Qasmuna

Qasmūna bint Ismāʿil (Arabic: قسمونة بنت إسماعيل, probably twelfth-century, but possibly eleventh-century, CE) is the only female Arabic-language Jewish poet attested from medieval Andalusia. Moreover, she is one of only two or three known medieval female Jewish poets, the others being the anonymous wife of Dunash ben Labrat[1] and possibly the sixth-century Sarah of Yemen.[2]

Sources

Three poems by Qasmūna survive, due to being recorded by two later anthologists: Al-Suyuti, in his fifteenth-century Nuzhat al-julasāʼ fī ashʻār al-nisā, an anthology of women's verse, and Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari, in his seventeenth-century Nafḥ al-ṭīb.[3][4] Al-Suyuti, and conceivably also al-Maqqari, seems to have derived the material from an earlier anthology of Andalusian verse, the Kitāb al-Maghrib by Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi;[5] but it seems that the verses do not appear in surviving manuscripts of that work.

Biography

Little is known about Qasmūna's life. Both surviving sources say that her father was Jewish and that he taught her the art of verse. Whereas al-Maqqari simply calls him Ismāʿil al-Yahudi, however, al-Suyuti calls him Ismāʿil ibn Bagdāla al-Yahudi, and says Qasmūna lived in the twelfth century CE.[6] It has been speculated that Qasmūna's father was Samuel ibn Naghrillah (d. c. 1056), or that Samuel was otherwise an ancestor, which would make Qasmuna an eleventh-century rather than a twelfth-century poet, but the foundations for these claims are shaky.[7]

Works

Three poems by Qasmūna are known.[8]

1

One is part of a verse-capping challenge set by Qasmūna's father. As edited and translated by Nichols, he begins:

Lī ṣāḥibun dhū [lacuna] qad qābalat
nafʿan bi-ḍurrin wa-staḥallat ḥarāma-ha.

I have a friend whose [lacuna] has repaid good with evil,
considering lawful that which is forbidden to her.

To which Qasmūna replies:

Ka-shshamsi min-ha-l-badru yaqbisu nūra-hu
abadan wa-yaksifu baʿda dhālika jirma-ha.

Just like the sun, from which the moon derives its light
always, yet afterward eclipses the sun's body.

The missing word in this verse is assumed to be a word denoting a woman of some kind.[9]

2

The most famous of Qasmūna's poems, widely anthologised, is introduced by the comment that she looked in the mirror one day and saw that she was beautiful and had reached the time of marriage.[10] She then utters this verse:

أرى روضةََ قد حان منها قطافُعا
وليس يُرى جانِِ يمدّ لعا يدا
فوآ أسفي يمضي الشبابُ مضيّعاَ
ويبقى الذي ما إب اسمّيه مفرَدا[11]
Ayā rawḍatan qad ḥāna min-ha qaṭāfu-ha
wa-laisa yurâ ḥānin yamudda la-ha yadā;
fa-wā asafī yamdī-shshabābu mudayyaʿan
wa-yabqâ-lladhī mā lanʾusammī-hi mufradā.[12]
I see an orchard
Where the time has come
For harvesting,
But I do not see
A gardener reaching out a hand
Towards its fruits.
Youth goes, vanishing; I wait alone
For somebody I do not wish to name.[13]

3

The last of Qasmūna's known poems runs:

Yā ẓabyatan tarʿa bi-rawdin dāʾiman



innī ḥakaitu-ki fi-ttawaḥḥushi wa-l-ḥawari.



Amsâ kilā-nā mufradan ʿan ṣāḥibin



fa-ʿitābu-nā abadan ʿalâ ḥukmi-l-qadari.[14]

Always grazing
here in this garden--
I'm dark-eyed just
like you, and lonely.
We both live far
from friends, forsaken --
patiently bearing
our fate's decree.[15]

References

  1. ↑ Peter Cole (ed. and trans.), The Dream of the Poem: Hebrew Poetry from Muslim and Christian Spain, 950-1492 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), p. 364.
  2. ↑ Emily Taitz, Sondra Henry, and Cheryl Tallan, 'Sarah of Yemen', in The JPS Guide to Jewish Women: 600 B.C.E. to 1900 C.E. (Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 2003), pp. 57-59.
  3. ↑ James Mansfield Nichols, 'The Arabic Verses of Qasmūna bint Ismāʿil ibn Bagdālah', International Journal of Middle East Studies, 13 (1981), 155-58 (p. 155).
  4. ↑ María Ángeles Gallego, 'Approaches to the Study of Muslim and Jewish Women in Medieval Iberian Peninsula: The Poetess Qasmuna Bat Isma`il', MEAH, sección Hebreo, 48 (1999), 63-75 (p. 69).
  5. ↑ María Ángeles Gallego, 'Approaches to the Study of Muslim and Jewish Women in Medieval Iberian Peninsula: The Poetess Qasmuna Bat Isma`il', MEAH, sección Hebreo, 48 (1999), 63-75 (pp. 69-70).
  6. ↑ María Ángeles Gallego, 'Approaches to the Study of Muslim and Jewish Women in Medieval Iberian Peninsula: The Poetess Qasmuna Bat Isma`il', MEAH, sección Hebreo, 48 (1999), 63-75 (p. 70).
  7. ↑ María Ángeles Gallego, 'Approaches to the Study of Muslim and Jewish Women in Medieval Iberian Peninsula: The Poetess Qasmuna Bat Isma`il', MEAH, sección Hebreo, 48 (1999), 63-75 (pp. 70-72).
  8. ↑ James Mansfield Nichols, 'The Arabic Verses of Qasmūna bint Ismāʿil ibn Bagdālah', International Journal of Middle East Studies, 13 (1981), 155-58 (p. 155).
  9. ↑ James Mansfield Nichols, 'The Arabic Verses of Qasmūna bint Ismāʿil ibn Bagdālah', International Journal of Middle East Studies, 13 (1981), 155-58 (p. 156).
  10. ↑ James Mansfield Nichols, 'The Arabic Verses of Qasmūna bint Ismāʿil ibn Bagdālah', International Journal of Middle East Studies, 13 (1981), 155-58 (p. 156).
  11. ↑ Arabic Poems: A Bilingual Edition, ed. by Marlé Hammond (New York: Everyman, 2014), p. 130.
  12. ↑ James Mansfield Nichols, 'The Arabic Verses of Qasmūna bint Ismāʿil ibn Bagdālah', International Journal of Middle East Studies, 13 (1981), 155-58 (p. 156).
  13. ↑ Qasmuna bint Isma'il, 'Seeing Herself Beautiful and Nubile', trans. by Christopher Middleton and Leticia Garza-Falcón, in Arabic Poems: A Bilingual Edition, ed. by Marlé Hammond (New York: Everyman, 2014), p. 131.
  14. ↑ James Mansfield Nichols, 'The Arabic Verses of Qasmūna bint Ismāʿil ibn Bagdālah', International Journal of Middle East Studies, 13 (1981), 155-58 (p. 157).
  15. ↑ Qasmuna bint Ismal'il, 'Ah, Gazelle', in The Dream of the Poem: Hebrew Poetry from Muslim and Christian Spain, 950-1492, ed. and trans. by Peter Cole (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), p. 364.
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