Mutimir of Serbia

Mutimir
Prince / Archont / Knez
of Serbs / Serbia
Mutimir of Serbia
Prince of Serbia
Reign ca. 850 – 891
Predecessor Vlastimir
Successor Pribislav
Born ca. 830s
Stari Ras
Died 891
Issue Pribislav
Stefan
Bran
House Vlastimirović
Father Vlastimir
Religion Eastern Orthodox Christianity

Mutimir of Serbia (Serbian: Мутимир, Greek: Μουντιμῆρος[A]) was Prince of the Serbs from ca. 850 until 891. He defeated the Bulgar Army, allied himself with the Byzantine Emperor and ruled the First Serbian Principality when the Christianization of the Serbs took place and the Eparchy of Ras was established.[1]

He was the eldest son of Knez Vlastimir, great-great-grandson of the Unknown Archont, who managed to unite the Serb tribes into a state.[2] He initially ruled together with his two younger brothers, but they revolted against him and he exiled them to Bulgaria, as guarantors of peace.

Background

It is thought that the rapid extension of Bulgars over Slavs to the south prompted the Serbs to unite into a state.[3] It is known that the Serbs and Bulgars lived in peace until the invasion in 839 (the last years of Theophilos).[3] Vlastimir united several Serbian tribes,[4] Emperor Theophilos (r. 829–842) probably granted the Serbs independence,[5] and they acknowledged nominal overlordship of the Emperor.[3] The annexation of western Macedonia by the Bulgars changed the political situation, Malamir or Presian may have seen a threat in the Serb consolidation, and opted to subjugate them in midst the conquest of Slav lands.[3]

Khan Presian I of Bulgaria[6] (r. 836–852) invades Serbian territory between 839-842. The Bulgars may have felt a threat in the Serbs, alternatively the Byzantines wanted to divert the attention so that they could cope with the Slav Uprising in the Peloponnese.[7] The invasion led to a 3-year war, Vlastimir was victorious;[8] Khan Presian made no territorial gain, was heavily defeated and lost many of his men, he was driven out by the army of Vlastimir.[7]

The war ended with the death of Theophilos in 842, which released Vlastimir from his obligations to the Byzantine Empire, on the other hand gave the opportunity to the Bulgarians to attack and annex the areas of Ohrid, Bitola and Devol in 842–843.[7]

Vlastimir went on to expand to the west, taking southeast Bosnia and northeast Herzegovina (Hum).[8][9] In the meantime; Braničevo, Morava, Timok, Vardar and Podrimlje were occupied by the Bulgars.[10]

Life

Vlastimir died sometime between 845-850[11] and his rule was divided between his three sons: Mutimir, Strojimir and Gojnik.[12] Although they ruled in an oligarchy, Mutimir had the supreme rule, and the two brothers acted as vassals to him.[13]

In 853 or 854, the Bulgar Army led by Vladimir, the son of Boris I of Bulgaria, invaded Serbia in an attempt to extract vengeance for the previous defeat. The Serbian Army was led by Mutimir and his brothers, which defeated the Bulgars, capturing Vladimir and 12 boyars.[12] Boris I and Mutimir agreed on peace (and perhaps an alliance[12]), and Mutimir sent his sons Bran and Stefan to the border to escort the prisoners, where they exchanged items as a sign of peace. Boris gave them "rich gifts", while he was given "two slaves, two falcons, two dogs, and 80 furs".[14]

An internal conflict among the brothers resulted in Mutimir banishing the two younger brothers to the Bulgarian court.[12][15] He, however, kept the son of Gojnik, Petar, in his court for political reasons.[13] Petar soon fled to Croatia.[15] The reason for the feud is not known, although it is hypothesized that it was the result of treachery.[13]

Mutimir sent envoys to Byzantine Emperor Basil I, asking him to baptize the lands.[16] He put Serbia under the suzerainty of the Byzantine Empire.[16]

The Saracens attacked Ragusa in 866.[17] The Ragusians asked Basil I for help, which he answered, sending a large fleet with his admiral Niketas Ooryphas.[17] The pagan Narentines sacked a ship with emissaries returning from Constantinople, which enraged Basil I, resulting in him sending a fleet and subsequently subduing them.[17] By 878, all of Dalmatia was under Byzantine rule (Theme of Dalmatia[18]), and most of the land was under the religious jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.[17]

Mutimir died in 891 and was succeeded by his eldest son, Pribislav.[12] He was most likely buried in the Church of Peter and Paul at Ras, as was Petar (r. 892–917).

Christianization

Croats and Serbs delegation with Basil I
Church of Saint Apostles Peter and Paul

The Serbs were baptized by Constantinopolitan missionaries sent by Basil I, after Mutimir had acknowledged Byzantine suzerainty.[16] Basil may have also sent a bishop.[19] The Christianization was due partly to Byzantine and subsequent Bulgarian influence.[20] It is important to note that at least during the rule of Kotsel of Pannonia (861–874), communications between Serbia and Great Moravia must have been possible.[20] This fact, the pope was presumably aware of, when planning Methodios' diocese as well as the Dalmatian coast, which was in Byzantine hands as far north as Split.[20] There is a possibility that some Cyrillomethodian pupils reached Serbia in the 870s, perhaps even sent by Methodius himself.[20] Serbia is accounted Christian as of about 870.[20] The lasting Christian identity is evident in the tradition of theophoric names in the next generation of Serb royalty; Petar Gojniković, Stefan Mutimirović and Pavle Branović, Petros and Stephanos are both noticed as characterly Byzantine.[20]

The first Serbian bishopric was founded at the political center at Ras, near modern Novi Pazar on the Ibar river.[20] The initial affiliation is uncertain, it may have been under the subordination of either Split or Durazzo, both then Byzantine.[20] The early church of Saint Apostles Peter and Paul at Ras, can be dated to the 9th–10th century, with the rotunda plan characteristic of first court chapels.[21] The bishopric was established shortly after 871, during the rule of Mutimir, and was part of the general plan of establishing bishoprics in the Slav lands of the Empire, confirmed by the Council of Constantinople in 879–880.[21] The Eparchy of Braničevo was founded in 878 (as continuation of Viminacium and Horreum Margi).

Mutimir maintained the communion with the Eastern Orthodox Patriarchate of Constantinople when Pope John VIII invited him to recognize the jurisdiction of the bishopric of Sirmium in a letter dated to May 873.[22] The Serbs and Bulgarians subsequently adopt the Old Slavonic liturgy instead of the Greek.[2]

Legacy

In the 1985 film "Boris I" (Борис Първи), about the life of Boris I of Bulgaria, the peace treaty between Mutimir and Boris I is featured.

See also

 
 
 
Vlastimir
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mutimir
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Pribislav
Heir		BranStefan
Mutimir, Knez of Serbia
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Vlastimir I		 Knez of Serbia
ca. 850 – 891		 Succeeded by
Pribislav I

Notes

  1. ^ Name: The first attestation of his name is the Greek Muntimiros (Μουντιμῆρος[24]), in Latin Muntimerus[25] (Muntimer), in Serbian Mutimir. He was a descendant of Višeslavić, his father was Vlastimir, hence, according to the contemporary naming culture, his name was Mutimir Vlastimirović Višeslavić.

References

  1. ↑ Moravcsik 1967.
  2. 1 2 The wars of the Balkan Peninsula: their medieval origins ISBN 0-8108-5846-0
  3. 1 2 3 4 J. B. Bury, p. 372
  4. ↑ L. Kovacevic & L. Jovanovic, Историjа српскога народа, Belgrade, 1894, Book 2, p. 38—39
  5. ↑ S. Stanojevic, Историjа српскога народа, Belgrade, 1910, p. 46—47
  6. ↑ The early medieval Balkans, p. 108
  7. 1 2 3 Известия за българите, p. 42—43
  8. 1 2 The early medieval Balkans, p. 110
  9. ↑ M. Th. Houtsma, E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936 p. 199. ISBN 90-04-08265-4, ISBN 978-90-04-08265-6
  10. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica: a new survey of universal knowledge, Volume 20, p. 341: "the eastern provinces (Branichevo, Morava, Timok, Vardar, Podrimlye) were occupied by the Bulgars."
  11. ↑ Steven Runciman, A history of the first Bulgarian empire, p. 93: "Vlastimer’s death (about 845-50)", Primary source: De Administrando Imperio, pp. 154—5
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 The early medieval Balkans, p. 141
  13. 1 2 3 Đekić, Đ. 2009, "Why did prince Mutimir keep Petar Gojnikovic?", Teme, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 683-688. PDF
  14. ↑ Moravcsik 1967, p. 152.
  15. 1 2 The Serbs, p. 15
  16. 1 2 3 De Administrando Imperio, ch. 29 [Of Dalmatia and of the adjacent nations in it]: "...the majority of these Slavs [Serbs, Croats] were not even baptized, and remained unbaptized for long enough. But in the time of Basil, the Christ-loving emperor, they sent diplomatic agents, begging and praying him that those of them who were unbaptized might receive baptism and that they might be, as they had originally been, subject to the empire of the Romans; and that glorious emperor, of blessed memory, gave ear to them and sent out an imperial agent and priests with him and baptized all of them that were unbaptized of the aforesaid nations..."
  17. 1 2 3 4 Pokrštavanje Južnih Slovena
  18. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-17. Retrieved 2011-09-27.
  19. ↑ A history of Christianity in the Balkans, p. 73
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 The entry of the Slavs into Christendom, p. 208
  21. 1 2 The entry of the Slavs into Christendom, p. 209
  22. ↑ Gabriella Schubert, Serbien in Europa: Leitbilder der Moderne in der Diskussion, p. 23
  23. ↑ http://arhiva.glas-javnosti.rs/arhiva/2006/07/27/srpski/T06072602.shtml
  24. ↑ De Administrando Imperio, ch. 32
  25. ↑ Johann Grosse II (Héritiers), Nova acta eruditorum, 1764, p. 169

Sources

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    • Drugi Period, IV: Pokrštavanje Južnih Slovena
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