Nicholas Timothy Clerk

The Reverend
Nicholas Timothy Clerk
Nicholas Timothy Clerk
Born (1862-10-28)28 October 1862
Aburi, Gold Coast
Died 16 August 1961(1961-08-16) (aged 98)
Accra, Ghana
Nationality
Education
Occupation
Spouse(s) Anna Alice Meyer (m. 1891)
Children 9, including Carl, Jane, Theodore and Matilda
Parent(s)
Relatives
Church
Ordained 5 July 1888, Basel Minster
Offices held
Signature

Nicholas Timothy Clerk (28 October 1862[1][2][3] – 16 August 1961[4]) was a Gold Coast-born theologian, clergyman and pioneering missionary of the Basel Evangelical Missionary Society who worked extensively in southeast colonial Ghana.[4] His father was the Jamaican Moravian missionary Alexander Worthy Clerk (1820 – 1906),[4] who worked on the Gold Coast with the Basel Mission and co-founded the Salem School at Osu, a Presbyterian boarding middle school for boys[5] in 1843. N. T. Clerk was elected the first Synod Clerk of the Presbyterian Church of the Gold Coast, in effect, the chief administrator and overall strategy lead of the national church organisation, a position he held from 1918 to 1932.[4][6] A staunch advocate of secondary education, Nicholas Timothy Clerk became a founding father of the all-boys Presbyterian boarding school in Ghana, the Presbyterian Boys' Secondary School, established in 1938.[7][8] As Synod Clerk, he pushed vigorously for and was instrumental in turning the original idea of a church mission high school into reality.[7][8]

Early life and education

Nicholas Timothy Clerk, Basel, Switzerland, 1888

Clerk was born on 28 October 1862[1][2][3] at Aburi, about forty-five minutes north-east of the Ghanaian capital, Accra.[4] N. T. Clerk was a second generation descendant of the historic Clerk family of Accra, Ghana.[4] His father was Alexander Worthy Clerk, a Jamaican Moravian missionary who was among the first group of West Indians, recruited by the Danish minister, the Reverend Andreas Riis of the Basel Evangelical Missionary Society in 1843. Riis lived on the Gold Coast from 1832 to 1845.[4][9][10][11] His mother, Pauline Hesse was from the Gold Coast, and was of Danish, German and Ga-Dangme descent.[12][13] His aunt was Regina Hesse (1832 ─ 1898), a pioneer educator and school principal who worked with the Basel Mission on the Gold Coast.[12] He studied at Basel Mission primary and boarding middle schools in Aburi.[4] During his basic school years, Clerk took subjects in reading, writing, arithmetic, biblical studies, history, geography, science, music and general religion.[14] This was followed by pedagogy and theology training[7] at the Basel Mission Seminary, now the Presbyterian College of Education, Akropong, in the state of Akuapem, 32 miles (51 km) north-north-east of Accra where he showed strong interest in Christian missionary work and stayed until the end of 1883.[4][15][16] He was described by the Swiss German church historian and theologian, Hans Werner Debrunner, as "a sturdy lad who had inherited his father's intelligence...and was by far the best student" at the Akropong seminary.[15][16] The Basel missionaries founded the Akropong seminary in 1848 as the second oldest higher educational institution in early modern West Africa after Fourah Bay College, established in 1827.[17][18] Nicholas Clerk spent his summers helping the German Huppenbauer missionary family household at Aburi.[16] In 1884, Mrs. Huppenbauer delivered a baby boy, Carl.[6] Nicholas, together with others assisted in the care of the baby while Mrs. Huppenbauer underwent emergency surgery to amputate a gangrene-afflicted leg, performed Dr. Mahly, an ethnologist and a linguist, who used a hand saw, a bread knife and silk thread for the procedure.[6][16] After a short period of recovery, the Huppenbauer family returned to Germany with Nicholas Clerk who was about to continue his seminary studies in Europe.[6] With the aid of a bursary awarded by the Basel Mission, Clerk pursued further studies at the Basel Mission Seminary in Basel, Switzerland (Basler Missionsseminar)[19] between 1884 and 1888, where he received advanced instruction in theology, philosophy and linguistics, with special emphasis on philology.[4][15][20][21] His theology courses included dogmatics, homiletics and catechesis. [21][22] Clerk was the third African to be educated in Europe by the Basel Mission after the Americo-Liberian pastor, George Peter Thompson, an 1842 alumnus and the native Akan missionary, David Asante who had earlier completed his training in 1862.[16][20][23][24] The Basel mission also had a holistic and rigorous skills-based approach to educating its students.[21] This was geared towards teaching them the survival know-how to especially endure harsh terrains during Christian missionary fieldwork.[21] In this regard, in addition to his integrated classical education, N. T. Clerk received practical training in geography and cartography, botany, rudimentary civil engineering as well as basic natural science, medicine, anatomy and surgery.[21][22][25] During this period, he spent a year (1884 – 1885) in Schorndorf, about 42 miles (26 km) east of Stuttgart, Germany, learning Latin, Greek and Hebrew and mastering German while living with and studying under the award-winning German missionary, clergyman, translator, ethnolinguist and philologist, Johann Gottlieb Christaller who had earlier been influential in the translation of the Bible into the Twi language with the help of Akan linguists and missionaries, David Asante, Theophilus Opoku, Jonathan Palmer Bekoe and Paul Staudt Keteku.[15][9][15][20][26][27][28][29][30] Christaller was a two-time recipeint (1876; 1882) of the most prestigious linguistics prize, The Prix Volney, awarded since 1822, by the Institut de France "to recognize work in general and comparative linguistics."[27][31] While living in Germany, Clerk assisted Christaller in completing some of his works in the Twi language.[20] At Basel, Clerk suffered a nervous breakdown halfway through his studies but recovered quickly.[4] He passed his final examinations, was consecrated in the Basel Minster as a missionary on 5 July 1888[4][15] and shortly thereafter, ordained a minister at Korntal, situated at the northwestern border of Stuttgart of the German state of Baden-Württemberg.[4][29] He returned to his homeland, Gold Coast in October 1888.[4][15][3]

Missionary work

Nicholas Timothy Clerk, Gold Coast

Clerk’s first station was at Anum, on the banks of the Volta River, about 50 miles (80 km) inland, where he arrived in October 1888.[4] In August, 1890 he left Anum to start a mission station in the State of Buem in what is now the Volta Region of Ghana.[4] He chose Worawora, more than 110 miles (176 km) from the coast, as his headquarters. In Worawora, he built a school, a chapel, an administrative office and a house for himself.[4][15] He also constructed a water well for the Worawora community. In August of the 1891 he left Anum to establish a mission station in he worked at Boradaa in the Buem area in what is now part of the Volta Region of Ghana[4][15] and later became the principal evangelist there. In January 1894, Clerk was a delegate of the Synod of the Basel Mission held on the coast.[15]

N. T. Clerk preached against human sacrifice, persecution of albinos, witch-hunt, oppression of widows and orphans, superstitious killing of twins as well as ritual servitude and slavery, child labour and trafficking which were integral to animist or paganist practices. He tried to encourage parents to send their children, including the girl-child, to school.[4][15] He also tried to persuade adults to join the church, but adherence to the practice of polygamy (which was opposed by the Christian Church) made his work difficult.[4] He had come to Buem at a time when it was still independent of either German or British rule, and when inter-tribal wars were not uncommon. The younger generation wanted him to side with them in community disputes with their elders. However, Clerk remained neutral, infuriating the youth who refused to cooperate with him[4] In spite of many challenges, the Worawora mission station was making modest progress by 1898.[4] In 1899, when the inhabitants moved from the hill to the valley, Clerk followed them, and established a new mission station.[4] Buem had then become a part of the German colony of Togoland, conditions of peace prevailed, and Clerk's work had become easier.[4] Before the forcible German takeover of Buem, the inhabitants had wanted Clerk to persuade the British to annex the area, while the German administration, based in Lomé on the coast, had sent a messenger to him to ask him to persuade the people of Buem to become German subjects, but he had refused to take sides based on his personal conviction and the apolitical code of conduct for a Basel missionary at the time which required that he remained neutral in all issues relating to colonial governance.[4]


With a family to support, Clerk struggled to live on his meagre £10 monthly stipend, and occasionally felt that he should seek a more lucrative post. Dr. Gruner, the German district commissioner at Misahohé, nearly 50 miles (80 km) to the south in what is now the Republic of Togo, had heard of his plight, and in 1893 had written to him, offering him a permanent post in the civil service of the German administration with a starting monthly salary of 500 Deutsch marks.[15] Nonetheless, Clerk once again refused to quit his mission job with the response that he considered the Basel Mission to be his "mother" and he cannot leave her side.[6] Though he disliked the German way of treating Africans, and made them aware of it, he was still highly regarded by the Germans.[4]

Under German rule, parents were obliged to send their children to school, and cleanliness as well as hygiene were strictly enforced.[4] Clerk taught his converts to plant cocoa using more modern mechanised methods and his pioneering work in agriculture bore fruit years later.[4] The German administration insisted that Ewe should be taught in the mission's schools instead of the Basel-preferred language of Twi. As a result, Clerk could not continue his work in Buem. In the 1904 (the year he left), the Basel Mission station was transferred to the jurisdiction of the Bremen Mission.[4]

Clerk then moved to Berekum, near Sunyani, about 80 miles (128 km) northwest of Kumasi, in what is now the Brong -Ahafo Region of Ghana, and here he had intended to settle.[4] The paramount chief however refused to grant him accommodation, and the inhabitants would not help him build a house.[4] Nonetheless, the Rev. N. T. Clerk established the first congregation, in the Brong Ahafo Presbytery, the Berekum Congregation, in 1905 and was its first residential Minister.[32][33] The Berekum Presbyterian District was founded in 1920.[32][33] After nearly three lacklustre years and in the face of hostility, intimidation and poor health including a tapeworm infection, he was transferred to Larteh, just south of Akropong, where he found the work more pleasant, staying there as the resident district minister from 1907 to 1918.[4][6] In an entrepreneurial drive and a practical approach to sustain their work, Clerk and several African Christian missionaries set up cocoa farms.[4][34][22][35][36][37] With financial proceeds he received from his personal farm enterprise at Adawso, a few miles to the west, he was able to give his children high-quality education[4][38] and raise them to become responsible professionals in society: a Protestant minister, an architect, teachers, a nurse, a medical doctor and fashion designers.[15]

An extensive collection of Nicholas Clerk's cartographic and ethnographic reports, produced from his missionary work in numerous Ghanaian towns and villages, is housed at the Archives and Library of the Basel Mission / Mission 21 in Basel, Switzerland.[6][39][40]

Synod Clerk of the Presbyterian Church

The Rev. N. T. Clerk

The European members of the Basel Mission, however, did not to treat their African colleagues as adults, and kept them out of the church and mission administration with central decisions concerning the local church made in Basel, Switzerland.[4][41] Clerk resented this paternalism, and felt that the Basel Mission should become decentralized and Africanized and tailored more to the local context, a view which he communicated strongly to the European missionaries.[4][15] The coming of the First World War (1914-1918) gave the African missionaries a chance to undertake heavier responsibilities, even though they had not been trained for them.[4] When the Basel Mission was expelled from the Gold Coast in 1917 during World War I, the Free Church of Scotland led by the minister, A. W. Wilkie took over their work.[4][42]

A Synod (a Presbyterian judicatory or polity, composed of members from all presbyteries within its geographic jurisdiction) and a Synod Committee were established.[4] Clerk was elected the first Synod Clerk of the Presbyterian Church of the Gold Coast on 14 August 1918; his tenure of office, as effectively the chief administrative officer and de facto organizational leader of the wholly indigenous and self-governing African church was from 1918 to 1932.[4][41] In his inaugural address, N. T. Clerk passionately argued for a secondary school for boys, a pitch which was eventually taken up by the church leading to the establishment of the Presbyterian Boys' Secondary School in 1938.[7][8] Peter Hall, the son of John Hall, another Jamaican missionary was also elected the First Moderator of Presbyterian Church of the Gold Coast in 1918.[14] At the 1918 Synod held at the Christ Presbyterian Church, Akropong, Hall and Clerk authored the first constitution of the Ghanaian Presbyterian Church.[20] At the Synod, the church retained its eleven districts: Christiansborg (Osu), Abokobi, Odumase-Krobo, Aburi, Akropong, Anum, Kyebi, Begoro, Nsaba, Abetifi and Kumasi.[41] At the 1922 Synod, the first five Presbyteries were created: Ga and Adangme; Akuapem and Anum; Agona and Kotoku; Akyem and Okwawu; Asante and Asante Akyem.[41] Mission stations were opened at Aburi, Larteh, Odumase, Abokobi, Kyebi, Gyadam, Kwahu, Asante, Anum as well as the Northern territories including Yendi and Salaga.[41]

Determined to succeed as an administrator, Clerk preached self-reliance and self-sufficiency, refusing to ask Missionary Societies abroad for funds[4] This attitude was unpopular at home as the church was facing a financial crisis; while teachers could then earn good government salaries, Presbyterian pastors had to live on very modest stipends that the church could afford.[4][43] Clerk's administration initially relied on sequestration for funding.[44] He cooperated and collaborated with the Scottish missionaries after he had got over his initial suspicion of them.[4][44] As Synod Clerk of the church, he emphasised the continued use of indigenous languages in church and school, and insisted on an unassuming and austere lifestyle.[4][15] Clerk also attempted to forge unity between the Presbyterian church and the Evangelical Presbyterian church with objective of forming a merger, the "United Presbyterian Church of the Gold Coast" but his unification efforts proved futile.[23]

In the 1926 Synod meeting opened by N. T. Clerk, at Abetifi, the church polity voted to adopt the name ‘The Presbyterian Church of the Gold Coast’ later to become ‘The Presbyterian Church of Ghana’ after the country gained its independence from the United Kingdom in 1957.[41] The change in name from the Basel Mission Church to the Presbyterian Church was in recognition to the complex history between the Scottish Presbyterian polity, the 1560 Scottish Reformation and the pivotal role the City of Basel in Switzerland played during the Protestant Reformation.[41][42] After the Basel Missionaries were permitted to return to the Gold Coast in 1926, they cooperated with their Scottish colleagues, working together in the renamed and independent Presbyterian Church of the Gold Coast.[4] In that same year, 1926, Clerk returned to Basel as the church's delegate, and was able to dispel any notions in missionary circles that the Presbyterian Church had forgotten its roots and its debt to the Basel Mission.[4]

In this context, the church's logo is an expression of the "triple heritage" of missionary epochs in the formation of the Ghanaian Presbyterian church, representing the efforts Basel Europeans, the Moravian West Indians and the Scottish Presbyterians.[42] This coming together of the three main missionary eras to forming one entity is captured in the church's motto, "That they all may be one."[42]

The Synod took place biennially between 1918 and 1950, after which it was organised on a yearly basis.[41] Furthermore, from 1918 to 2000, the Ghanaian Presbyterian Church operated the Synod system.[41] At the 2000 Abetifi Synod, the Church switched to the General Assembly system, with the first General Assembly held in Navrongo in 2001.[41]

Nicholas T. Clerk also attended the International Missionary Conference (IMC) from 14 to 20 September 1926 held in Le Zoute (Het Zoute) in the municipality of Knokke-Heist in the Belgian province of West Flanders, on the theme “The Christian Mission in Africa”.[45][46][47][48] The event brought together clergymen, missionary educationalists, medical experts and consultative members from the global academic community to discuss a variety of topics, relating to formal education and holistic training on the African continent, with topics ranging from "the Christian ideal in education, policy curriculum, the education of women and girls, the medium of instruction, languages and literature, and religious education."[45] The IMC “encouraged ecumenical cooperation in support of world evangelization,” and had its roots in the 1910 World Mission Conference in Edinburgh – a meeting that established the International Review of Mission, subsequently leading to the formation of the International Missionary Council in 1921 which was later incorporated into the World Council of Churches in 1961, as the Commission on World Mission and Evangelism.[49][50]

Later years

After Clerk’s retirement in 1933, he split his time between Adawso and his home in Christiansborg (Osu) and continued to be active in church work.[4] He often gave sermons at the local chapel, Ebenezer Presbyterian Church, in Osu as a locum tenens minister, even at the age of 90.[4]

The Government of the Gold Coast, on behalf of King George V and The Crown, awarded him a Certificate and a Badge of Honour, in June 1934 in recognition of his dedicated and distinguished service to his country and selfless contributions to education, Christian religious life and nurture and nation building.[4][15] The people of Buem invited him to visit them in 1937, a happy reunion he considered his “greatest moment”.[4]

Personal life

Anna Alice Meyer, Gold Coast, 1890s
Anna Alice Meyer, Gold Coast, early 1930s

Nicholas Timothy Clerk married Anna Alice Meyer (born on 13 March 1873),[4][15][51] a homemaker and teacher from Christiansborg (Osu) on 26 February 1891 at Aburi.[4][52] The wedding ceremony was officiated by Clerk's own father, the Rev. A. W. Clerk.[6] Meyer was described as a "mulatress" and the daughter of the Reverend Carl Meyer,[52] an 1850 seminarist at Christiansborg and a minister of the Basel Mission who belonged to the Meyer family that had origins in Denmark and was associated with a trading company on the Gold Coast.[53] Anna Meyer's mother was a member of the Ga-Dangme people of Accra and hailed from Agbajajoohe, a hamlet near the Christiansborg Castle in Osu.[4][15] A descendant of the Euro-African mercantile class, Anna Meyer's probable ancestors included Hartvig Meyer, the Danish Governor of the Gold Coast from 11 September 1703 to 23 April 1704, and Peder Meyer, the Danish colonial merchant who settled on the Gold Coast and flourished between the last decade of the eighteenth century and the first decade of the nineteenth century.[54][55][56]

She was educated at the now defunct all-girls boarding school, Basel Mission Girls’ School, established in 1857, at Abokobi near Accra.[12][15] Anna Meyer had spent half-a-year in Odumase with her uncle, Carl Quist (Karl Kvist) who had previously been a catechist and a housmaster at the pastor's seminary.[4][9][12][15][57] Carl Quist's son (Meyer's cousin) was Emmanuel Charles Quist (1880 – 1959), a barrister and judge who became the first African President of the Legislative Council from 1949 to 1951, Speaker of the National Assembly of the Gold Coast from 1951 to 1957, and Speaker of the National Assembly of Ghana from March 1957 to December 1957.[58]

Anna Meyer also stayed with the German missionary Kopps family.[15] Several of the Abokobi school's enrolled pupils came from the mulatto Euro-African Christian families of Christiansborg in Osu though the school was open to all.[12] In this regard, the Abokobi school was quite similar to the Christiansborg Castle School, opened in 1722, as well as the Cape Coast Castle School, established in the eighteenth century by the Reverend Thompson of the Anglican Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (SPG) associated with the Church of England.[59][60] The castle schools were originally approved by the European Governors to baptise and educate the male Euro-African children of European men and Gold Coast African women.[59][60] These children later became clerks and soldiers in the colonial civil service.[60]

Nicholas and Anna Clerk had nine children: Paulina Ruth (Mrs. Tagoe), Alexander Worthy (died in infancy), Carl Henry, Kate Hedwig (Mrs. Odonkor), Caroline (Mrs. Quartey), Theodora Louisa (Mrs. Hall), Jane Elizabeth, Theodore Shealtiel and Matilda Johanna Clerk.[53][52][61]

Within a year of his retirement, Clerk’s wife, Anna Alice died suddenly in 1934 from a heart attack at their home in Christiansborg.[4][10][15] Like his father, A. W. Clerk, N. T. Clerk was a polyglot minister; he read, wrote and spoke English, German, Ga and Twi fluently.[4][8][10][15][60]

Selected writings

  • Clerk, N. T. and Christaller, J. G. (1890), "Neue Reise in den Hinterländen von Togo, nach Nkonya, Buem, Obooso, Salaga, Krakye, 2. Dezember 1889 bis 5. Februar 1890," Mitteilungen der geographischen Gesellschaft für Thüringen, vol. IX, pp. 77 – 98 [An account of the northern Volta of the Gold Coast, written entirely in German in the "Missionsgeorgraphischer Teil" of the periodical, Journal of the Geographical Society of Thuringia][2][3][4][9][10][15][60]
  • Clerk, N. T. (1943), "The Settlement of West Indian Emigrants on the Gold Coast under the Auspices of the Basel Mission 1843-1943 - A Centenary Sketch," Accra[53][62]

Death and funeral

He died of natural causes at his home in Osu, a suburb of Accra, in his ninety-ninth year, on 16 August 1961.[4][15] A large crowd was present to mourn him at his funeral service held at the Ebenezer Presbyterian Church in Osu.[15] His remains were interred in the Basel Mission quarter (section) of the Osu Cemetery (formerly known as the Christiansborg Civil Cemetery) in Accra.[15]

Memorials and legacy

In appreciation of his contributions to education, the Government of the Gold Coast honoured him by naming two streets in Ghana after him: The Reverend Nicholas Timothy Clerk Road in Worawora, Volta Region and the Clerk Street in Osu, Accra.[15][63] A boarding house, Clerk House at the Presbyterian Boys' Secondary School (PRESEC, Legon) was named in his honour, in recognition of his selfless service to the church and the founding of a school that became synonymous with academic excellence and highly regarded alumni.[7] The “N. T. Clerk Congregation” in the Volta Presbytery of the Presbyterian Church of Ghana was named in his honour for the evangelical work he did in the Worawora area. A roundabout and a church in Buem were also named in Nicholas Clerk's honour. The Ghanaian Presbyterian Church today has instituted "Ebenezer Day", a special Sunday designated in the church almanac to celebrate the memories, selfless work and toil of the missionaries in the early years.[64] The names of Nicholas Clerk and his father, Alexander Clerk appear on a commemorative plaque in the sanctuary of the Ebenezer Presbyterian Church, Osu, listing pioneering missionaries of the church, in recognition of their contributions to formal education and the growth of the Presbyterian faith in Ghana.[65]

Over the years, several of his children and grandchildren have made significant contributions to the development of Ghana in areas relating to architecture, church development, civil service, education, health services, print and broadcast journalism, medicine, natural sciences, public administration, public health, public policy and urban planning.[4][5][7][8][9][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][76][75][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][66][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106]

Literature

  • Debrunner, Hans Werner (1965). Owura Nico: the Rev. Nicholas Timothy Clerk, 1862-1961, pioneer and church leader. Accra: Waterville Pub. House [6][15]

References

  1. 1 2 "To Dr. C. Huppenbauer Agogo. In memory of the 10th birthday of Rev. N. T. Clerk at Adawso on the 28th Oct. 1932. - BM Archives". www.bmarchives.org. Archived from the original on 16 April 2017. Retrieved 2017-04-16.
  2. 1 2 3 Jena, Geographische gesellschaft (für Thüringen) zu (1890). Mitteilungen der Geographischen gesellschaft (für Thüringen) zu Jena (in German). G. Fischer. Archived from the original on 23 August 2017.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Jena, Geographische Gesellschaft (für Thüringen) zu (1891). Mitteilungen (in German). G. Fischer. Archived from the original on 23 August 2017.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 "Clerk, Nicholas Timothy, Ghana, Basel Mission". www.dacb.org. Archived from the original on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
  5. 1 2 "Osu Salem". osusalem.org. Archived from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Debrunner, Hans Werner (1965). Owura Nico: the Rev. Nicholas Timothy Clerk, 1862-1961, pioneer and church leader. Accra: Waterville Pub. House.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "PRESEC | ALUMINI PORTAL". www.odadee.net (in Russian). Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 "70 Years of excellent secondary education" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 2017-04-03.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 The Christian Messenger, Basel, 1883-1917.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Ofosu-Appiah, L. H. (editor-in-chief) (1997). "Clerk, Nicholas Timothy (1862 to 1961), Basel Mission, Ghana". The Encyclopaedia Africana Dictionary of African Biography (in 20 Volumes). One (Ethiopia-Ghana edition).
  11. ↑ Debrunner, Hans W. (1967). A history of Christianity in Ghana,. Waterville Pub. House. Archived from the original on 3 July 2013.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Sill, Ulrike (2010). Encounters in Quest of Christian Womanhood: The Basel Mission in Pre- and Early Colonial Ghana. BRILL. ISBN 9004188886. Archived from the original on 2017-03-30.
  13. ↑ "Family Tree - Doku Web Site - MyHeritage". www.myheritage.com. Archived from the original on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  14. 1 2 Hall, Peter (1965). Autobiography of Peter Hall. Accra: Waterville Publishing House.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Debrunner, Hans W. (1965). Owura Nico, the Rev. Nicholas Timothy Clerk, 1862-1961: pioneer and church leader. Watervile Publishing House. Archived from the original on 2017-03-30.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 Knispel, Martin and Kwakye, Nana Opare (2006). Pioneers of the Faith: Biographical Studies from Ghanaian Church History. Accra: Akuapem Presbytery Press.
  17. ↑ "PRESEC | ALUMINI PORTAL". www.odadee.net (in Russian). Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 2017-05-04.
  18. ↑ "Presby - PTC COLLEGE OF EDUCATION". Presby. Archived from the original on 5 June 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  19. ↑ "baslermission – Home". www.baselmission.org. Archived from the original on 19 May 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 Agyemang, Fred M. (2006). Our Presbyterian heritage. Pedigree Publications. pp. 37, 67, 139, 177. ISBN 9789988029210.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 "Basel Mission Society (1815) | German Missionaries in Australia". missionaries.griffith.edu.au. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 2017-07-02.
  22. 1 2 3 Mohr, Adam (2013). Enchanted Calvinism: Labor Migration, Afflicting Spirits, and Christian Therapy in the Presbyterian Church of Ghana. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 9781580464628.
  23. 1 2 Sundkler, Bengt; Steed, Christopher (4 May 2000). A History of the Church in Africa. Cambridge University Press. p. 719. ISBN 9780521583428. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017.
  24. ↑ Herppich, Birgit (31 October 2016). Pitfalls of Trained Incapacity: The Unintended Effects of Integral Missionary Training in the Basel Mission on its Early Work in Ghana (1828-1840). James Clarke Company, Limited. ISBN 9780227905883. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018.
  25. ↑ Herppich, Birgit (31 October 2016). Pitfalls of Trained Incapacity: The Unintended Effects of Integral Missionary Training in the Basel Mission on its Early Work in Ghana (1828-1840). James Clarke Company, Limited. pp. 5, 118, 134, 136, 143. ISBN 9780227905883. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
  26. ↑ "Christaller, Johannes Gotllieb, Ghana, Basel Mission". www.dacb.org. Archived from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
  27. 1 2 "Christaller, Johann Gottlieb, Ghana, Basel Mission". www.dacb.org. Archived from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
  28. ↑ "Johannes Christaller". roxborogh.com. Archived from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
  29. 1 2 History in Africa. African Studies Association. 2008. p. 251.
  30. ↑ "The official site for the Christ Presbyterian Church". www.akropongcpc.faithweb.com. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  31. ↑ Leopold, Joan, ed. (2014-04-11). The Prix Volney (2000 ed.). Springer. ISBN 9789401727600.
  32. 1 2 "B/A Presbytery Online". www.pcgbapresbytery.org. Archived from the original on 27 September 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
  33. 1 2 "Brong Ahafo Presbytery – WELCOME TO THE OFFICIAL SITE OF PCG". www.pcg.pcgonline.io. Archived from the original on 27 September 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
  34. ↑ Mohr, Adam (2013). "Enchanted Calvinism by Adam Mohr". Cambridge Core.
  35. ↑ results, search (2013-11-15). Enchanted Calvinism. Rochester, NY: BOYE6. ISBN 9781580464628.
  36. ↑ "Enchanted Calvinism by Mohr, Adam: University of Rochester Press 9781580464628 Hardcover - Michener & Rutledge Booksellers, Inc". www.abebooks.com. Retrieved 2018-08-20.
  37. ↑ eBooks.com. "Enchanted Calvinism (ebook) by Mohr, Adam | 9781580468244". m.ebooks.com. Retrieved 2018-08-20.
  38. ↑ UNICEF (June 2000). Defining Quality in Education: Meeting of the International Working Group on Education in Florence, Italy (PDF). New York, NY, USA: Working Paper Series, Education Section, Programme Division, United Nations Children's Fund. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 March 2017.
  39. ↑ "mission21 – Our Mission". www.mission-21.org. Archived from the original on 17 September 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
  40. ↑ "BM Archives". www.bmarchives.org. Archived from the original on 30 September 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
  41. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 PCG Ghana. "Brief History Of the Presbyterian Church of Ghana". pcgonline.io. Retrieved 2017-07-25.
  42. 1 2 3 4 "THE BEGINNINGS OF THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH OF GHANA". yldaniel. 30 June 2015. Archived from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
  43. ↑ Skinner, Kate (17 June 2015). The Fruits of Freedom in British Togoland: Literacy, Politics and Nationalism, 1914–2014. Cambridge University Press. p. 60. ISBN 9781316299579. Archived from the original on 9 November 2017.
  44. 1 2 Debrunner, Hans Werner (1979). Presence and Prestige: Africans in Europe : a History of Africans in Europe Before 1918. Basler Afrika Bibliographien. pp. 358, 360.
  45. 1 2 Tolley, K. (2 April 2007). Transformations in Schooling: Historical and Comparative Perspectives. Springer. ISBN 9780230603462. Archived from the original on 30 September 2017.
  46. ↑ "The Controversy Over Christian Missionaries in Africa | Fall 2016 - Matthew Unangst | Washington State University". history.libraries.wsu.edu. Retrieved 2017-10-16.
  47. ↑ Davis, Jackson (1927). "The Christian Mission in Africa: International Conference held at Le Zonte, Belgium, September 14-20, 1926". Social Forces. 5 (3): 483–487. doi:10.2307/3004509. JSTOR 3004509.
  48. ↑ Davis, J. (1 March 1927). "The Christian Mission in Africa: International Conference Held at Le Zonte, Belgium, September 14-20, 1926". Social Forces. 5 (3): 483–487. doi:10.1093/sf/5.3.483. ISSN 0037-7732. Archived from the original on 16 October 2017.
  49. ↑ "International Missionary Council". berkleycenter.georgetown.edu. Archived from the original on 19 October 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
  50. ↑ "History — World Council of Churches". www.oikoumene.org. Archived from the original on 20 June 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
  51. ↑ "Rev. and Mrs N. Clerk. :: International Mission Photography Archive, ca.1860-ca.1960". digitallibrary.usc.edu. Retrieved 2017-07-03.
  52. 1 2 3 "FamilySearch.org". familysearch.org. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
  53. 1 2 3 Clerk;, Nicholas Timothy (1943). The Settlement of West Indian Emigrants on the Gold Coast 1843-1943 - A Centenary Sketch. Accra.
  54. ↑ Weiss, Holger (2015-11-20). Ports of Globalisation, Places of Creolisation: Nordic Possessions in the Atlantic World during the Era of the Slave Trade. BRILL. ISBN 9789004302792.
  55. ↑ Hopkins, Daniel (2012-12-07). Peter Thonning and Denmark's Guinea Commission: A Study in Nineteenth-Century African Colonial Geography. BRILL. ISBN 9789004231993.
  56. ↑ Withers, Charles W. J. (2016-04-15). Geographies of the Book. Routledge. ISBN 9781317128984.
  57. ↑ "Group of catechists. :: International Mission Photography Archive, ca.1860-ca.1960". digitallibrary.usc.edu. Archived from the original on 2017-08-19. Retrieved 2017-05-11.
  58. ↑ "Janus: Progress in the Colonies, 1940s-1950s". janus.lib.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
  59. 1 2 Graham, C. K. (1971). The History of Education in Ghana from the Earliest Times to the Declaration of Independence. F. Cass. ISBN 9780714624570.
  60. 1 2 3 4 5 Jenkins, Paul (1998). The Recovery of the West African Past: African Pastors and African History in the Nineteenth Century : C.C. Reindorf & Samuel Johnson : Papers from an International Seminar Held in Basel, Switzerland, 25-28th October 1995 to Celebrate the Centenary of the Publication of C.C. Reindorf's History of the Gold Coast and Asante. Basler Afrika Bibliographien. ISBN 9783905141702.
  61. ↑ Provencal, E. N. O. (20 February 1995). Daily Graphic: Issue 13753 February 20 1995. Graphic Communications Group. Archived from the original on 3 May 2018.
  62. ↑ Clerk, N. T. (1943). "A short centenary sketch : the settlement of West Indian Emmigrants on the Goldcoast under the Auspices of the Basel Mission 1843-1943". www.bmarchives.org. Archived from the original on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  63. ↑ "Google Maps". Google Maps. Retrieved 2017-09-16.
  64. ↑ "Welcome to Knowing more about our Church – WELCOME TO THE OFFICIAL SITE OF PCG". www.pcg.pcgonline.io. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
  65. ↑ Innovation, Osis. "Osu Eben-ezer Presbyterian Church". osueben-ezer.com. Archived from the original on 24 April 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
  66. 1 2 "Contact Us | Department of Botany". www.ug.edu.gh. Archived from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
  67. ↑ "Fellowship". gaas-gh.org. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
  68. ↑ "Membership". gaas-gh.org. Archived from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
  69. ↑ Joeden-Forgey, Elisa von (1997-08-01). "Review of Patton, Adell Jr.., Physicians, Colonial Racism and Diaspora in West Africa". www.h-net.org. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
  70. ↑ Jr, Adell Patton (1996-04-13). Physicians, Colonial Racism, and Diaspora in West Africa (1st ed.). University Press of Florida. p. 29. ISBN 9780813014326. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017.
  71. ↑ "Carl Clerk - Historical records and family trees - MyHeritage". www.myheritage.com. Archived from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 2017-04-06.
  72. ↑ Company, Johnson Publishing (1954-08-26). Jet. Johnson Publishing Company.
  73. ↑ Clerk, Nicholas, T. (5 June 1982). "Obituary: The Reverend Carl Henry Clerk". Funeral Bulletin, Presbyterian Church of Ghana, Accra.
  74. ↑ "Profile of THEODORE SHEALTIEL CLERK". MyHeritage.com. Archived from the original on 7 April 2017. Retrieved 2017-04-07.
  75. 1 2 Ofori-Mensah. "22 Successful Ghanaians Who Went To Achimota School". OMGVoice. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
  76. 1 2 Goold, David. "Dictionary of Scottish Architects - DSA Architect Biography Report (April 7, 2017, 2:20 pm)". www.scottisharchitects.org.uk. Archived from the original on 7 April 2017. Retrieved 2017-04-07.
  77. ↑ Clerk, Nicholas, T. (5 January 1985). Obituary: Dr. Matilda Johanna Clerk, MBChB, DTM&H. Accra: Presbyterian Church of Ghana Funeral Bulletin.
  78. ↑ Yamba, C. Bawa (1999). "Physicians, Colonialism, Racism, AND Diaspora in West Africa by Adell Patton" (PDF). International Journal of African Historical Studies. 22. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 March 2017.
  79. ↑ Obituary: The Rev. Dr. Nicholas Timothy Clerk. Accra: Presbyterian Church of Ghana Funeral Bulletin. 27 October 2012.
  80. ↑ Bibliografia Sobre Sanidad Vegetal. IICA Biblioteca Venezuela.
  81. ↑ Clerk, G. C. (1972-09-01). "Germination of Sporangia of Phytophthora palmivora (Butl.) Butl". Annals of Botany. 36 (4): 801–807. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a084636. ISSN 0305-7364. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017.
  82. ↑ Ameka, G. K.; Clerk, G. C.; Pfeifer, E.; Rutishauser, R. (2003-04-01). "Developmental morphology of Ledermanniella bowlingii (Podostemaceae) from Ghana". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 237 (3–4): 165–183. doi:10.1007/s00606-002-0253-6. ISSN 0378-2697.
  83. ↑ Clerk, G. C.; Ankora, J. K. (1969-08-01). "Development and release of conidia of Phyllactinia corylea". Canadian Journal of Botany. 47 (8): 1289–1290. doi:10.1139/b69-180. ISSN 0008-4026.
  84. ↑ UNESCO (September 1977). "Final Report" (PDF). Workshop on African Regional Network for Environmental Chemistry, Nairobi, Kenya. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 March 2017.
  85. ↑ "Assessment of the Effect of Pollen Grains of Maize (Zea Mays L.) on Cercospora Arachidicola Hori. and on Infection of Leaves of Groundnut (Arachis Hypogea L.) caused by the Fungus". 1999-07-01. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017.
  86. ↑ Studies on the Physiology of Achlya Megasperma Humphrey Occurring In Ponds on the Accra Plains with Special Reference to Its Tolerance To Organic and Inopganig Pollution (Thesis). University of Ghana. 1976-03-01. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017.
  87. ↑ Annang, Ted Y.; Yirenya-Tawiah, R. D.; Clerk, G. C.; Smith, Thomas (2014-06-19). "Some aspects of the ecology of freshwater algae in the Densu River and two tributaries in Southern Ghana". International Journal of Environment. 3 (2): 246–257. ISSN 2091-2854. Archived from the original on 5 May 2015.
  88. ↑ Clerk, G. C. (1978-03-01). "Tapinanthus bangwensis in a Cola Plantation in Ghana". PANS. 24 (1): 57–62. doi:10.1080/09670877809414259. ISSN 0309-7943.
  89. ↑ "Water Stress‐Induced Changes in the Morphology of the Powdery Mildew, Leveillula taurica (Lèv.) Arn". ResearchGate. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
  90. ↑ Relations, National Research Council (U S. ) Commission on International (1978-01-01). Programs of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development: Summary of Activities, 1970-78. National Academies. Archived from the original on 2017-06-11.
  91. ↑ Brown, Harrison; Tellez, Theresa (1973). National Academy of Sciences: International Development Programs of the Office of the Foreign Secretary : Summary and Analysis of Activities, 1961-1971. National Academies.
  92. ↑ Bibliography of Phytophithora Palmivora on Cacao. Bib. Orton IICA / CATIE.
  93. ↑ Phytophthora Palmivora. Bib. Orton IICA / CATIE.
  94. ↑ CLERK, G. C. (1974-11-01). "Ultrastructure of Wall Swellings of Germinating Sporangia of Phytophthora palmivora (Butl.) Butl". Annals of Botany. 38 (5): 1103–1106. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a084901. ISSN 0305-7364. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017.
  95. ↑ Caesar, J. Cartey; Clerk, G. C. (1985-03-01). "Water Stress-Induced Changes in the Morphology of the Powdery Mildew, Leveillula taurica (Lèv.) Arn". Journal of Phytopathology. 112 (3): 217–221. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0434.1985.tb00798.x. ISSN 1439-0434. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017.
  96. ↑ "Mr Nicholas Clerk: Obstetrics and gynaecology". finder.bupa.co.uk. Archived from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 2017-04-05.
  97. ↑ "Mr Nick Clerk | Consultant Gynaecologist | Spire Healthcare". www.spirehealthcare.com. Archived from the original on 2017-04-22. Retrieved 2017-04-22.
  98. ↑ "Announcement: Join PATH at the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene conference - PATH". www.path.org. Archived from the original on 26 April 2017. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
  99. ↑ PATH (November 2012). "Guiding product development of malaria diagnostics to support elimination programs: The Target Product Profile" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 April 2017.
  100. ↑ PATH (November 2012). "Zambia Trip Report: Project DIAMETER (Diagnostics for Malaria Elimination Toward Eradication)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 April 2017.
  101. ↑ "Christine Alexandra Clerk". ResearchGate. Archived from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 2017-06-17.
  102. ↑ Hawkins, Jennifer S.; Emanuel, Ezekiel J. (24 August 2008). Exploitation and Developing Countries: The Ethics of Clinical Research. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691126763. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017.
  103. ↑ "Ghana Medical Journal". www.ghanamedj.org. Archived from the original on 10 June 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  104. ↑ "Review of antenatal-linked voluntary counselling and HIV testing in sub-Saharan Africa: Lessons and options for Ghana" (PDF). Ghana Medical Journal. 39. March 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 December 2017.
  105. ↑ Clerk, Christine Alexandra; Bruce, Jane; Greenwood, Brian; Chandramohan, Daniel (2009-06-01). "The epidemiology of malaria among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in an area with intense and highly seasonal malaria transmission in northern Ghana". Tropical Medicine & International Health. 14 (6): 688–695. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02280.x. ISSN 1365-3156.
  106. ↑ "Christine Alexandra Clerk Obituary - COLLEYVILLE, TX". Dignity Memorial. Archived from the original on 30 March 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.