Morton Smith

Morton Smith
Morton Smith, teaching a graduate seminar on Paul at Columbia University in 1989.
Born (1915-05-28)May 28, 1915
Philadelphia
Died July 11, 1991(1991-07-11) (aged 76)
Manhattan
Occupation Historian

Morton Smith (May 28, 1915 – July 11, 1991)[1][2] was an American professor of ancient history at Columbia University. He is best known for his reported discovery of the Mar Saba letter, a letter attributed to Clement of Alexandria containing excerpts from a Secret Gospel of Mark, during a visit to the monastery at Mar Saba in 1958. This letter fragment has had many names, from The Secret Gospel through The Mar Saba Fragment and the Theodoros.

Biography

Smith was born in Philadelphia on May 28, 1915.[1][2] He received his bachelor's degrees from Harvard College and the Harvard Divinity School, a Ph.D. from Hebrew University in Jerusalem and a Th.D. in theology from Harvard Divinity School. He taught at Brown University and Drew University and then he became a teacher at Columbia University in 1957. He became professor emeritus in 1985 and continued as a lecturer in religion until 1990. He died of heart failure on July 11, 1991 in New York City.[3]

Smith was well known for his sharp wit when it came to religious debates. He made regular scholarly contributions in many fields, including but not limited to: Greek and Latin classics, New Testament, Patristics, second-temple Judaism, and rabbinics.[4] Despite the numerous accusations of forgery against Smith's finding, Smith was seen as a dedicated scholar when it came to research. He was said to have devoted fifteen years of his life to just studying his finding of the Secret Gospel.[5]

Mar Saba letter

Ancient Mar Saba monastery, founded in the fifth century.

In 1941, Smith, at age 26, was on a trip to the holy land with the Harvard Divinity School. Due to issues relating to the war, he was stuck in Jerusalem, where he made acquaintances with a leader of the Greek Orthodox Church, who gave him a tour of various places, one of which happened to be the Mar Saba monastery. While there, Smith was given access to the libraries of the monastery. Years later, in 1958, having landed a teaching career at Columbia, Smith was awarded a sabbatical. With his sabbatical, Smith decided to return to Mar Saba, having since become very interested in the Mar Saba library. He recalled that during his first visit, the library had been a terrible mess, and according to Smith no one had bothered to catalog it.[6]

Smith reported he found the manuscript in the Mar Saba monastery in 1958, photographed it carefully, and then left the book where he found it. He first announced the discovery publicly in 1960 but, due to various delays, his main publications on the subject did not come out until 1973.

Mar Saba is a Greek Orthodox monastery overlooking the Kidron Valley in the West Bank east of Bethlehem. In 1973 Smith published a book in which he wrote that he had discovered a previously unknown letter of Clement of Alexandria (c.150 - c. 215) while cataloging documents there in the summer of 1958.

Color photo of page 2 of the Mar Saba letter in which quotations from the Secret Gospel of Mark are made.

Right from the start, some scholars voiced the opinion that the letter is not authentic, and that it was either an ancient or medieval forgery. In 1975, Quentin Quesnell published a lengthy article in the Catholic Biblical Quarterly,[7] where he even suggested that Smith had forged the document himself, and then photographed his alleged forgery. An incensed Smith issued a furious rebuttal,[8] whereupon Quesnell disclaimed any personal accusations against Smith.[9]

In 1985 in his Strange Tales Per Beskow of Lund cast doubt on the Gospel. Smith responded by threatening to sue the publisher, Fortress Press of Philadelphia, "for a million dollars" and the publisher amended the offending paragraph.[10]

Smith is featured discussing the Mar Saba letter in the UK television documentary series, Jesus: The Evidence (1984: Channel 4).[11]

Contribution to Old Testament studies

Smith's contribution to Old Testament studies was contained in his "Palestinian Parties and Politics That Shaped the Old Testament" (1971). Using form criticism to reconstruct the social background to the Old Testament, Smith advanced the proposal that two parties had vied for supremacy in ancient Israel, the first composed of those which worshipped many gods of which Yahweh was chief, while the other, the "Yahweh-alone" faction, was largely the party of the priests of Jerusalem, who wished to establish a monopoly for Yahweh. In monarchic Judah the Yahweh-alone party were a permanent minority; although sometimes able to win over a king like Josiah to their cause. Meanwhile, the population at large, including most of the kings, remained stubbornly polytheistic, worshipping the same gods as their neighbours in Moab, Ammon etc. In the post-Exilic period the idea of Yahweh as the only god of Israel finally triumphed, but a new division emerged, between the separatists, who wished the Jews to remain strictly apart from their neighbours, (this separation being defined in terms of purity), and the assimilationists who wished for normal relations with them. Ultimately, by the late Persian/early Hellenistic period, the purists won, the modern version of the Hebrew Bible was written, and a recognisably modern Judaism emerged.[12]

Publications

Books:

  • Tannaitic Parallels to the Gospels (1951)
  • The Ancient Greeks (1960)
  • Heroes and Gods: Spiritual Biographies in Antiquity [in collaboration with Moses Hadas] (1965)
  • Palestinian Parties and Politics That Shaped the Old Testament (1971)
  • Clement of Alexandria and a Secret Gospel of Mark (1973)
  • The Secret Gospel (1973)
  • The Ancient History of Western Civilization [with Elias Bickerman] (1976)
  • Jesus the Magician: Charlatan or Son of God? (1978)
  • Hope and History (1980)
  • Studies in the Cult of Yahweh. Vol. 1. Historical Method, Ancient Israel, Ancient Judaism. Vol. 2. New Testament, Early Christianity, and Magic [edited by Shaye J. D. Cohen] (1996)
  • What the Bible Really Says (edited with R. Joseph Hoffmann (1992)).

Awards

  • Lionel Trilling Book Award for Jesus the Magician
  • Ralph Marcus Centennial Award of the Society of Biblical Literature

References

  1. 1 2 Neusner, Jacob, Christianity, Judaism, and other Greco-Roman Cults. Part 1: New Testament, ed. J. Neusner, Studies for Morton Smith at Sixty, vol 1, New Testament (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1975), p. ix.
  2. 1 2 Calder III, William M. “Smith, Morton”, in Biographical Dictionary of North American Classicists, Ward W. Briggs, Jr., (ed.) (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994), p. 600.
  3. ↑ Fowler, Glenn (July 13, 1991). "Morton Smith, Columbia Professor And Ancient-Religion Scholar, 76". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-03-28. Morton Smith, a professor of history at Columbia University for nearly three decades and an authority on religions and magic in the ancient world, died on Thursday at his home in Manhattan. He was 76 years old. He died of heart failure, university officials said. Professor Smith was best known for his report in 1960 of what he said was a secret Gospel of the Apostle Mark, from which he theorized that Jesus might have been a magician rather than a Hebrew rabbi and that magic rituals played an important role in fledgling Christianity.
  4. ↑ Ehrman, Bart D."Lost Christianities". Oxford University Press, 2003, p.70.
  5. ↑ Ehrman, Bart D."Lost Christianities". Oxford University Press, 2003, p.74.
  6. ↑ Erhman, Bart D. (2003). Lost Christianities. Oxford University Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-19-518249-1.
  7. ↑ Quesnell, Quentin. "The Mar Saba Clementine: A Question of Evidence," Catholic Biblical Quarterly 37 (1975): 48–67
  8. ↑ Smith, Morton. "On the Authenticity of the Mar Saba Letter of Clement," Catholic Biblical Quarterly 38 (1976): 196–99.
  9. ↑ Quesnell, Quentin. "Reply to Smith," Catholic Biblical Quarterly 38 (1976): 200–203
  10. ↑ Per Beskow CHAPTER 28 Modern Mystifications of Jesus in The Blackwell Companion to Jesus p460 ed. Delbert Burkett
  11. ↑ Wallis, Richard (2016-01-27). "Channel 4 and the declining influence of organized religion on UK television. The case of Jesus: The Evidence". Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television. 36 (4): 668–688. doi:10.1080/01439685.2015.1132821. ISSN 0143-9685.
  12. ↑ Review of Palestinian Parties, JBL, 1972

Bibliography

  • Stephen C. Carlson, The Gospel Hoax, Baylor University Press, 2005.
  • Scott G. Brown, Mark's Other Gospel, Wilfrid Laurier, 2005.
  • Scott G. Brown, Factualizing the Folklore: Stephen Carlson's case against Morton Smith, Harvard Theological Review, July 1, 2006. Available on-line (see below).
  • Peter Jeffery, The Secret Gospel of Mark Unveiled, Yale University Press, 2006.
  • Charles W. Hedrick and Nikolaos Olympiou, Secret Mark, in The Fourth R 13:5 (2000): 3–11, 14–16. Contains color plates of the manuscript. Available on-line (see below).
  • Gedaliahu A. G. Stroumsa,Comments on Charles Hedrick’s Article: A Testimony, Journal of Early Christian Studies 11:2 (Summer 2003): 147–53. Tells about the four scholars who saw the manuscript in the Mar Saba library.
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