Nepenthes gymnamphora

Nepenthes gymnamphora
Intermediate pitchers of N. gymnamphora from Sumatra
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Plantae
Clade:Angiosperms
Clade:Eudicots
Order:Caryophyllales
Family:Nepenthaceae
Genus:Nepenthes
Species: N. gymnamphora
Binomial name
Nepenthes gymnamphora
Reinw. ex Nees (1824)
Synonyms

Nepenthes gymnamphora /nɪˈpɛnθiːz dʒɪmˈnæmfɔːrə/ is a tropical pitcher plant native to the Indonesian islands of Java and Sumatra. It has a wide altitudinal range of 600–2,800 metres (2,000–9,200 ft) above sea level.[3] There is much debate surrounding the taxonomic status of this species and the taxa N. pectinata and N. xiphioides.[4]

The specific epithet gymnamphora is derived from the Greek words gymnos (naked) and amphoreus (pitcher).[4]

Taxonomy

An illustration of the type specimen of N. pectinata from Danser's monograph

The N. gymnamphora group of related taxa has been variously interpreted as comprising a single extremely variable species (N. gymnamphora);[4][5][6] two distinct species, one from Java (N. gymnamphora) and one from Sumatra (N. pectinata);[7][8] or two species, one with a wide distribution covering Java and Sumatra (N. gymnamphora) and one with a very restricted range in Sumatra (N. xiphioides).[9] An additional fourth undescribed taxon, known from Mount Sorik Merapi in Sumatra, may also fall within N. gymnamphora.[4]

Nepenthes pectinata

Nepenthes pectinata[a] was described by B. H. Danser in his seminal 1928 monograph "The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies".[10] Danser's description of N. pectinata was based on material that included upper pitchers of N. singalana.[4] This was first noted in 1994 by Jan Schlauer and Joachim Nerz, who provided a lectotype for N. pectinata: Bünnemeijer 700, a specimen collected on Mount Talakmau.[8][11]

Danser mentioned another specimen in his monograph that he identified as the natural hybrid N. pectinata × N. singalana,[10] but which actually represented a pure N. singalana.[4][8]

Nepenthes pectinata has a separate conservation status of Least Concern on the IUCN Red List.[12]

Nepenthes xiphioides

Nepenthes xiphioides[b] was described by Bruce Salmon and Ricky Maulder in a 1995 issue of the Carnivorous Plant Newsletter.[9] The authors treated N. pectinata as conspecific with N. gymnamphora, and distinguished N. xiphioides from the latter based on a number of characters shown in the table below.

Morphological differences between N. gymnamphora and N. xiphioides according to Salmon & Maulder (1995)[9]
Morphological characterN. gymnamphoraN. xiphioides
Longitudinal leaf veins3-6 running in outer 2/3- 4/5 of blade2-3 running in outer 1/2 of blade
Leaf marginscovered with short dense hairglabrous
Rosette leaf tendrilabout as long as the pitcher2-3 times as long as the leaf
Rosette pitchers8–12 centimetres (3–5 in) tall, 3–4 centimetres (1–2 in) broad4–5.5 centimetres (1.6–2.2 in) tall, 1.5–2 centimetres (0.6–0.8 in) broad
Aerial pitcherspresentabsent
Peristome teeth3-6 times as long as broad6-8 times as long as broad
Inflorescencemostly 2 flowered, upper most ones 1 flowered; rarely most or all of them 1 flowered1 flowered but bearing some 2 flowered pedicels in lower 1/3
Staminal columnhairy at base or over whole lengthglabrous

Infraspecific taxa

  • Nepenthes gymnamphora var. haematamphora Miq. (1851)
  • Nepenthes gymnamphora var. pectinata (Danser) Hort.Westphal (1999) in sched.

Natural hybrids

Notes

a.^ Nepenthes pectinata is pronounced /nɪˈpɛnθiːz ˌpɛktɪˈnɑːtə/. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word pectinata, meaning "comb-shaped".
b.^ Nepenthes xiphioides is pronounced /nɪˈpɛnθiːz zɪfiːˈɔɪdiːz/. The specific epithet is derived from the New Latin word xiphius (sword) and the Latin ending -oides (resembling), and refers to the long, thin teeth lining the inner margin of the peristome of this species.[9]

References

  1. 1 2 (in Latin) Blume, C.L. 1852. Ord. Nepenthaceae. In: Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum, sive stirpium exoticarum novarum vel minus cognitarum ex vivis aut siccis brevis expositio. Tom. II. Nr. 1. E.J. Brill, Lugduni-Batavorum. pp. 5–10.
  2. ↑ Hooker, J.D. 1859. XXXV. On the origin and development of the pitchers of Nepenthes, with an account of some new Bornean plants of that genus. The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 22(4): 415–424. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1856.tb00113.x
  3. ↑ McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
  5. 1 2 McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  6. ↑ Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes gymnamphora. Carnivorous Plant Database.
  7. ↑ Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106.
  8. 1 2 3 Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 2001. Nepenthaceae. Flora Malesiana 15: 1–157.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Salmon, B.R. & R.G. Maulder 1995. Two New Species of Nepenthes from North Sumatra, Indonesia. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 24(3): 77–85.
  10. 1 2 Danser, B.H. 1928. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438.
  11. ↑ Schlauer, J. & J. Nerz 1994. Notes on Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). I. Contributions to the Flora of Sumatra. Blumea 39: 139–142.
  12. ↑ Clarke, C.M., R. Cantley, J. Nerz, H. Rischer & A. Witsuba 2000. Nepenthes pectinata. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 12 May 2006.

Further reading

  • Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1992. "The ecology and distribution of Bornean Nepenthes" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-22. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5(1): 13–25.
  • Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25(1): 90–102. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02406.x
  • Clarke, C.M., R. Cantley, J. Nerz, H. Rischer & A. Witsuba 2000. Nepenthes gymnamphora. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 10 May 2006.
  • Clarke, C.M. 2006. Introduction. In: Danser, B.H. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 1–15.
  • Hakim, L., A.Y. Wartono, J. Batoro & N. Nakagoshi 2006. Nepenthes gymnamphora Nees in East Java, Indonesia: Recent distribution status and new locality from Mt. Semeru. Hikobia 14(4): 493–497.
  • (in Indonesian) Handayani, T. 1999. "Konservasi Nepenthes di kebun raya Indonesia" (PDF). [Conservation of Nepenthes in Indonesian botanic gardens.] In: A. Mardiastuti, I. Sudirman, K.G. Wiryawan, L.I. Sudirman, M.P. Tampubolon, R. Megia & Y. Lestari (eds.) Prosiding II: Seminar Hasil-Hasil Penelitian Bidang Ilmu Hayat. Pusat Antar Universitas Ilmu Hayat IPB, Bogor. pp. 365–372.
  • Hernawati & P. Akhriadi 2006. A Field Guide to the Nepenthes of Sumatra. PILI-NGO Movement, Bogor.
  • Jebb, M. 1994. NEPENTHES revision for Flora Malesiana. Carnivorous Plant Mailing List, September 9, 1994.
  • Kitching, R.L. 2000. Food Webs and Container Habitats: The natural history and ecology of phytotelmata. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Korthals, P.W. 1839. Over het geslacht Nepenthes. In: C.J. Temminck 1839–1842. Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen; Kruidkunde. Leiden. pp. 1–44, t. 1–4, 13–15, 20–22.
  • Kurata, S. 1973. Nepenthes from Borneo, Singapore and Sumatra. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 26(2): 227–232.
  • (in Indonesian) Mansur, M. 2001. "Koleksi Nepenthes di Herbarium Bogoriense: prospeknya sebagai tanaman hias" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-19. In: Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp. 244–253.
  • Meimberg, H., A. Wistuba, P. Dittrich & G. Heubl 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. Plant Biology 3(2): 164–175. doi:10.1055/s-2001-12897
  • (in German) Meimberg, H. 2002. "Molekular-systematische Untersuchungen an den Familien Nepenthaceae und Ancistrocladaceae sowie verwandter Taxa aus der Unterklasse Caryophyllidae s. l." (PDF). Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich.
  • Meimberg, H. & G. Heubl 2006. Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae. Plant Biology 8(6): 831–840. doi:10.1055/s-2006-924676
  • Meimberg, H., S. Thalhammer, A. Brachmann & G. Heubl 2006. Comparative analysis of a translocated copy of the trnK intron in carnivorous family Nepenthaceae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39(2): 478–490. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.11.023
  • Menzel, R. 1922. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Mikrofauna von Niederländisch Ost-Indien. II. Über den tierischen Inhalt der Kannen von Nepenthes melamphora Reinw. mit besonderer berücksichtigung der Nematoden. Treubia 3: 116–122.
  • Micoletzky, H. & R. Menzel 1928. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Mikrofauna von Niederländisch Ost-Indien. VII. Anguillula nepenthicola Menzel aus kannen von Nepenthes gymnaphora Nees bei Tjibodas. Treubia 10: 285–290.
  • (in Indonesian) Mulyanto, H., D. Cahyuningdari & A.D. Setyawan 2000. Kantung semar (Nepenthes sp.) di lereng Gunung Merbabu. [Insectivore plants Nepenthes sp. at Mount Merbabu.] Biodiversitas 1(2): 54–58. Cover
  • van Oye, P. 1921. Zur Biologie der Kanne von Nepenthes melamphora Reinw.. Biologisches Zentralblatt 41: 529–534.
  • (in Indonesian) Puspitaningtyas, D.M. & H. Wawangningrum 2007. Keanekaragaman Nepenthes di Suaka Alam Sulasih Talang - Sumatera Barat. [Nepenthes diversity in Sulasih Talang Nature Reserve - West Sumatra.] Biodiversitas 8(2): 152–156. Cover
  • Renner, T. & C.D. Specht 2011. A sticky situation: assessing adaptations for plant carnivory in the Caryophyllales by means of stochastic character mapping. International Journal of Plant Sciences 172(7): 889–901. doi:10.1086/660882
  • Schlauer, J. 1995. Re: N.xiphioides + N.mikei. Carnivorous Plant Mailing List, September 26, 1995.
  • Shivas, R.G. 1984. "Three Nepenthes from the Padang Highlands" (PDF). Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 13(1): 10–15.
  • (in Indonesian) Syamsuardi & R. Tamin 1994. Kajian kekerabatan jenis-jenis Nepenthes di Sumatera Barat. Project report, Andalas University, Padang. Abstract
  • (in Indonesian) Syamsuardi 1995. Klasifikasi numerik kantong semar (Nepenthes) di Sumatera Barat. [Numerical classification of pitcher plants (Nepenthes) in West Sumatra.] Journal Matematika dan Pengetahuan Alam 4(1): 48–57. Abstract
  • Whitten, T., S.J. Damanik, J. Anwar & N. Hisyam 2000. The Ecology of Sumatra. Periplus Editions, Hong Kong.
  • (in Indonesian) Yogiara 2004. "Analisis komunitas bakteri cairan kantung semar (Nepenthes spp.) menggunakan teknik terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) dan amplified ribosomul DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA)" (PDF). M.Sc. thesis, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor.
  • Yogiara, A. Suwanto & M.T. Suhartono 2006. A complex bacterial community living in pitcher plant fluid. Jurnal Mikrobiologi Indonesia 11(1): 9–14.
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