List of superlative trees

View of the General Sherman tree from below. The General Sherman tree is largest by volume: this view exaggerates apparent height

The world's superlative trees can be ranked by any factor. Records have been kept for trees with superlative height, trunk diameter or girth, canopy coverage, airspace volume, wood volume, estimated mass, and age.

Tallest

The coniferous Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) is the tallest tree species on earth.

The heights of the tallest trees in the world have been the subject of considerable dispute and much exaggeration. Modern verified measurements with laser rangefinders or with tape drop measurements made by tree climbers (such as those carried out by canopy researchers), have shown that some older tree height measurement methods are often unreliable, sometimes producing exaggerations of 5% to 15% or more above the real height.[1] Historical claims of trees growing to 130 m (430 ft), and even 150 m (490 ft), are now largely disregarded as unreliable, and attributed to human error.

The following are the tallest reliably measured specimens from the top species. This table shows only currently standing specimens:

List of tallest trees by species
Species Height Tree name Location References
Meters Feet
Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) 115.92 380.3 Hyperion Redwood National Park, California, United States [2][3]
Mountain ash (Eucalyptus regnans) 99.82 327.5 Centurion Arve Valley, Tasmania, Australia [4][5][6]
Coast Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) 99.7 327 Doerner Fir Brummit Creek, Coos County, Oregon, United States [7][8][9]
Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) 96.7 317 Raven's Tower Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park, California, United States [10][11]
Giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) 95.7 314 Sequoia National Forest, California, United States [12][13]
Yellow meranti (Shorea faguetiana) 93.0 305.1 Lahad Datu. Danum Valley Conservation Area, in Sabah on the island of Borneo [14]
Manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis) 91 299 White Knight Evercreech Forest Reserve, Tasmania, Australia [15]
Southern blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus) 90.7 298 Neeminah Loggerale Meena, or Mother and Daughter. Tasmania, Australia [16]
Noble Fir (Abies procera) 89.9 295 Goat Marsh Research Natural Area, Washington, United States [17][18]
Alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis) 87.9 288 Tasmania, Australia [16]
Brown top stringbark (Eucalyptus obliqua) 86 282 King Stringy Tasmania, Australia. [19]
Mengaris (Koompassia excelsa) 85.76 281.4 Pontiankak Putih Cantik Tawau Hills National Park, in Sabah on the island of Borneo [20][21]
Shorea argentifolia 84.85 278.4 Gaharu ridge of Tawau Hills National Park, in Sabah on the island of Borneo. [20][21]
Shorea superba 84.41 276.9 Gergassi Ridge of Tawau Hills National Park, in Sabah on the island of Borneo. [20][21]
Shining gum (Eucalyptus nitens) 84.3 277 O'Shannassy Catchment, Victoria, Australia. [22]
Sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana) 83.45 273.8 near Yosemite National Park, California, United States. [23]
Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) 83.34 273.4 Tsunami Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park, California, United States. [24]
Hopea nutans 82.82 271.7 Gaharu ridge of Tawau Hills National Park, in Sabah on the island of Borneo. [20][21]
Shorea johorensis 82.39 270.3 Coco-Park boundary of Tawau Hills National Park, in Sabah on the island of Borneo. [20][21]
Shorea smithiana 82.27 269.9 Coco-Park boundary of Tawau Hills National Park, in Sabah on the island of Borneo. [20][21]
Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) 81.77 268.3 Phalanx in Myers Creek drainage of Rogue River – Siskiyou National Forest, Oregon, United States. [25]
Entandrophragma excelsum 81.5 267 at Kilimanjaro, Tanzania [26]
Sydney blue gum (Eucalyptus saligna) 81.5 267 Woodbush State Forest, Magoebaskloof, Limpopo, South Africa. The world's tallest planted tree. [27][28]
Grand fir (Abies grandis) 81.4 267 in the Glacier Peak Wilderness, Washington, United States. [29]
Shorea gibbosa 81.11 266.1 River Flats of Tawau Hills National Park, in Sabah on the island of Borneo. [20][21]
Lawson cypress (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana) 81.08 266.0 In Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park, California, United States. [30]

Largest

Árbol del Tule

The largest trees are defined as having the highest wood volume in a single-stem. These trees are both tall and large in diameter and, in particular, hold a large diameter high up the trunk. Measurement is very complex, particularly if branch volume is to be included as well as the trunk volume, so measurements have only been made for a small number of trees, and generally only for the trunk. Few attempts have ever been made to include root or leaf volume.

List of largest living trees by species, ranked by trunk volume
Species Trunk volume Tree name Location References
Cubic Meters Cubic Feet
Giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) 1,487 52,500 General Sherman Sequoia National Park [31]
Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) 1,084.5 38,300 Grogan's Fault Redwood National Park [32]
Kauri (Agathis australis) 516 18,200 Tāne Mahuta Waipoua Forest, New Zealand [33]
Western redcedar (Thuja plicata) 449 15,900 Cheewhat Giant British Columbia, Canada [34][35]:34
Eucalyptus regnans 391 13,800 Still Sorrow [5]
Tasmanian blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus) 368 13,000 Rullah Longatyle Tasmania [16]
Coast Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) 349 12,300 Red Creek Fir British Columbia, Canada [36]
Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) 337 11,900 Queets Spruce [35]:58
Eucalyptus obliqua 337 11,900 Gothmog Styx Tall Trees FP, Tasmania [16]
Eucalyptus delegatensis 286 10,100 Styx River Valley [16]

Stoutest

Trunk of Te Matua Ngahere

The girth of a tree is usually much easier to measure than the height, as it is a simple matter of stretching a tape round the trunk, and pulling it taut to find the circumference. Despite this, UK tree author Alan Mitchell made the following comment about measurements of yew trees:

The aberrations of past measurements of yews are beyond belief. For example, the tree at Tisbury has a well-defined, clean, if irregular bole at least 1.5 m long. It has been found to have a girth that dilated and shrunk in the following way: 11.28 m (1834 Loudon), 9.3 m (1892 Lowe), 10.67 m (1903 Elwes and Henry), 9.0 m (1924 E. Swanton), 9.45 m (1959 Mitchell) ... Earlier measurements have therefore been omitted.

— Alan Mitchell; in a handbook "Conifers in the British Isles".[37]

As a general standard, tree girth is taken at "breast height". This is converted to and cited as dbh (diameter at breast height) in tree and forestry literature.[38][39] Breast height is defined differently in different situations, with most forestry measurements taking girth at 1.3 m above ground,[39] while those who measure ornamental trees usually measure at 1.5 m above ground;[38] in most cases this makes little difference to the measured girth. On sloping ground, the "above ground" reference point is usually taken as the highest point on the ground touching the trunk,[38][39] but in North America a point, that is the average of the highest point and the lowest point the tree trunk appears to contact the soil, is usually used.[40] Some of the inflated old measurements may have been taken at ground level. Some past exaggerated measurements also result from measuring the complete next-to-bark measurement, pushing the tape in and out over every crevice and buttress.[37] The measurements could also be influenced by deviation of the tape measure from a horizontal plane (which might seem called for if the trunk does not grow straight up), and the presence of features such as branches, spikes, etc.

Modern trends are to cite the tree's diameter rather than the circumference. The diameter of the tree is calculated by finding the mean diameter of the trunk, in most cases obtained by dividing the measured circumference by π; this assumes the trunk is mostly circular in cross-section (an oval or irregular cross-section would result in a mean diameter slightly greater than the assumed circle). Accurately measuring circumference or diameter is difficult in species with the large buttresses that are characteristic of many species of rainforest trees. Simple measurement of circumference of such trees can be misleading when the circumference includes much empty space between buttresses. See also Tree girth measurement

Baobabs (genus Adansonia) store large amounts of water in the very soft wood in their trunks. This leads to marked variation in their girth over the year (though not more than about 2.5%[41]), reaching maximum at the end of the rainy season, and minimum at the end of the dry season.

List of stoutest living single-trunk trees by species
Species Diameter Tree name Location Notes and References
Meters Feet
Montezuma cypress (Taxodium mucronatum) 11.62 38.1 Árbol del Tule Santa Maria del Tule, Oaxaca, Mexico This diameter includes buttressing. A more accurate mean diameter for this tree is 9.38 m (30.8 ft).[42]
Baobab (Adansonia digitata): 10.64 34.9 Sunland Baobab Sunland Farm, Limpopo, South Africa Renowned because a bar and wine cellar operates inside its hollow trunk.[43]
Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) 8.90 29.2 Jupiter Redwood National Park, California, United States [44][45]
Giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) 8.85 29.0 General Grant General Grant Grove, California, United States [46]
Za (Adansonia za) 8.85 29.0 The Ampanihy Baobab North of Morombe, southwest Madagascar [47]
Chinese camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora) 8.23 27.0 Kamou no Okusu Kamou, Kagoshima, Japan [48][49]
Eucalyptus obliqua 6.72 22.0
Eucalyptus regnans 6.52 21.4 Big Foot Geeveston, Tasmania
Western redcedar (Thuja plicata) 5.94 19.5 Quinault Lake Cedar Olympic National Park [50][35]:181
Eucalyptus delegatensis 5.82 19.1 Troll Hermons Road, Tasmania, Australia
Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) 5.39 17.7 Quinault Lake Spruce Olympic National Park [51]
Kauri (Agathis australis) 5.33 17.5 Te Matua Ngahere Waipoua Forest, New Zealand [52]

Measurements become ambiguous when multiple trunks (whether from an individual tree or multiple trees) grow together. The Sacred Fig grows adventitious roots from its branches, which become new trunks when the root reaches the ground and thickens; a single sacred fig tree can have hundreds of such trunks.[53] The multi-stemmed Hundred Horse Chestnut was known to have a circumference of 57.9 m (190 ft) when it was measured in 1780.

There are known more than 50 species of trees exceeding the diameter of 4.45 m or circumference of 14 m.

Broadest

The trees with the broadest crowns have the widest spread of limbs from a single trunk.

List of trees with the broadest crowns, by species
Species Diameter Tree name Location Notes and References
Meters Feet
Coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca) 72.8 239 Monkira Monster Neuragully Waterhole, southwestern Queensland, Australia [54][55]
Oriental plane (Platanus orientalis) 64.0 210 Oriental Plane Tree at Corsham Court Wiltshire, England. [56]
Raintree or monkeypod tree (Samanea saman) 63.1 207 Saman de Guere San Mateo, Aragua State, Venezuela [57]
Silk-cotton tree (Ceiba pentandra) 61.3 201 The Big Tree Barro Colorado Island, Panama [58]
European yew (Taxus baccata) 55.5 182 Shugborough Yew Shugborough Hall, Staffordshire, England [59][60]
Sand post oak (Quercus stellata margarettae) 55.2 181 Gilchrist County, Florida [61]
Turkey oak (Quercus cerris): 53.9 177 Devon, England. [56]
Moreton Bay fig (Ficus macrophylla) 53.6 176 Moreton Bay Fig Tree Chapala Street in Santa Barbara, California. [62]
Scarlet Oak (Quercus coccinea) 53.6 176 <name not given> Middlesboro, Kentucky [63]
Coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) 53.6 176 The Pechanga Great Oak Pechanga Native American Reservation east of Temecula, California. [64][65]
Montezuma cypress (Taxodium mucronatum) 53.3 175 El Gigante Santa Maria del Tule, Oaxaca, Mexico [66]
Blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis) 51.8 170 Benaroon John's River in Middle Brother National Park, New South Wales, Australia. [67]
Live oak (Quercus virginiana) 51.8 170 The E. O. Hunt Oak Long Beach, Mississippi [68]
American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) 51.5 169 The Lansdowne Sycamore Lansdowne, Pennsylvania [69]
African Baobab (Adansonia digitata) 51.2 168 The Glencoe Tree Huidespruit, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Now severely damaged[70]
Batai (Albizzia falcata) 50.9 167 Hawai'i [71][72]

Oldest

Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva) is the longest living tree species on earth.

The oldest trees are determined by growth rings, which can be seen if the tree is cut down, or in cores taken from the bark to the center of the tree. Accurate determination is only possible for trees that produce growth rings, generally those in seasonal climates. Trees in uniform non-seasonal tropical climates grow continuously and do not have distinct growth rings. It is also only possible for trees that are solid to the center. Many very old trees become hollow as the dead heartwood decays. For some of these species, age estimates have been made on the basis of extrapolating current growth rates, but the results are usually largely speculation. White (1998)[73] proposes a method of estimating the age of large and veteran trees in the United Kingdom through the correlation of a tree's age with its diameter and growth character.

The verified oldest measured ages are:

List of oldest non-clonal trees by species
Species Age Tree name Location Notes and References
Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva) 5,068 years Inyo County, California [74]
Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva) 4850 years Methuselah Inyo County, California [74]
Alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides) 3,647 years Gran Abuelo Cordillera Pelada, Chile [75]
Giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) 3,266 years Sierra Nevada, California Dead[74]
Western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) 2,675 years Sierra Nevada, California Dead[74]
Rocky Mountain Bristlecone Pine (Pinus aristata) 2,460 years central Colorado [74]
African Baobab (Adansonia digitata) 2,419 years Matabeleland, Zimbabwe [76]
Sacred fig (Ficus religiosa) 2,302 years Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka [74]
Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) 2,200 years northern California Dead[74]

Other species suspected of reaching exceptional age include European Yew (Taxus baccata) (probably over 2,000 years[77][78]), Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) (3,000 years or more[79]), and Western Redcedar (Thuja plicata). The oldest known European Yew may be the Llangernyw Yew in the Churchyard of Llangernyw village in North Wales, or the Fortingall Yew in Perthshire, Scotland. These yews may be from 1,500 to 3,000 years old.[80]

The olive tree also can live for centuries. The oldest verified age is 900 years[81] at Gethsemane (Mount of Olives, as mentioned in the Bible), while several other olive trees are suspected of being 2,000 to 3,000 years old.[82]

The pond cypress, Taxodium ascendens, has been known to live more than 1,000 years. One specimen in particular, named "The Senator", was estimated to be more than 3,400 years old at the time of its demise in early 2012.

Deepest and longest tree roots

A wild fig tree growing in Echo Caves near Ohrigstad, South Africa has roots going 120 m (400 ft) deep, giving it the deepest roots known of any tree.[83] El Drago Milenario, a tree of species Dracaena draco on Tenerife, Canary Islands, is reported to have 200-metre-long (660 ft) aerial roots.[84]

Thickest tree limbs

This list is limited to horizontal or nearly horizontal limbs, in which the governing growth factor is phototropism. Vertical or near vertical limbs, in which the governing growth factor is negative geotropism, are called "reiterations" and are really divisions of the trunk, which by definition must be less than the trunk as a whole and therefore less remarkable. The thickest trunks have already been dealt with under "stoutest".

List of thickest tree limbs by species
Species Diameter Tree name Location Notes and References
Meters Feet
Giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) 3.8 12.6 The Big Limb Tree Atwell Mills Grove, Sequoia National Park, California. [85]
Za (Adansonia za): 2.7 9 The Ampanihy Baobab north of Morombe, Madagascar. [86]
African baobab (Adansonia digitata) 2.4 8 The Big Tree Messina Nature Reserve, Limpopo Province, South Africa. [87][88]
Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) 2.1 7 Kronos Atlas Grove, Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park. [89]
Kauri (Agathis australis ) 2.1 7 Nga Mahangahua Tutamoe State Forest, North Island, New Zealand [90]
The White oak, (Quercus alba) 1.8 6 The Wye Oak Wye Mills, Maryland Died June 6, 2002[91]
Kapok or Silk Cotton Tree (Ceiba pentandra) 1.8 6 [92]
Canary Island Dragon Tree (Dracaena draco) 1.75 5.75 The Orotava Tree Orotava, Tenerife, Canary Islands Died October 1869[93]
Moreton Bay Fig (Ficus macrophylla) 1.7 5.5 Sydney Botanical Gardens, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia [94][95]
Silver Fir ( Abies alba ) 1.7 5.5 Sabin Candelabre Jura Alps of France, near the Swiss border. [96][97]

Trees bearing the largest flowers

List of trees by largest flowers
Species and Family Where native? Largest of kind. Comments
Guyana Chestnut, or Provision Tree (Pachira aquatica) (Bombacaceae) Central America, northern South America and the West Indies. Up to 26 inches (66 cm) if the thirteen inch (33 cm) pale yellow petals are held outright.[98] The stamens are united into a column in the lower third, divided into five sub-groups in the middle third, and into several hundred individual stamens in the upper third.
Cacao Sauvage (Pachira insigna) (Bombacaceae) Along brackish estuaries of South America and the Lesser Antilles. Its 13-to-14-inch (33 to 36 cm) pink petals are 26 to 28 inches (66 to 71 cm) wide if held horizontally.[99][100][101] This is a much taller tree than P. aquatica, up to one hundred feet (30 meters) in height.
Big Leaf Magnolia, or Big Bloom (Magnolia macrophylla) (Magnoliaceae) The deep southern United States, especially Alabama and Mississippi, but excluding Florida. The largest on record was 21.5 inches (54.6 cm) in width,[102] while another found and photographed by Adele Sayle was twenty inches (51 cm) wide.[103] Magnolias are pollinated by flower beetles.
Giant White Angel's Trumpet (Brugmansia versicolor) (Solanaceae) Northern Guayaquil River Basin of Ecuador. Pendant white or cream trumpet-like flowers up to twenty inches (51 cm) long and up to eight inches (20 cm) wide at the mouth.[104][105] At 16.4 feet (five meters) height, this is the smallest tree in this table. The pollinator is unknown,[106] but would seem to require a very long tongue or beak.
Magnolia dealbata (Magnoliaceae) The humid regions of Mexico. Up to 16 inches (41 cm) in diameter.[107] Considered by some taxonomists to be a subspecies of M. macrophylla.
Mandacaru (Cereus jamacaru) (Cactaceae) The Caatinga region of N.E.ern Brazil. Also naturalized to South Africa. Up to 12 inches (30 cm) long by up to 8 inches (20 cm) wide.[108] One of the largest tree-cacti at up to 59 feet (18 meters) in height, 33 feet (ten meters) crown spread and up to 39 inch (one meter) thick trunk.[108] It can bear spines up to 7.5 inches (19 cm) long. By reason of its succulence, these may be the most massive (heaviest) of all tree flowers.
Calabash Nutmeg (Monodora myristica) (Annonaceae) Native to tropical Africa. Ornate, multicolor flower up to 10 inches (25 cm) in width.[109] The name comes from the six inch (15 cm) calabash-like fruit filled with fragrant seeds.
The Elephant Apple (Dillenia indica) (Dilleniaceae) Native to India, Burma, Southeast Asia and the East Indies. The eight inch (20 cm) wide flower consists of five large 2-to-2 1⁄2-inch (5.1 to 6.4 cm) roundish, fleshy white petals, two concentric circles of several hundred stamens surrounding a circle of up to twenty stigmas.[110][111] Forms a fruit up to 6 in. (15 cm) in diameter.

Largest Tree Leaves (by type)

Type. Species and Family. Where from? Length. Width. Comments.
Largest overall leaf; Largest Monocot leaf; Largest pinnate leaf. Raphia regalis. Palmae or Arecaceae. West Africa from Nigeria to Angola. This individual in Congo (Brazzaville). 85 feet (26 meters) overall. The lamina, or blade, is 54 feet (16 meters) and the petiole, or stalk is 31 feet (9.4 meters)[112] About ten feet (three meters) wide. Trunk often very short, even subterranean.
Largest bipinnate leaf. Caryota kiriwongensis. Palmae or Arecaceae. Peninsular Thailand. 36' 1" (eleven meters) overall. Lamina length 26' 3" (eight meters). Petiole is only 20 inches (50 cm) joined to crownshaft sheath 8' 2" (2.5 meters) long.[113] 23 feet (7 meters) in width. This species was unknown to science prior to 1980. Has up to 2,500 fan-shaped leaflets. Up to 120 feet ( 37 meters) in height.
Largest costapalmate leaf. (Petiole extends into the palmately veined lamina as a rachis). "Coco-de-Mer", or "Double Coconut". Lodoicea maldivica. Palmae, or Arecaceae. Seychelles Islands, about 800 miles northeast of Madagascar. Up to 49.2 feet (15 meters) overall. Acaulescent juveniles have the longest leaves, with a lamina up to 19.7 feet (six meters) joined to a petiole 29.5 feet (nine meters) with no overlap.[114][115] Lamina up to fifteen feet (4.6 meters) wide. One reliable source says the petiole can be 32.8 feet (ten meters) long for a total length of 52.5 feet (16 meters).[116]
Largest true palmate leaf (rachis very small, or nonexistent, and all the veins radiate from a single point). "Dondah" Corypha macropoda. Palmae, or Arecaceae. Endemic to Termoklee Island near South Andaman in the Andaman Islands south of Burma. Approximately 35 feet (11 meters). Lamina twenty feet (6.1 meters) long partly overlaps the 25 feet (7.6 meters) petiole.[117] Lamina up to twenty feet (6.1 meters) wide. Usually considered to be a subspecies of C. elata. Termoklee does not seem to have been revisited by naturalists any time recently.
Largest simple (undivided) tree leaf. "Monkey-Cap Palm" Manicaria saccifera. Palmae, or Arecaceae. Neotropical flood forests. Up to 34 feet (10.3 meters) all told. Lamina is thirty feet (9.1 meters) plus a four-foot (1.2-meter) petiole.[118] Maximum width 7' 8" (2.3 meters) Expressed as "23 decimeters".[119] Obovate with pinnate veination. Toothed margin six inches (20 cm) deep.
Largest treefern leaf; Largest non-palm. "Mule's Foot Fern", or "Paku Gajah". Angiopteris evecta. Marattiaceae. Southern Asia, East Indies, Melanesia, Polynesia, Queensland and Madagascar. 29.5 feet (nine meters) overall. 23 feet (seven meters) lamina plus 6.5 foot (two meter) petiole which can be up to four inches (ten cm) thick.[120][121] 6.5 feet (two meter) width. Bipinnate, Trunk can be up to ten feet (three meters) in height.
Largest quadripinnate leaf. (Leaflets are the fourth order of branching). "Black Treefern", or "Mamaku". Cyathea medularis. Cyatheaceae. New Zealand, Fiji and Polynesia. 23 feet (seven meters) overall. 19.7 feet (six meter) lamina with a 3' 3" (one meter) petiole.[122] 6.5 feet (two meter) width.
Largest Gymnosperm leaf. "Kwango Giant Cycad", or "Malele". Encephalartos laurentianus. Zamiaceae. Endemic to the Kwango River Basin, Bandundu Province, Congo (Kinshasa). Overall length 23 feet (seven meters) and massively constructed. Lamina 22 feet (6.7 meters) plus a one-foot (30 cm) petiole which is up to three inches (8 cm) thick.[123][124][125] 35 inch (90 cm).[123] This is the largest of all known cycads, multistemmed specimens sometimes exceeding fifty short tons (45.36 metric tonnes) in total weight.
Largest indeterminate leaf (never stops growing). "Tumbo". Welwitschia mirabilis. Welwitschiaceae. Coastal Namibia and southwestern Angola. Living portion up to 12.2 feet (3.7 meters) long, usually with several feet of dead leaf still attached. No petiole. New leaf tissue emerges from a lip-like groove around the top of the trunk.[126][127] Other, much narrower green segments have been up to 24 feet (7.3 meters) in length.[128] Segments have been measured up to 5.9 feet (stated as "179 cm") in width. In the course of a 2000+ year life, its cumulative growth can be over 600 feet (180 meters). It is considered a tree because the trunk, although always under ten feet (3 meters) in height, is very thick and woody.
Largest Dicot tree leaf. "Midnight Horror" Oroxylon indicum. Bignoniaceae. East Indies, Southeast Asia, India and Sri Lanka. Up to 14.44 feet (4.4 meters) total length. Lamina up to 7.9 feet (240 centimeters)[129] plus a petiole up to 6.5 feet (two meters) in length.[130] Lamina up to seven feet (2.13 meters) in width.[131] Quadripinnate. Makes huge sword-like seed pods up to five feet (1.52 meters) long by four inches (ten cm) wide.
Largest linear leaf (greatly elongated lamina with mostly or entirely parallel veins running lengthwise. No petiole). Pandanus laxespicatus Pandanaceae. Endemic to swamps near Perinet (Analamazaotra), Madagascar. Up to 32.8 feet (ten meters) on juvenile plants.[132] Up to 14 inches (36 cm) in width. This species was unknown to science prior tp 1951.[133] Adult plants have smaller leaves.
Largest entire (undivided, unlobed, untoothed) tree leaf. "Maior Folha" Coccoloba inpae Polygonaceae. Amazon rainforest. Thus far only in Brazil. Up to 8 feet 2 inches (2.50 meters) plus a petiole of about four inches (10 cm).[134][135] The tree is a single rosette of leaves atop a 43-foot (13-meter) unbranched trunk.[136] Up to 4 feet 9 inches (1.44 meters) in width.[135] First observed by botanists in 1982. [137] The name "Coccoloba inpae" is tentative as the description is yet to be published.
Largest peltate leaf. (Petiole is attached at or near the center of the lamina). "Chia Kubit" Macaranga gigantea. Euphorbiaceae. Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Java and Celebes. Lamina up to five feet (1.52 meters) long with a petiole of similar length attached to the upper central region. [138] Also up to five feet (1.52 meters) in width. Also largest tricuspidate leaf (like the undivided leaves of Boston Ivy).
Largest succulent tree leaf. "Berg-Aalwyn" Aloe marlothii Liliaceae. South Africa. Six feet (1.83 meters) long.[139] 12 inches (30 cm) wide. About 1.5 inches ( 3.8 cm) thick. The tree can be up to 19.7 feet (six meters) in height.[140]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Native Tree Society". Native Tree Society. Archived from the original on 2018-08-17.
  2. ↑ Martin, Glen (September 29, 2006). "World's tallest tree, a redwood, confirmed". SFGate. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  3. ↑ "Sequoia". Gymnosperm Database.
  4. ↑ McIntosh, Derek. "Mountain Ash "Centurion" - tallest tree in Australia". National Register of Big Trees. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  5. 1 2 "Tall trees". Tasmania's Giant Trees.
  6. ↑ "The Arve and Huon Valleys". Tasmania's Giant Trees.
  7. ↑ "Doerner Fir - Tallest Douglas Fir". Retrieved 2013-02-25.
  8. ↑ "Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii". Gymnosperm Database.
  9. ↑ Richard, Terry (March 27, 2010). "Doerner Fir rises 327 feet into the Coos County heavens". OregonLive. The Oregonian.
  10. ↑ "Picea sitchensis". Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved 2007-06-10. This tree also has a sign nearby proclaiming it to be 'the world's largest spruce'. The two tallest on record, 96.7 m and 96.4 m, are in Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park, California
  11. ↑ "Picea sitchensis". Gymnosperm Database.
  12. ↑ "A New Tallest Giant Sequoia". Sequoia Parks Foundation. 2011.
  13. ↑ "Sequoiadendron". Gymnosperm Database.
  14. ↑ "World's tallest tropical tree in Danum Valley". Retrieved 2017-03-14.
  15. ↑ "Gum - Manna (Eucalyptus viminalis) "White Knight"". Australia National Register of Big Trees.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 "Tasmanian Giant Trees Register" (PDF). Forestry Tasmania. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-19.
  17. ↑ Van Pelt, Robert (1996). Champion Trees of Washington State. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0295975636.
  18. ↑ Van Pelt, Robert; Franklin, Jerry F. (March 10, 2000). "Influence of canopy structure on the understory environment in tall, old-growth, conifer forests" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Forestry Resources. 30: 1231–1245.
  19. ↑ "Giant Trees Register". Archived from the original on 2013-09-21.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Borneo II". Native Tree Society. Archived from the original on 2018-08-09.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 James V. LaFrankie Jr. (2010). Trees of Tropical Asia. Black Tree Publications, Inc. p. 47. ISBN 978-971-94794-0-6.
  22. ↑ "Victoria's tallest regrowth trees". Victoria's Giant Trees.
  23. ↑ "Pinus lambertiana". Gymnosperm Database.
  24. ↑ "Tsuga heterophylla". Gymnosperm Database.
  25. ↑ "Pinus ponderosa subsp. benthamiana". Gymnosperm Database.
  26. ↑ Hemp, Andreas (2016). "Africa's highest mountain harbours Africa's tallest trees". Biodiversity and Conservation. 26: 103–113. doi:10.1007/s10531-016-1226-3.
  27. ↑ "Champion Trees of South Africa" (PDF). Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Republic of South Africa.
  28. ↑ Teo Kermeliotis; Jenny Soffel (November 7, 2013). "Ain't no tree high enough: Climbing South Africa's leafy summits". CNN.
  29. ↑ "Abies grandis". Gymnosperm Database.
  30. ↑ "Chamaecyparis lawsoniana". Gymnosperm Database.
  31. ↑ Wendell D. Flint (1 January 2002). To Find the Biggest Tree. Sequoia Natural History Association. ISBN 978-1-878441-09-6.
  32. ↑ Earle, Christopher J. "Sequoia sempervirens". Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved 2017-12-30.
  33. ↑ Earle, Christopher J. "Agathis australis". Gymnosperm Database.
  34. ↑ Earle, Christopher J. "Thuja plicata". Gymnosperm Database.
  35. 1 2 3 Van Pelt, Robert (2001). Forest Giants of the Pacific Coast. Global Forest Society and University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-98140-7.
  36. ↑ Earle, Christopher J. "Pseudotsuga menziesii subsp. menziesii". Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved 2017-12-29.
  37. 1 2 Mitchell, A. F. (1972). Conifers in the British Isles. Forestry Commission. Booklet 33.
  38. 1 2 3 Mitchell, A. F. (1974). A Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe. Collins. ISBN 0-00-212035-6.
  39. 1 2 3 Hamilton, G. J. (1975). Forest Mensuration Handbook. 39. Forestry Commission Booklet. ISBN 0-11-710023-4.
  40. ↑ "Tree Measuring Guidelines of the Eastern Native Tree Society" (PDF). Native Tree Society. March 2008. Retrieved 2012-04-04.
  41. ↑ Fenner, M (1980). "Some measurements on the water relations of baobab trees". Biotropica. 12 (3): 205–209. doi:10.2307/2387972. JSTOR 2387972.
  42. ↑ "Taxodium mucronatum". Gymnosperm Database.
  43. ↑ Adrian Patrut; Karl F von Reden; Daniel A Lowy; Diana H Mayne; Robert van Pelt; Ann P McNichol; Mark L Roberts; Dragos Margineanu. "The Big Baobab Website". Retrieved 2010-01-20.
  44. ↑ Dronkers, Mike (14 July 2015). "Girth first? Local man may just have found the world's fattest redwood". Lost Coast Outpost.
  45. ↑ "Coast Redwood Discovery. Sequoia sempervirens". mdvaden.com. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
  46. ↑ Earle, Christopher J. "Sequoiadendron giganteum". Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved 2007-06-10. the General Grant tree in Kings Canyon National Park, CA, which is 885 cm dbh and 81.1 m tall
  47. ↑ Salak, Marc (2002). "The Vanishing Thorn Forests of Madagascar, part 2". Cactus and Succulent Journal. 74 (1): 31–33.
  48. ↑ Carder, Al C. (2005). Giant Trees of Western America and the World. Madeira Park, British Columbia: Harbour Publisher. p. 105.
  49. ↑ "Big Trees Survey". Japan Ministry of Environment.
  50. ↑ Earle, Christopher J. "Thuja Plicata". Gymnosperm Database.
  51. ↑ Earle, Christopher J. "Picea sitchensis". Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved 2017-12-29.
  52. ↑ "Te Matua Ngahere". New Zealand Notable Trees.
  53. ↑ Huxley, A, ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
  54. ↑ Groom, Arthur (January 1954). "The Monkira Monster". Wildlife and Outdoors: 9–13.
  55. ↑ Brooks, A. E. (1964). Tree Wonders of Australia.
  56. 1 2 Copping, Jasper (2011-06-04). "Britain's record-breaking trees identified". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2018-05-23.
  57. ↑ "A. F." (6 January 1872). "title not noted". The Garden. 1: 155.
  58. ↑ Carder, Dr. Al C. (2005). Giant Trees of Western America and the World. Madeira Park, British Columbia: Harbour Publishing. p. 129.
  59. ↑ <not stated> (October 27, 2014). "Parks and Gardens UK". Retrieved December 3, 2014.
  60. ↑ Haycock, Stu (27 October 2014). "Stafford's Yew Tree is Top !". Retrieved December 3, 2014.
  61. ↑ <not stated> (2004). "Florida Forest Service". Retrieved August 7, 2013.
  62. ↑ Hayes, Virginia (December 21, 2011). "S.B. Big Trees: The Moreton Bay Fig Tree was Planted from a Cutting from Australia". Santa Barbara Independent. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
  63. ↑ Kearns, Ethan; et al. (Spring 2006). "National Register of Big Trees". American Forests: 32.
  64. ↑ <anonymous>. "Big Tree List". Retrieved January 30, 2003.
  65. ↑ Cristopher. "Old Temecula Valley". Retrieved 18 August 2017.
  66. ↑ Haller, John (January 1978). "A Most Remarkable Tree". American Forests. 84 (1): 23.
  67. ↑ <not stated>. ""National Register of Big Trees"". Retrieved October 27, 2017.
  68. ↑ Frank, Edward F. (19 July 2009). "The Middleton Oak and Sag Branch Tulip Tree Project". Retrieved 18 August 2017.
  69. ↑ <not stated--->. "Champion Trees of Pennsylvania". Retrieved 19 August 2017.
  70. ↑ Walker, Clive (2013). Baobab Trails. p. 256.
  71. ↑ Littlecott, Lorna C. (February 1969). "Hawai'i First". American Forests. 75 (2): 15.
  72. ↑ McFarlan and McWhirter (1992). Guinness Book of World Records. p. 57.
  73. ↑ White, J (1990). Estimating the Age of Large and Veteran Trees in Britain. Edinburgh: Forestry Commission.
  74. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Oldlist". Rocky Mountain Tree Ring Research. Retrieved 2013-01-08.
  75. ↑ Lara, Antonio; Villalba, Ricardo (21 May 1993). "A 3620-Year Temperature Record from Fitzroya cupressoides Tree Rings in Southern South America". Science. 260 (5111): 1104–1106. Bibcode:1993Sci...260.1104L. doi:10.1126/science.260.5111.1104. PMID 17806339.
  76. ↑ Adrian Patrut et al. (2018) The demise of the largest and oldest African baobabs. Nature Plants 4: 423–426. DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0170-5
  77. ↑ Harte, J (1996). "How old is that old yew?". At the Edge. 4: 1–9.
  78. ↑ Kinmonth, F (2005). "Ageing the yew - no core, no curve?". International Dendrology Society Yearbook: 41–46. ISSN 0307-322X.
  79. ↑ Suzuki, E (1997). "The Dynamics of Old Cryptomeria japonica Forest on Yakushima Island". Tropics. 6 (4): 421–428. doi:10.3759/tropics.6.421.
  80. ↑ Bevan-Jones, Robert (2004). The ancient yew: a history of Taxus baccata. Bollington: Windgather Press. pp. 38–39. ISBN 0-9545575-3-0.
  81. ↑ "Oldest olive trees". Reuters. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  82. ↑ "World's 10 oldest trees". Mother Nature Network. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  83. ↑ "Interesting Tree Facts". United Nations Environment Programme. Archived from the original on 2005-07-23. Retrieved 2016-05-24.
  84. ↑ Akerberg, Eric (1966). "Tenerife - A place for research on plant ecology". Acta Universitatis Lundensis. Section 2 (33): 8.
  85. ↑ Flint, Wendell D. (1987). To Find the Biggest Tree. Three Rivers, Calif.: Sequoia Natural History Assoc. pp. 26 & 92.
  86. ↑ Salak, Marc (January–February 2002). "The Vanishing Thorn Forests of Madagascar". Cactus and Succulent Journal. 74 (1): 31–33.
  87. ↑ Carder, Dr. Al C. (1995). Forest Giants of the World. Markham, Ontario: Fitzhenry and Whiteside. p. 148.
  88. ↑ "Dubel African Travel". 1993.
  89. ↑ <not stated>. ""Kenneth L. Fisher Chair in Redwood Ecology - Collaborators"". Retrieved June 20, 2007.
  90. ↑ Kirk F.L.S., T. (1889). The Forest Flora of New Zealand. Wellington: Government Printer. p. 144.
  91. ↑ Preston, Dickson J. (November 1984). "Our Largest Oak Looses a Limb". American Forests. 90 (11): 42–43 & 62–63.
  92. ↑ Gamlin, Linda and Anuschka de Rohan (1998). Mysteries of the Rain Forest. Pleasantville, New York: Reader's Digest Assoc. p. 79.
  93. ↑ Stone, Olivia M. (1889). Teneriffe and Its Six Satelites. London: Marcus Ward and Co. p. 198.
  94. ↑ <Full names not stated> (February 28, 2010). "Rick and Gail Australia 2010". Retrieved November 15, 2011.
  95. ↑ Seselja, Loui (August 18, 2000). "Performance around the giant fig tree, Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney". Retrieved February 8, 2005.
  96. ↑ Goll, Bernard (January 2001). "Jura Sauvage". Retrieved June 13, 2017.
  97. ↑ "Grimper dans un arbre a plus de cinquante ans". November 22, 2010. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
  98. ↑ Croat, Thomas B. (1978). Flora of Barro Colorado Island. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Univ. Press. p. 589.
  99. ↑ Pertchik, Bernard and Harriet, with Paul Knapp (1951). Flowering Trees of the Caribbean. New York: Rinehart & Co, Inc. p. 44.
  100. ↑ <anonymous>. "The Virtual Field Herbarium". Retrieved July 5, 2005.
  101. ↑ Fayaz, Ahmed (2011). Encyclopedia of Tropical Plants. Buffalo, New York: Firefly Books. p. 517.
  102. ↑ Raynel, Charles E. (May 1938). "Big Leaf Magnolia". American Forests. 44 (5): 204 Photo with caption.
  103. ↑ not stated (March 1928). "<not recorded>". Nature Magazine. 11 (3): 184 Photo with caption.
  104. ↑ Preissel, Ulrike and Hans-Georg (2002). Brugmansia and Datura. Buffalo, N.Y.: Firefly Books. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-5520-9558-4.
  105. ↑ Huxley (1992), Vol. 1 p. 402.
  106. ↑ Preissel (2002), p. 45.
  107. ↑ Menninger, Edwin A. Hon.D.Sc. Flowering Trees of the World. New York: Hearthside Press. p. 145.
  108. 1 2 <anonymous>. "Plantinvasivekruger - Cactaceae - Cereus jamacaru DC". Pl@ntNet. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
  109. ↑ Rohwer, Jens G. (2002). Tropical Plants of the World. New York: Sterling Pub. Co. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-8069-8387-5.
  110. ↑ Fayaz (2011), p. 339.
  111. ↑ Rohwer (2002), p. 106.
  112. ↑ Halle, Francis (January 1977). "Largest Leaf in Palms?". Principes. 21 (1): 18.
  113. ↑ Hodel, Dr. Don (March 1998). "Two New Giant Caryota... etc". The Palm Journal. 1 (139): 53 plus photo p. 52.
  114. ↑ Biotropica Vol. 15 # 1 (March 1983) p. 18.
  115. ↑ Corner, Prof. E. J. H. (1966). Natural History of Palms. Berkeley, Calif.: Univ. Calif. Press. pp. 314–315.
  116. ↑ Coativy, Rene (Summer 2010). "<not recorded>". The Palm Journal. 1 (195): 6 and inside back cover.
  117. ↑ Kurz, Sulpiz (1874). "Enumeration of the Burmese Palms". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Benghal. 43 Part 2 (4): 205–206 plus plate # 15.
  118. ↑ Bailey, Liberty H. (March 15, 1933). "Certain Palms of Panama". Gentes Herbarium. 3 (2): 51.
  119. ↑ Boer, Wessels (1965). "Palmae". Flora of Surinam. 5 (Part 1): 21.
  120. ↑ Andrews, S. B. (1990). Ferns of Queensland. Brisbane: Queensland Dept. of Primary Industries. p. 16.
  121. ↑ Holtum, R. E. (1954). "Ferns of Malaya". Flora of Malaya. 2 (1): 45.
  122. ↑ Allan, H. H. (1961). Flora of New Zealand. Wellington: Govt. Printer. p. 41.
  123. 1 2 De Wildeman, Em. (1904). "<not recorded>". Annales du Musee du Congo, Series 5 Flore. 1 (1): 10.
  124. ↑ Melville, E. (1957). "Encephalartos in Central Africa". Kew Bulletin. 12 (2): 248–249.
  125. ↑ Goode, Douglass (1989). Cycads of Africa. Cape Town: Struik-Winchester. p. 240.
  126. ↑ New Encyclopedia Britanica (1998 edition) vol. 20 p. 462.
  127. ↑ <not stated>. "Welwitschia". Retrieved April 4, 2010.
  128. ↑ Bornman, Chris H. (1978). Welwitschia - Paradox of a Parched Paradise. Cape Town: C. Struik. p. 27.
  129. ↑ <not stated> (April 22, 2012). "The Midnight Horror Tree". Daily Express. East Malayasia. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
  130. ↑ Huxley (1992), Vol. 3 p. 410.
  131. ↑ Corner, Prof. E.J.H. (1952). Wayside Trees of Malaya, Volume 1. Singapore: Gov't Printing Office. p. 166.
  132. ↑ Stone, Benjamin C. Ph.D (1970). "Observations on the Genus Pandanus in Madagascar". Bot. Journal of the Linnean Soc. of London. 63 (1): 123.
  133. ↑ Martelli, U.; Pichi-Sermolli, R.E.G. (1951). "Les Pandanacees Recoltes par Henri Perrier de la Bathie a Madagascar". Memoires Inst. Scint. Madagascar - Series B. 3 (1).
  134. ↑ <not stated> (September 18, 2017). "Arvore da maior folha do mundo da frutos e podera ser identificada" (in Portuguese). Retrieved August 21, 2018.
  135. 1 2 <not stated> (March 2015). "A maior folha do mundo" [The largest leaf in the world]. Q' planta é Essa? [What is this plant?] (in Portuguese). Retrieved August 21, 2018.
  136. ↑ <not stated> (September 18, 2017). "Arvore da Maior Folha do Mundo Da Frutos e Podera Ser Identificada". Retrieved August 21, 2018.
  137. ↑ <not stated> (September 18, 2017). "A maior folha do mundo, a Coccoloba em breve sera identificada ate a especie". Retrieved August 28, 2018.
  138. ↑ Whitmore, Timothy C. (1975). Tropical Rainforests of the Far East. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 70 (photo with caption).
  139. ↑ Reynolds, G. W. (1935). "Aloe marlothii - Some Forms and Hybrids". Journal of the Botanical Society of South Africa. 21 (1): 7.
  140. ↑ <not stated>. "Succulents.co.za". Retrieved September 11, 2018.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.