Native American dogs

Native American dogs are dog landraces & breeds raised, created by, and living with people indigenous to the Americas.

Prehistory

Whereas the appearance of dogs have been traced in America for at least 10,000 years, well datable dog fossils appear in South America only between 7,500 and 4,500 YBP.[1][2] Findings for dogs in South America get only denser by 3,500 YBP but seem to be restricted to agriculture in the Andes.[1][2] The oldest finding of a dog for Brazil is dated as 1701 and 1526 cal BP,[1] and for the Pampa in Argentina the oldest is dated as 930 BP.[2]

Lineage

In 2013, a genetic study of modern and ancient canids found that 64% of the dogs sampled were sister to a 14,500 years before present wolf sequence from the Kesserloch cave in Switzerland, with a most recent common ancestor estimated to 32,100 years before present. This group of dogs matched three fossil pre-Columbian New World dogs dated between 1,000 and 8,500 YBP, which supported the hypothesis that pre-Columbian dogs in the New World share ancestry with modern dogs and that they likely arrived with the first humans to the New World.[3]

The dogs of native Americans were described as looking and sounding like wolves.[4]

The Hare Indian dog is suspected by one author of being a domesticated coyote based on its historical description.[5]

Historical purposes

Culinary

Depending on the people, dog meat could be taboo, only eaten in famine; just not generally eaten; or a normal element of their cuisine, used in either daily life or as a delicacy. Dogs were more commonly eaten amongst people who lived on the great plains, but not all great plains cultures partook in it. Some of the cultures that ate dogs were:

Hunting

The village dogs of the great plains were occasionally used to help hunt small game. Other dogs, such as the Tahltan Bear Dog, were bred to hunt larger game [8]

Herding

In the Andes region of South America some cultures like the Chiribaya and Inca used herding dogs, such as the Peruvian shepherd dog.

Lap dogs

Mexica nobles occasionally kept tlalchichi, the ancestor of modern Chihuahuas, as pets.

Retrieving

The Innu of modern eastern Canada used the Innu Canoe Hunting dog for retrieving shot waterfowl.

Sledding

Some northern cultures, mainly the Inuit-Yup'ik, developed dogs for sledding; such as the ancestors of the Alaskan Malamute.

Watch dogs

The pariah dogs of many nations served use as watchdogs.

Modern times

In 2018, a study compared sequences of fossil North American dogs with fossil Siberian dogs and modern dogs. The study indicates that dogs entered North America from Siberia 4,500 years after humans did, were isolated for 9,000 years, and after contact with Europeans these no longer exist because they were replaced with Eurasian dogs. The pre-contact dogs exhibit a unique genetic signature that is also now gone, with their nearest genetic relatives being the modern arctic breed dogs.[9]

Breeds and landraces

Extinct, classified breeds:

Ancient breeds & landraces:

Standardized breeds that were previously landraces:

Breeds Falsely advertised as Native American originate:

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Guedes Milheira, R.; Loponte, D. M.; García Esponda, C.; Acosta, A.; Ulguim, P.: The First Record of a Pre-Columbian Domestic lupus familiaris) in Brazil. In: International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 23 Sep 2016, doi: 10.1002/oa.2546, .
  2. 1 2 3 Luciano Prates, Francisco J. Prevosti, Mónica Berón: First records of Prehispanic dogs in southern South America (Pampa-Patagonia, Argentina). In: Current Anthropology, volume 51, number. 2, April 2010, pp. 273-280, doi: 10.1086/650166.
  3. ↑ Thalmann, O.; Shapiro, B.; Cui, P.; Schuenemann, V. J.; Sawyer, S. K.; Greenfield, D. L.; Germonpre, M. B.; Sablin, M. V.; Lopez-Giraldez, F.; Domingo-Roura, X.; Napierala, H.; Uerpmann, H.-P.; Loponte, D. M.; Acosta, A. A.; Giemsch, L.; Schmitz, R. W.; Worthington, B.; Buikstra, J. E.; Druzhkova, A.; Graphodatsky, A. S.; Ovodov, N. D.; Wahlberg, N.; Freedman, A. H.; Schweizer, R. M.; Koepfli, K.- P.; Leonard, J. A.; Meyer, M.; Krause, J.; Paabo, S.; et al. (2013). "Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Ancient Canids Suggest a European Origin of Domestic Dogs". Science. 342 (6160): 871. doi:10.1126/science.1243650. PMID 24233726.
  4. ↑ Dogs: Domestication and the Development of a Social Bond by Darcy F. Morey page 40
  5. ↑ "Was the Hare Indian dog a domesticated coyote? | Natural History". Retrieverman.net. Retrieved 2016-05-21.
  6. ↑ Kelly (Wiggins), Fanny. "Narrative of My Captivity Among the Sioux Indians", Hartford, Conn.: Mutual publishing company, 1871.
  7. ↑ "Hernan Cortés: from Second Letter to Charles V, 1520". Fordham University. Retrieved August 14, 2018. There are also sold rabbits, hares, deer, and little dogs [i.e., the chihuahua], which are raised for eating
  8. ↑ "Pets - Tips & Advice | mom.me". Pawnation.com. Retrieved 2016-05-21.
  9. ↑ Ní Leathlobhair, Máire; Perri, Angela R; Irving-Pease, Evan K; Witt, Kelsey E; Linderholm, Anna; Haile, James; Lebrasseur, Ophelie; Ameen, Carly; Blick, Jeffrey; Boyko, Adam R; Brace, Selina; Cortes, Yahaira Nunes; Crockford, Susan J; Devault, Alison; Dimopoulos, Evangelos A; Eldridge, Morley; Enk, Jacob; Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Gori, Kevin; Grimes, Vaughan; Guiry, Eric; Hansen, Anders J; Hulme-Beaman, Ardern; Johnson, John; Kitchen, Andrew; Kasparov, Aleksei K; Kwon, Young-Mi; Nikolskiy, Pavel A; Lope, Carlos Peraza; et al. (2018). "The evolutionary history of dogs in the Americas". Science. 361 (6397): 81–85. doi:10.1126/science.aao4776. PMID 29976825.
  10. ↑ "Barks From The Past – 10 Extinct Dog Breeds | Dog Reflections". Dogguide.net. Retrieved 2016-05-21.
  11. ↑ "The Tahltan Bear Dog". Everythinghusky.com. Retrieved 2016-05-21.
  12. ↑ Rhitu Chatterjee (2013-07-10). "Barking Up The Family Tree: American Dogs Have Surprising Genetic Roots". NPR. Retrieved 2016-05-21.
  13. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
  14. ↑ "Chinook History". Chinook.org. 1917-01-17. Retrieved 2016-05-21.
  15. ↑ "Northern Inuit Dog". Petguide.com. 2015-05-21. Retrieved 2016-05-21.
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