Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad

Coin of Al-Mutamid
Column of Al-Mutamid, Jardines de los Reales Alcázares, Alcázar of Seville

Muhammad ibn Abbad al-Mu'tamid (Arabic: المعتمد بن عباد‎; reigned c. 1069–1091, lived 1040–1095) was the third and last ruler of the taifa of Seville in Al-Andalus. He was a member of the Abbadid dynasty.

Early life

When he was 13 years old Al-Mu'tamid's father bestowed on him the title of Emir and appointed the Andalusi Arabic poet Ibn Ammar as his vizier. However, Al-Mu'tamid fell strongly under the influence of Ibn Ammar, and possibly in love. After one night of poetry and wine it was reported that Al-Mu'tamid insisted they sleep together "on this same pillow." Al-Mu'tamid's father disapproved of the relationship and the influence of the vizier (not least because Ibn Ammar was a commoner) and sent him into exile in order to separate the two.[1]

Reign

After the death of his father Abbad II al-Mu'tadid in 1069, Al-Mu'tamid inherited Seville as caliph. One of his first acts was to recall Ibn Ammar and to bestow military honours and high political offices on him, including as Governor of Silves and Prime Minister of the government in Seville. Some sources suggest a lovers' quarrel after Ibn Ammar dreamt that Al-Mu'tamid was going to kill him. The caliph reassured him that he would never do such a thing.

More likely the cause of resentment grew from the fact that the Prime Minister had let al-Mu'tamid's son, Prince al-Rasid, be captured and held hostage during a military campaign. He had also declared himself king of Murcia without properly acknowledging the rights of his own sovereign. The two men exchanged verses full of bitter criticisms and accusations. Murcia was subsequently lost and Ibn Ammar himself taken hostage. A final attempt to conspire with the young prince against his father proved too much for al-Mu'tamid, who "fell into a rage and hacked him to death with his own hands". After Ibn Ammar's death, the caliph was reported to have grieved bitterly and gave his former friend a sumptuous funeral.[2][3][4][5][6]

Large parts of al-Andalus were under the dominion of al-Mu'tamid: to the west his territory encompassed the land between the lower Guadalquivir and Guadiana, plus the areas around Niebla, Huelva and Saltes. In the south it extended to Morón, Arcos, Ronda, and also Algeciras and Tarifa. The capital, Córdoba, was taken in 1070, lost in 1075, and regained in 1078.

Nevertheless, the family was still subject to taxation by the King of Castile, to whom they were vassals. The drain of these taxes effectively weakened the kingdom's power: al-Mu'tamid's decision to stop paying these taxes caused King Alfonso VI of Castile (who had already conquered Toledo in 1085) to besiege Seville. Al-Mu'tamid asked help from the Berber Almoravids of Morocco against the Castilian king. Al-Mu'tamid supported the Almoravid ruler Yusuf ibn Tashfin against Alfonso in the Battle of Sagrajas in 1086. The Moroccans established themselves at Algeciras and, after defeating the Christians, occupied all the Islamic taifas, including Seville itself in 1091.[7] After they ravaged the city, al-Mu'tamid ordered his sons to surrender the royal fortress (the early Alcázar of Seville) in order to save their lives. When his son, Rashid, had advised him not to call on Yusuf ibn Tashfin, Al-Mu'tamid had rebuffed him:

I have no desire to be branded by my descendants as the man who delivered al-Andalus as prey to the infidels. I am loath to have my name cursed in every Muslim pulpit. And, for my part, I would rather be a camel-driver in Africa than a swineherd in Castile.[8]

In 1091 Al-Mu'tamid was taken into captivity by the Almoravids and exiled to Aghmat, Morocco, where he died (or was perhaps assassinated) in 1095. His grave is located in the outskirts of Aghmat.[9]

Legacy

Al-Mu'tamid, one of the most eminent men of 11th-century al-Andalus, was highly regarded as a writer of poetry in Arabic.[10] He was the father-in-law of Zaida of Seville, a concubine of Alfonso VI of Castile, possibly identical to his later wife, Queen Isabella.[11][12] Iberian Muslim sources say that Zaida of Seville was the wife of Al-Mu'tamid's son Abu Nasr al-Fath al-Ma'mūn, Emir of the Taifa of Córdoba.[13][14][15][16][17] Bishop Pelayo of Oviedo asserted that Zaida was the daughter of Abenath (Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad), a claim repeated by later Iberian Christian chroniclers that persisted in written histories for hundreds of years, but the Islamic chroniclers are considered more reliable.[13][15][16][17] and the general consensus among scholars now is that Zaida was Al-Mu'tamid's daughter-in-law.[11]

See also

References

  1. ↑ James Neill, The origins and role of same-sex relations in human societies, New York, 2009
  2. ↑ Levi Provencal, L'Espagne musulmane au Xe siècle. Institutions et vie sociale, Paris, 1932
  3. ↑ Crompton, Louis (2006), Homosexuality and civilization, Harvard University Press, p. 167, ISBN 978-0-674-02233-1
  4. ↑ Stephen Murray and Will Roscoe, Islamic homosexualities: culture, history, and literature, 1997
  5. ↑ James Neill, The origins and role of same-sex relations in human societies, New York, 2009
  6. ↑ Heather Ecker, Caliphs and kings: the art and influence of Islamic Spain, London, 2008
  7. ↑ Bernard F. Reilly (1982). The Kingdom of León-Castilla Under Queen Urraca, 1109-1126. Princeton University Press. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-0-691-05344-8.
  8. ↑ Archived October 1, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
  9. ↑ Lisan Al Din Ibn Al Khatib (c. 1400). Nafadhat al-jirab (the Ashtray of the Socks). p. 9.
  10. ↑ Raymond P. Scheindlin, ed. (1974). Forme and Structure in the Poetry of Al-Muʿtamid Ibn ʿAbbād. Brill Archive. p. 24. ISBN 90-04-03890-6.
  11. 1 2 Fina Llorca Antolín (2008). Las mujeres entre la realidad y la ficción: una mirada feminista a la literatura española. Universidad de Granada. p. 91. ISBN 978-84-338-4892-5. Levi-Provençal ha demostrado que no era hija, sino nuera, del rey de Sevilla, y no se sabe bien si llegó a casarse o no con el rey Alfonso VI. (in English: Levi-Provençal has shown that she was not the daughter but the daughter-in-law of the King of Seville, and it is undetermined whether or not she married King Alfonso VI.
  12. ↑ Simon Barton (16 January 2015). Conquerors, Brides, and Concubines: Interfaith Relations and Social Power in Medieval Iberia. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-8122-9211-4.
  13. 1 2 Canal Sánchez-Pagín, José María (1991). "Jimena Muñoz, Amiga de Alfonso VI". Anuario de Estudios Medievales. 21: 11–40
  14. ↑ Lévi-Provençal, Évariste (1934). "La 'Mora Zaida' femme d'Alfonse VI de Castile et leur fils l'Infant D. Sancho". Hesperis. 18: 1–8,200–1.
  15. 1 2 Montaner Frutos, Alberto (2005). La Mora Zaida, entre historia y leyenda (con una reflexión sobre la técnica historiográfica alfonsí). Historicist Essays on Hispano-Medieval Narrative. "En conclusion, no hay razones de peso para considerar a Zaida otra cosa que la nuera de Almu'tamid, sin poder precisar su foiliacion." In English: "In conclusion, there are no compelling reasons to consider Zaida anything other than the daughter-in-law of Almu'tamid, without being able to specify her filiation." p. 279.
  16. 1 2 Palencia, Clemente (1988). "Historia y leyendas de las mujeres de Alfonso VI". Estudios sobre Alfonso VI y la reconquista de Toledo. pp. 281–90.
  17. 1 2 Salazar y Acha, Jaime de (1992–1993). "Contribución al estudio del reinado de Alfonso VI de Castilla: algunas aclaraciones sobre su política matrimonial". Anales de la Real Academia Matritense de Heráldica y Genealogía. 2: 299–336.

Sources

  • Souissi, Ridha (1977). Al Mutamid Ibn Abbad et son oeuvre poétique : étude des thèmes. Université de Tunis.
  • Scheindlin, Raymond P. (1974). Form and structure in the poetry of Al-Mutamid Ibn Abbad. Leiden: Brill.
  • Hagerty ed., Miguel José (1979). Poesia / Al-Mutamid. Barcelona: Antoni Bosch.
  • Rubiera Mata ed., María Jesús (1982). Poesías / Al Mutamid Ibn Abbad. Madrid: Universidad de Sevilla.
  • de Oviedo, Pelayo. Chronicle of the Kings of Leon of Pelayo of Oviedo.
  • Reilly, Bernard F. (1988). The Kingdom of Leon-Castilla under King Alfonso VI, 1065-1109. Publisher: Princeton University Press.
Preceded by
Abbad II al-Mu'tadid		 Abbadid king of Seville
1069–1091		 Deposed by Yusuf ibn Tashfin
(Almoravid dynasty)
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