Morning Star (chief)

Morning Star (Cheyenne: Vóóhéhéve;^[1] also known by his Lakota Sioux name Tȟamílapȟéšni or its translation, Dull Knife^[2][3]) (1810–1883) was a great chief of the Northern Cheyenne people and headchief of the Notameohmésêhese ("Northern Eaters"; also simply known as Ȯhmésėhese or "Eaters") band on the northern Great Plains during the 19th century. He was noted for his active resistance to westward expansion and the United States federal government. It is due to the courage and determination of Morning Star and other leaders that the Northern Cheyenne still possess a homeland in their traditional country in present-day Montana.

Although he was known as "Dull Knife" (or Motšêške Ôhnêxahpo in Cheyenne, a translation of his Lakota name) to local settlers, U.S. military leaders, and other American Indians, his Cheyenne name is translated as "Morning Star". A Cheyenne warrior in every sense of the word, Morning Star was described by many writers of the era as "an admirable outlaw" comparable to the likes of Rob Roy and William Wallace.

Life

Little Coyote (Little Wolf) and Morning Star (Dull Knife), chiefs of the Northern Cheyenne

In 1868, Morning Star represented his tribe at the signing of the Treaty of Fort Laramie. Following Custer's Last Stand at the Battle of the Little Bighorn during the Great Sioux War of 1876, Morning Star allied with the Sioux and other tribes against the United States. However, after a destructive raid by American soldiers under Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie in which 200 lodges were destroyed and 700 livestock captured, most of the Cheyenne were eventually forced to surrender.^[4] They expected to live on reservations with the Sioux in the north, but were subsequently transported to the Darlington Agency in the Southern Cheyenne Reservation in the Indian Territory.

Unable to hunt sufficient game while on the reservation, the tribe suffered from starvation and disease until September 1878, when Morning Star led the tribe north, back toward their ancient homelands. Fighting through, the Cheyenne were able to outmaneuver federal troops across the plains and in the Nebraska Sand Hills until they were captured near Fort Robinson. The tribe was said to have taken apart their guns and hidden the pieces under blankets or as necklaces and bracelets worn by children. Though Morning Star explained that his people would put up no further resistance if allowed to live with Red Cloud on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in the Dakota Territory, the Army still insisted that they return south to the Southern Cheyenne reservation. On January 8, 1879, the Northern Cheyenne tried to escape the fort using the dismantled guns they had hidden upon their arrival, but they were quickly pursued; many Cheyenne, mostly women and children, were killed by federal troops in the Fort Robinson massacre. However, a few of the tribe managed to escape, including Morning Star, who eventually reached the Pine Ridge Agency and was held as a prisoner until he and the survivors were allowed to settle on a reservation near Fort Keogh in the Montana Territory.

Legacy

Morning Star died in 1883 and is interred on the Northern Cheyenne reservation at Lame Deer Cemetery. Chief Dull Knife College, which is also in Lame Deer, is named in his honor. As Dull Knife, his photograph appears in Dee Brown's 1971 bestseller Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee.

Actor Ian McDonald played Dull Knife in the May 1957 episode "Dull Knife Strikes for Freedom" on the ABC/Desilu western television series, The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp, with Hugh O'Brian in the title role as deputy marshal Wyatt Earp. In the episode, Dull Knife leads his Indians from their reservation in Oklahoma Territory to their homeland in Montana, which they claim the U.S. government had promised them. Meanwhile, some of their braves attack and burn a white settlement.^[5]

References

• Grant, Bruce, The Concise Encyclopedia of the American Indian, 3rd ed., Wings Books: New York, 2000.

External links

• Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Dull Knife
• Dull Knife, Native Northern Cheyenne Chief at Find a Grave

Further reading

• Berthrong, Donald J., The Cheyenne and Arapaho Ordeal (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1976).
• Blackmar, Frank (1912). Kansas: A Cyclopedia of State History, Embracing Events, Institutions, Industries, Counties, Cities, Towns, Prominent Persons, Etc, Volume 2. Standard Pub. Co.
• Bronson, Edgar Beecher (February 1909). "A Finish Fight for a Birthright: Little Wolf's Escape and Dull Knife's Capture". Pearson's. 21 (2): 205–213. Retrieved 9 May 2016. Illustrated by Maynard Dixon.
• Brown, Dee (2003). Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West. Macmillan. ISBN 0-8050-6669-1.
• Dockstader, Frederick (1977). Great North American Indians: profiles in life and leadership. Van Nostrand Reinhold. ISBN 0-442-02148-8.
• Eastman, Charles (2004). Indian Heroes and Great Chieftains. 1st World Publishing. ISBN 1-59540-059-1.
• Grinnell, George (2004). The Fighting Cheyennes. Digital Scanning Inc. ISBN 1-58218-390-2.
• Hoig, Stan (2002). Perilous pursuit : the U.S. Cavalry and the northern Cheyennes. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado. Retrieved 2013-03-24.
• John Stands in Timber, Cheyenne Memories (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967).
• Marshall, Joseph M., III (2005). The Journey of Crazy Horse: A Lakota History. Penguin Group. ISBN 0-14-303621-1.
• Monnett, John (2004). Tell Them We Are Going Home: The Odyssey of the Northern Cheyennes. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3645-6.
• Sandoz, Mari (2005). Cheyenne autumn. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-9341-0.
• Seton, Ernest Thompson (1921). The Book of Woodcraft. Garden City, New York: Garden City Publishing Co. pp. 548–571. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
• Starita, Joe (2002). The Dull Knifes of Pine Ridge. Bison Books. ISBN 0-8032-9294-5.
• Starita, Joe (2009). "I Am a Man": Chief Standing Bear's Journey for Justice. Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-53304-7.