Mahmud Pasha Angelović

Mahmud Angelović Pasha
13th Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
In office 1472–1474
Monarch	Mehmed II
Preceded by	Ishak Pasha
Succeeded by	Gedik Ahmed Pasha
In office 1456–1466
Monarch	Mehmed II
Preceded by	Zaganos Pasha
Succeeded by	Rum Mehmed Pasha
Personal details
Born	1420 Novo Brdo, Serbian Despotate (modern Kosovo)
Died	1474
Nationality	Ottoman
Spouse(s)	Selçuk Hatun
Military service
Nickname(s)	Adni
Allegiance	Ottoman Empire
Service/branch	Ottoman Navy
Rank	Kapudan Pasha (grand admiral)
Battles/wars	Siege of Belgrade (1456) Siege of Trebizond (1461) Ottoman conquest of Bosnia

Mahmud Pasha Angelović (Serbian: Махмуд-паша Анђеловић/Mahmud-paša Anđelović; Turkish: Veli Mahmud Paşa; 1420–1474) was the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 1456 to 1466 and again from 1472 to 1474, who also wrote Persian and Turkish poems under the pseudonym Adni (the "Eden-like").^[1]

Born in Serbia, he was a descendant of the Byzantine Angelos family that had left Thessaly in 1394. As a child, he was abducted by the Ottomans according to the devşirme system and raised as a Muslim in Edirne. A capable soldier, he was married to a daughter of Sultan Mehmed II. After distinguishing himself at the Siege of Belgrade (1456), he was raised to the position of Grand Vizier as a reward, succeeding Zagan Pasha. Throughout his tenure, he led armies or accompanied Mehmed II on his own campaigns.

Origin and early life

After the Ottoman conquest of Thessaly in 1394, the ruling Angeloi^[2][3] Philanthropenoi family took refuge. The grandchildren of either Alexios or Manuel were Mahmud Pasha and his brother Mihailo Anđelović. He may have also been related to the noblemen Alessio and Peter Spani through Alexios III Angelos, who was possibly their ancestor. ^[4] Although the contemporary Byzantine sources and Ibn Kemal calls him Serbian, some late Ottoman sources call him Croatian.^[b]

It is estimated that Angelović was born in the early 1420s.^[5] Most historians accept that Angelović was born in Novo Brdo in the Serbian Despotate, and that his father Mihailos was the son of either Alexios Angelos Philanthropenos or his son/nephew/brother Manuel, rulers of Thessaly.^[6] T. Stavrides views it more probable that Manuel was his grandfather.^[5] The only information on his father is that he lived in Serbia in the 1420s.^[5] His mother's ancestry is the matter of debate. Chalkokondyles (1430–1470) called her Serbian, Kritoboulos (1410–1470), Greek, while there are various theories on her noble ancestry.^[7] Angelović had a brother, Mihailo Anđelović, later a prominent Serbian statesman.^[8]

According to T. Yazici / Encyclopædia Iranica, Angelović was "born to a Greek or Serbian family".^[9]

Chalkokondyles mentions that Angelović was captured by Ottoman horsemen while traveling with his mother from Novo Brdo to Smederevo (the Serbian capital), and taken to the Ottoman court.^[10] It is assumed that this took place in 1427, when the Ottomans attacked Serbia.^[11] Furthermore, it is unconcluded whether he was captured according to the devşirme practice, the regular practice of taking children of conquered noble families, or as a prisoner of war.^[12] Taşköprüzade (d. 1560) and Aşık Çelebi (1520–1572) name two other boys led with Angelović on horseback to Edirne, Molla Iyas and Mevlana Abdülkerim, the latter which reached the rank of kadıasker (chief judge) and şeyhülislam (Islamic scholar).^[13] Upon conversion to Islam, he received the name Mahmud.

Little is known about his activities before 1453. According to T. Stavrides, Angelović and his companions were educated in the palace, probably as içoğlan, and Mahmud then entered service in the Enderûn, later serving prince Mehmed, the future sultan.^[14] Sources do not agree on which posts he held at the palace.^[15]

Life

Mahmud Pasha was a capable soldier. After distinguishing himself at the Siege of Belgrade (1456), he was raised to the position of Grand Vizier as a reward, succeeding Zagan Pasha.^[16] Throughout his tenure he led armies or accompanied Mehmed II on his own campaigns.^[17]

In 1458, the Serbian Despot Lazar Branković died. Mahmud's brother Mihailo became member of a collective regency, but he was soon deposed by the anti-Ottoman and pro-Hungarian faction in the Serbian court. In reaction, Mahmud attacked and seized Smederevo Fortress, although the citadel held out, and seized some additional strongholds in its vicinity. Threatened by a possible Hungarian intervention however he was forced to withdraw south and join the forces of Sultan Mehmed II at Skopje.^[18] In 1461, he accompanied Mehmed in his campaign against the Empire of Trebizond, the last surviving fragment of the Byzantine Empire. Mahmud negotiated the surrender of the city of Trebizond with the protovestiarios, the scholar George Amiroutzes, who was also his cousin.^[19]

In 1463, Mahmud led the invasion and conquest of the Ottoman vassal state of Bosnia, even though a peace treaty between Bosnia and the Ottomans had just been renewed. He captured the Bosnian king, Stephen Tomašević, at Ključ, and obtained from him the cession of the country to the Empire.^[18]

Angelović accompanied Mehmed II when he attacked Albania Veneta in the summer of 1467, and ravaged the lands. For 15 days he pursued Skanderbeg, who was a Venetian ally at the time, but failed to find him, as Skanderbeg retreated into the mountains and then succeeded in fleeing to the coast.^[20] According to Tursun Beg and Ibn Kemal, Angelović swam over Bojana, attacked Venetian-controlled Scutari, and plundered the surrounding area.^[21]

Mahmud was dismissed in 1468 due to the machinations of his successor, Rum Mehmed Pasha, ostensibly due to irregularities regarding the resettlement of the Karamanids in Constantinople following the conquest of Karaman earlier in that year.^[22] He was reinstated in 1472, but his relations with the Sultan were now strained. He was dismissed and executed in 1474, allegedly because of Mehmed's son, prince Mustafa. Mahmud had been at loggerheads with Mustafa after divorcing his second wife for spending a night in the same house as Mustafa during Mahmud's absence on campaign in 1473. Mustafa's death later in 1474 was even attributed by later accounts to poisoning by Mahmud.^[23]

Literary efforts

Mahmud Pasha wrote works in Persian and Turkish with "Adni" as his nom de plume.^[9] He composed a divan in Persian composed of 45 ghazals and 21 mofrads, and wrote several "successful naziras on the ghazals of Zahir Faryabi and Hafez".^[9] Mahmud Pasha also wrote numerous "official letters in Persian".^[9]

Family

He married Selçuk Hatun, daughter of Zagan Pasha, by his wife Sitti Nefise Hatun, and had a son named Ali Bey and a daughter named Hatice Hatun.

References

Sources

• Babinger, Franz (1992). Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691010781.
• Finkel, Caroline (2006). Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1923. London: John Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-6112-2.
• Stavrides, Théoharis (2001). The Sultan of Vezirs: The Life and Times of the Ottoman Grand Vezir Mahmud Pasha Angelovic (1453–1474). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12106-5.
• Tekindağ, Şehabeddin (2003). "Mahmud Paşa" (PDF). İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Vol. 27 (Kütahya Mevlevihânesi – Manisa) (in Turkish). pp. 376–378.
• Yazici, T. (1983). "ʿADNĪ, MAḤMŪD PĀŠĀ". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 5. p. 470.