National Congress of American Indians

National Congress of American Indians
Formation November 17, 1944 (1944-11-17)
Purpose American Indian and Alaska Native indigenous rights organization
Website ncai.org

The National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) is an American Indian and Alaska Native indigenous rights organization. It was founded in 1944[1] to represent the tribes and resist federal government pressure for termination of tribal rights and assimilation of their people. These were in contradiction of their treaty rights and status as sovereign entities. The organization continues to be an association of federally recognized and state-recognized American Indian tribes.

History

J.T. Goombi (Kiowa) former first vice-president of the National Congress of American Indians

Historically the Indian peoples of the North American continent rarely joined forces across tribal lines, which were divisions related to distinct language and cultural groups. One reason was that most tribes were highly decentralized, with their people seldom united around issues.

In the 20th century, a generation of American Indians came of age who were educated in multi-tribal boarding schools and they learned to form alliances across tribes. They increasingly felt the need to work together politically in order to exert their power in dealing with the United States federal government. In addition, with the efforts after 1934 to reorganize tribal governments, activists believed that Indians had to work together to strengthen their political position. Activists formed the National Congress of American Indians to find ways to organize the tribes to deal in a more unified way with the US government. They wanted to challenge the government on its failure to implement treaties, to work against the tribal termination policy, and to improve public opinion of and appreciation for Indian cultures.

The initial organization of the NCAI was done largely by Native American men who worked for the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and represented many tribes. At the second national convention, Indian women attended as representatives in numbers equal to the men. The convention decided that BIA employees should be excluded from serving as general officers or members of the executive committee. The first president of the NCAI was Napoleon B. Johnson, a judge in Oklahoma. Dan Madrano was the initial secretary-treasurer; he was a Caddo who was serving as an elected member of the Oklahoma State Legislature.[2] From 1945 to 1952, the executive secretary of the NCAI was Ruth Muskrat Bronson, a Cherokee who established the organization's legislative news service.[3][4] Bronson's work was largely voluntary, as the organization could not afford to pay her to act as its executive secretary.[5] John Rainer became the first paid executive director of NCAI[6] in 1950. He was replaced by Bronson in 1951, who resigned in 1952. Frank George, a Nez Perce from the Colville Indian Reservation, briefly held the post[4] before Helen Peterson, Cheyenne-Lakota, took over the post as the executive director of the organization in 1953. That same year, W. W. Short replaced Johnson as president of NCAI.[7] In 1954, Short was in turn replaced by Joseph Garry, a Coeur d'Alene veteran of both World War II and the Korean War. Garry's contribution to the organization was significant, as it turned the organizational direction away from the singular focus on Native Americans in the Great Plains and the Southwest, making it more inclusive of tribes in the Midwest and Northwest.[8]

During the late 20th century, NCAI contributed to gaining changes in legislation to protect and preserve Indian culture, as well as the assertion by many tribes of sovereignty in dealing with the federal government.

In the early 21st century, key goals of the NCAI are:

  • Enforce for Indians all rights under the Constitution and laws in the United States;
  • Expand and improve educational opportunities provided for Indians;
  • Improve methods for finding productive employment and developing tribal and individual resources;
  • Increase number and quality of health facilities;
  • Settle Indian claims equitably; and
  • Preserve Indian cultural values.

In 2017, the NCAI took over the assets of the Indian Country Media Network, donated by the Oneida Nation of New York, which had owned the news service before.[9]

Constitution

The NCAI Constitution says that its members seek to provide themselves and their descendants with the traditional laws, rights, and benefits. It lists the by-laws and rules of order regarding membership, powers, and dues. There are four classes of membership: tribal, Indian individual, individual associate, and organization associate. Voting right is reserved for tribal and Indian individual members. According to section B of Article III regarding membership, any tribe, band or group of American Indians and Alaska Natives shall be eligible for tribal membership provided it fulfills the following requirements[10]

  • A substantial number of its members reside upon the same reservation or (in the absence of a reservation) in the same general locality.
  • It maintain a Tribal organization, with regular officers and the means of transacting business and arriving at a reasonably accurate count of its membership;
  • It is not a mere offshoot or fraction of an organized Tribe itself eligible for membership
  • It is recognized as a Tribe or other identifiable group of American Indians by the Department of the Interior, Court of Claims, the Indian Claims Commission, or a State. An Indian or Alaska Native organization incorporated/chartered under state law is not eligible for tribal membership.

Organizational structure

The organizational structure of the National Congress of American Indians includes a General Assembly, an Executive Council, and seven committees. The up-and-coming executive Board of the NCAI is as follows:

In addition to these four positions, the NCAI executive board also consists of twelve area Vice-Presidents and twelve Alternative Area Vice-President.

Executive Director

The executive director of National Congress of American Indians is Jackie (Jacqueline) Pata. She has served as executive director since 2001. Jackie Pata serves on the Sealaska Board of directors and the Tlingit and Haida Central Council Executive Committee.

Voting

Every tribe gets a number of votes allocated them specific to the size of each tribe.

Achievements

Members were hot discussion topics and often made headlines in valued newspapers such as The New York Times. The successes of the NCAI over these years have been a policy of non-protesting. As a matter of fact, the NCAI were known in the 1960s to carry a banner with the slogan, "INDIANS DON'T DEMONSTRATE."[11]

  • In 1949, the NCAI made charges against Federal job bias towards the Indians
  • In 1950, the NCAI influenced the insertion of an anti-reservation clause to the Alaska Statehood Act. This clause removes the ban against reservations for Alaskan Natives.
  • On July 8, 1954, NCAI won their fight against legislation that would have allowed the states to take civil and criminal jurisdictions over Indians.
  • On June 19, 1952, a self-help parley was opened in Utah where 50 agents for 12 groups proposed several self-help action plans
  • Indians had conventions nationwide and dealt with various topics such as health care, employment, and safety issues
  • In 2015 the organization successfully lobbied the State of California to ban the term "redskins" which is the name of a pro football team in Washington, from being used by public schools in the state of California.[12]

Internal policy differences

In the early 1960s, a shift in attitude occurred. Many young American Indians branded the older generation as sell-outs and called for harsh militancy. Two important militant groups were born: the American Indian Movement (AIM) and the National Indian Youth Council (NIYC). The two groups protested several conventions.

Ongoing issues

The advertising firm of DeVito/Verdi created a poster for the NCAI in 2001 to highlight stereotypical Native American mascots.
The advertising firm of DeVito/Verdi created a poster for the NCAI to highlight stereotypical Native American mascots.

Currently, the NCAI is fighting for improved living conditions on reservations, arguing that 560 tribes are federally recognized but fewer than 20 tribes generate enough wealth from casinos to turn the tribe's economy around. According to the NCAI website, other current issues and topics include:

  • "Protection of programs and services to benefit Indian families, specifically targeting Indian Youth and elders
  • Promotion and support of Indian education, including Head Start, elementary, post-secondary and Adult Education
  • Enhancement of Indian health care, including prevention of juvenile substance abuse, HIV-AIDS prevention and other major diseases
  • Support of environmental protection and natural resources management
  • Protection of Indian cultural resources and religious freedom rights
  • Promotion of the Rights of Indian economic opportunity both on and off reservations, including securing programs to provide incentives for economic development and the attraction of private capital to Indian Country
  • Protection of the Rights of all Indian people to decent, safe and affordable housing."[13]

In 2001, the advertising firm of DeVito/Verdi created an advertising campaign and poster for the NCAI to highlight offensive and racist sports team images and mascots.[14] In October 2013, the NCAI published a report on sports teams using harmful and racial "Indian" mascots.[15]

Notable members

Past presidents

Representatives of various tribes attending organizational meeting, 1944; all were alumni of the Carlisle Indian School

See also

References

  1. ↑ Cowger, Thomas W. The National Congress of American Indians: The Founding Years. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1999.
  2. ↑ Alison R. Bernstein. American Indian and World War II: Toward a New Era in Indian Affairs (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991) p. 116-119
  3. ↑ Harvey, Gretchen G. (2004). "Bronson, Ruth Muskrat". In Ware, Susan; Braukman, Stacy. Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century. 5. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 80–82. ISBN 978-0-674-01488-6.
  4. 1 2 Cowger 1999, p. 74.
  5. ↑ Cowger 1999, p. 53.
  6. ↑ Cowger 1999, p. 69.
  7. ↑ Cowger 1999, pp. 110-111.
  8. ↑ Cowger 1999, pp. 111-112.
  9. ↑ "Oneida Nation to Donate Indian Country Today Media Network Assets to NCAI". Indian Country Media Network. 2017-10-04. Retrieved 2018-01-20.
  10. ↑ NCAI by-laws and constitution
  11. ↑ Shreve, Bradley G. "From Time Immemorial: The Fish-in Movement and the Rise of the Intertribal Activism." Pacific Historical Review. 78.3 (2009): 403-434
  12. ↑ "California Becomes First State to Ban 'Redskins' Nickname".
  13. ↑ "Our History." Archived 2010-02-09 at the Wayback Machine. National Congress of American Indians. (retrieved 20 Dec 2009)
  14. ↑ Roller, Emma (2013-10-10). "Old Poster Goes Viral, Teaches Multiple Lessons". Slate. Retrieved 2016-08-31.
  15. ↑ "Ending the Era of Harmful "Indian" Mascots" (PDF). 2013-10-01. Retrieved 2016-08-29.
  16. 1 2 Strong Tribal Nations, Strong America, NCAI 67th Annual Convention Program
  17. ↑ Fisher, Andrew H. (Winter 2013). "Speaking for the First Americans: Nipo Strongheart and the campaign for American Indian citizenship". Oregon Historical Quarterly. 114 (4): 441–452. ISSN 0030-4727. Retrieved 22 Aug 2014.

Bibliography

  • National Congress of American Indians: Constitution, By-Laws and Standing Rules of Order. Found on the official NCAI website, this article was last amended in 2007. It states the purpose of the NCAI, the different types of memberships, and the rules and regulations.
  • Cowger, Thomas W. (1999). The National Congress of American Indians : the founding years. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-1502-9.
  • Deloria, Vine Jr. Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto. New York: Avon Books, 1970. This book explores the reality and myths surrounding Indians, the problems of leadership, and modern Indian affairs.
  • Johnson, N B. The National Congress of American Indians. Written by the Justice of Supreme Court of Oklahoma and published in the Chronicles of Oklahoma, this article discusses the formation of the NCAI, and Congress'reaction.
  • Report of Activities, American Association on Indian Affairs, June 1945-May 1946. This article discusses the reasons why a nationwide organization of Indians is so crucial.
  • Shreve, Bradley G. “From Time Immemorial: The Fish-in Movement and the Rise of the Intertribal Activism”, Pacific Historical Review 78.3 (2009): 403-434, via JSTOR
  • Cowger, Thomas W. The National Congress of American Indians: The Founding Years. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1999.
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