Multan Sun Temple

Sun Temple of Multan
Location within Pakistan
Geography
Coordinates 30°11′52″N 71°28′11″E / 30.19778°N 71.46972°E / 30.19778; 71.46972Coordinates: 30°11′52″N 71°28′11″E / 30.19778°N 71.46972°E / 30.19778; 71.46972
Location

Multan, Punjab

Pakistan Pakistan
Culture
Sanctum Surya
Architecture
Architecture Hindu temple

The Sun Temple of Multan, also known as the Aditya Sun Temple,[1] was an ancient temple that was the base of a solar-cult dedicated to the Hindu Sun God Surya (also known as Aditya), that is located in the city of Multan, Punjab province of Pakistan.[2] While dedicated to a Hindu deity, the solar-cult was derived from the Persian worship of Mithra.[3]

The temple was highly revered, and drew pilgrims from throughout the region even during the first centuries of Islamic rule. The temple's famous Aditya idol was destroyed in the late 10th century CE by Multan's new dynasty of Ismaili rulers.[4][5]

Location

The temple was noted by the medieval Arab geographer Al-Muqaddasi to have been located in the most populous part of Multan,[6] between the city's ivory and coppersmith bazaars.[6]

Background

Ancient Multan was the centre of a solar-worshipping cult that was based at the ancient Multan Sun Temple.[7] While the cult was dedicated to the Hindu Sun God Surya, the cult has been said to be ultimately foreign in origin, and derived from worship of the Persian Zoroastrian worship of Mithra,[7] who is frequently associated with sun. Some of the temple's appeal was derived from the belief that the temple's Aditya idol could cure maladies.[7]

History

The city of Multan may get its name from the Sanskrit name for the Sun idol and Sun temple, Mulasthana.[8][9]

The original Sun Temple at Multan is said to have been built by Samba, son of Krishna, to gain relief from the symptoms of his leprosy.[10][11][12]

Hsuen Tsang is said to have visited the temple in 641 AD, by which time the Multan Sun Temple was the most important sun temple in ancient India.[7] Hsuen Tsang described an idol of the Sun God made of pure gold with eyes made from large red rubies.[13] Gold, silver and gems were abundantly used in its doors, pillars and shikhara. Thousands of Hindus regularly went to Multan to worship the Sun God. Hsuen Tsang is also said to have seen several devadasis ("dancing girls") in the temple.[5][14][15] Travelers like Hsuen Tsang, Istakhari and others, mentioned other idols in their travelogue, saying that the idols of Shiva and Buddha were also installed in the temple.[16] Al-Biruni visited Multan in the 11th Century and left a glowing description of the temple,[10] though it had been destroyed by the time he visited the city.[7]

Under Islamic rule

After the conquest of Multan by the Umayyad Caliphate in the 8th century AD, under the leadership of Muhammad bin Qasim, the Sun Temple was said to have been "carefully protected" by Multan's rulers.[17] The temple was also used to ward off Hindu invaders, as the Muslim rulers would threaten to destroy the revered idol in case of invasion.[18][19][20]

Multan's Sun Temple was noted to have accrued the early Muslim rulers large tax revenues from Hindu pilgrims.[5][21][22][5] By some accounts, the temple accrued 30% of the state's revenues.[4] Offerings brought by Hindu pilgrims, which were often very valuable, were forfeited to the city's rulers who used, sold, or gave the items away.[23][24][18]

Destruction

By the mid 900s Multan had come under the influence of the Ismaili Shias under the leader Jalam bin Shayban, a proselytizing Da'i of the Qarmatian sect that had been dispatched to the region upon the recommendation of Fatimid Caliph Imam al-Mu'izz,[25] to replace the city's rebellious Da'i whose views regarding Imam successorship contrasted with those of the Fatimids. The Qarmatian sect which replaced the rebellious Da'i had been expelled from Egypt and Iraq following their defeat at the hands of the Abbasids there. Qarmatians zealots had famously sacked Mecca,[26] and outraged the Muslim world with their theft and ransom of the Kaaba's Black Stone, and desecration of the Zamzam Well with corpses during the Hajj season of 930 CE.[27]

The temple was destroyed by Multan's dynasty of new Ismaili rulers in the late 10th century, who in turn built an Ismaili congregational mosque atop the site after abandoning the city's old Sunni congregational mosque which had been built by the city's early Muslim rulers.[4] The Ismaili mosque that had been built atop the Sun Temple's ruins was then in turn destroyed in the early 11th century by Mahmud of Ghazni.[4] The Persian scholar Al-Biruni visited the site in the 11th century and noted that it was no longer visited by Hindu pilgrims as the site had laid in ruin without being rebuilt.[28]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Journal of Indian history: golden jubilee volume. T. K. Ravindran, University of Kerala. Dept. of History. 1973. p. 362.
  2. ↑ Survey & Studies for Conservation of Historical Monuments of Multan. Department of Archeology & Museums, Ministry of Culture, Government of Pakistan.
  3. ↑ MacLean, Derryl N. (1989). Religion and Society in Arab Sind. BRILL. p. 18. ISBN 9789004085510.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Flood, Finbarr Barry (2009). Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691125947.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Divine Prostitution By Nagendra Kr Singh. 1997. p. 44.
  6. 1 2 Habib, Irfan (2011). Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500. Pearson Education India. ISBN 9788131727911.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 MacLean, Derryl N. (1989). Religion and Society in Arab Sind. BRILL. ISBN 9789004085510.
  8. ↑ "Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 18, page 35 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library". dsal.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  9. ↑ Hindu History BY Akshoy K Majumdar Published by Rupa and CO PAGE 54
  10. 1 2 Bhagawan Parashuram and evolution of culture in north-east India. 1987. p. 171.
  11. ↑ Region in Indian History By Lucknow University. Dept. of Medieval & Modern Indian History. 2008. p. 79.
  12. ↑ Ancient India and Iran: a study of their cultural contacts by Nalinee M. Chapekar, pp 29-30
  13. ↑ A Religious History of Ancient India, Up to C. 1200 A.D.: Smarta, epic-Pauranika and Tantrika Hinduism, Christianity and Islam by Srirama Goyala, 1986, pp 339
  14. ↑ Encyclopaedia of Indian Women Through the Ages: The middle ages By Simmi Jain. 2003. p. 132.
  15. ↑ "Multan's 2000-year Sun Temple". 18 February 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  16. ↑ Sun-worship in ancient India. 1971. p. 172.
  17. ↑ Jackson, Roy (2014). What is Islamic Philosophy?. Routledge. ISBN 9781317814047. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
  18. 1 2 Wink, André (1997). Al- Hind: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest. 2, Volume 1. BRILL. pp. 187–188. ISBN 9789004095090.
  19. ↑ Al-Masʿūdī. Muruj adh-dhahab wa ma'adin al-jawahir, I. p. 167.
  20. ↑ De Goeje. Ibn Hauqal. pp. 228–229.
  21. ↑ A glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and North-West ..., Volume 1 By H.A. Rose. 1997. p. 489.
  22. ↑ Schimmel pg.4
  23. ↑ Al-Balādhurī. Futūh al-Buldān. p. 427.
  24. ↑ Al-Masʿūdī. Muruj adh-dhahab wa ma'adin al-jawahir, I. p. 116.
  25. ↑ Tajddin, Mumtaz Ali. Encyclopaedia of Ismailism. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
  26. ↑ Mecca's History, from Encyclopædia Britannica.
  27. ↑ Glassé, Cyril. 2008. The New Encyclopedia of Islam. Walnut Creek CA: AltaMira Press p. 369
  28. ↑ Wink, Andre (2002). Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries. Brill. ISBN 9780391041738.
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