines have a long history in Christian architecture. Similarly, the choir shows English influence, and appears to have been modeled after the Angel Choir of Lincoln Cathedral.

It is joined to the octagon by a stone screen that fills the entire east side of the choir. The principal arch of this screen is subdivided into three subsidiary arches: the central arch frames a statue of Christ the Teacher, standing on the top of a central arch of three subsidiary arches below him. The space above the principal arch, corresponding to the vault of the choir, contains a crucifix by the Norwegian sculptor Gustav Vigeland, placed between statues of the Virgin Mary and the Apostle John. Built into the south side of the ambulatory is a small well. A bucket could be lowered to draw up water drawn from the spring that originated from St. Olav's original burial place. (This was covered over by the construction of later cathedrals).

The present cathedral has two principal altars. At the east end of the chancel in the octagon is an altar at the site of the medieval high altar, behind which stood the silver reliquary casket containing the remains of St. Olav. This silver-gilt reliquary casket was melted down for coinage by Christian II and St. Olav's remains buried in an unknown location under the cathedral. The only relic known to have survived is a femur in a silver-gilt reliquary. Shaped as a forearm, it was given by Queen Josephine to St. Olav Catholic Cathedral in Oslo. The original reliquary casket was in the form of a church, with dragon heads on its gables. The dragons are similar to those carved on the gables of Norwegian stave churches. Surviving medieval reliquary caskets in Norway frequently also bear such dragon heads, for instance, that at Heddal stave church. He was the church's and the kingdom's patron saint. The current altar was designed to recall in marble sculpture the essential form of this reliquary casket. It replaces the previous baroque altar, which was transferred to Vår Frue Church.

The second altar is in the crossing, where the transept intersects the nave and the chancel. It bears a large modern silver crucifix. It was commissioned and paid for by Norwegian American emigrants in the early twentieth century, and the design was inspired by the memory of a similar silver crucifix in the medieval church. The medieval chapter house may also be used as a chapel for smaller groups of worshipers.

All the stained glass in the cathedral dates from its rebuilding in the 19th and 20th centuries. The windows on the north side of the church depict scenes from the Old Testament against a blue background, while those on the south side of the church depict scenes from the New Testament against a red background.

Organs

Two organs are installed in the Cathedral. The main organ was built by the Steinmeyer firm in 1930, and was erected in the north transept. It then had 125 stops. Installation of the Steinmeyer organ was commissioned in 1930 for the 900th anniversary of the Battle of Stiklestad. The organ was funded mostly by donations, particularly by Elias Anton Cappelen Smith. In 1962, the organ was heavily rebuilt and moved to the west nave. Many stops were removed; some of them were used to build a new choir organ. This organ was fully restored in 2014.[7][8]

The old Baroque organ built by noted German organ builder Johann Joachim Wagner (1690–1749) during the period 1738–40 was carefully restored by Jürgen Ahrend between 1993–94. It has 30 stops and is located at a gallery in the north transept. [9]

Nidaros Cathedral

Tourist attraction

Today, the cathedral is a popular tourist attraction. Nidaros Cathedral is the site of the observation of Olav's Wake (Norwegian: Olavsvaka). This religious and cultural festival is centered upon the anniversary of the death of Saint Olav at the Battle of Stiklestad. Tourists often follow the historic Pilgrim's Route (Norwegian: Pilegrimsleden) to visit the cathedral for this and other events.

The cathedral is also familiar to enthusiasts of Norwegian Black metal, as it is featured on the cover artwork of De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas, the 1994 studio album by Mayhem.

Choirs

  • Nidaros Cathedral Choir
  • Nidaros Cathedral Boys' Choir
  • Nidaros Cathedral Girls' Choir
  • Schola Sancta Sunnivae
  • Nidaros Vocalis
  • Nidaros Oratory Choir

See also

References and notes

Notes

  1. ↑ Grimketel initiated the beatification of Olaf on 3 August 1031. This was before the time of the formal canonization process now in use

Footnotes

  1. ↑ "Nidaros Cathedral". Trondheim kommune. Archived from the original on 2014-12-30. Retrieved 2014-12-30.
  2. ↑ "Nidaros domkirke". Kirkesøk: Kirkebyggdatabasen. Retrieved 2018-03-17.
  3. ↑ "Oversikt over Nåværende Kirker" (in Norwegian). KirkeKonsulenten.no. Retrieved 2018-03-17.
  4. ↑ Nidaros Cathedral: The Symbol of a Nation (My Little Norway)
  5. ↑ History of Nidaros Cathedral (Sacred Destinations)
  6. ↑ Vår Frues historie (Nidaros Domkirkes Restaureringsarbeider)
  7. ↑ The Nidaros Cathedral Steinmeyer Organ (Department of Musicology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology) Archived 2010-12-04 at the Wayback Machine.
  8. ↑ Wagner organ, 1739, Trondheim, Norway
  9. ↑ The Nidaros Cathedral Wagner Organ (Department of Musicology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology) Archived 2007-03-29 at the Wayback Machine.

Literature

  • Danbolt, Gunnar (1997). Nidarosdomen, fra Kristkirke til nasjonalmonument (in Norwegian). Andresen & Butenschøn. ISBN 8276940242. * Ekroll, Øystein (2006). Nidaros Cathedral: The West Front Sculptures. Trondheim Nidarosdomen. ISBN 9788276930634.
  • Ekroll, Øystein; Krokstad, Jill; Søreide, Tove, eds. (1995). Nidaros Cathedral: And the archbishop's palace. Nidaros Domkirkes Restaureringsarbeide. ISBN 978-8276930177.
  • Flekk, Torgeir (1983). Nidaros Cathedral: The Stained Glass. Nidaros Domkirkes Restaureringsarbeider. ISBN 9788290536003.
  • Hansen, Knut Ingar (1997). Pilegrimsgang til Nidaros (in Norwegian). Gyldendal Tide. ISBN 9788247800287.
  • Kollandsrud, Mari (1997). Pilgrimsleden til Nidaros (in Norwegian). Gyldendal. ISBN 9788205247864.
  • Luthen, Eivind (1992). I pilegrimenes fotspor til Nidaros (in Norwegian). Cappelen. ISBN 9788202132491.
  • Raju, Alison (2010). Pilgrim Road to Nidaros, The: St Olav's Way - Oslo to Trondheim. Cicerone Press Limited. ISBN 9781852843144.
  • Schirmer, Herman Major (2012). Kristkirken I Nidaros (in Norwegian). Nabu Press. ISBN 9781273581434.
  • Suul, Torgeir Flekk (1983). Nidarosdomen - glassmaleriene. Translated by Stevens, Michael. Nidaros Domkirkes Restaureringsarbeider. ISBN 9788290536003.
  • Thue, Stein (2008). On the Pilgrim Way to Trondheim. Akademika Publishing. ISBN 978-8251923033.
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