List of space telescopes

The Hubble Space Telescope

This list of space telescopes (astronomical space observatories) is grouped by major frequency ranges: gamma ray, x-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave and radio. Telescopes that work in multiple frequency bands are included in all of the appropriate sections. Space telescopes that collect particles, such as cosmic ray nuclei and/or electrons, as well as instruments that aim to detect gravitational waves, are also listed. Missions with specific targets within the Solar System (e.g. our Sun and its planets), are excluded; see List of Solar System probes for these, and List of Earth observation satellites for missions targeting our planet.

Two values are provided for the dimensions of the initial orbit. For telescopes in Earth orbit, the min and max altitude are given in kilometers. For telescopes in solar orbit, the minimum distance (periapsis) and the maximum distance (apoapsis) between the telescope and the center of mass of the sun are given in astronomical units (AU).

Legend
   Active telescopes
   Defunct telescopes

Gamma ray

Gamma ray telescopes collect and measure individual, high energy gamma rays from astrophysical sources. These are absorbed by the atmosphere, requiring that observations are done by high-altitude balloons or space missions. Gamma rays can be generated by supernovae, neutron stars, pulsars and black holes. Gamma ray bursts, with extremely high energies, have also been detected but have yet to be identified.[1]

Photo Name Space Agency Launch Date Terminated Location Ref(s)
Proton-1USSR16 July 196511 October 1965Earth orbit (589-183 km)[2]
Proton-2USSR2 November 19656 February 1966Earth orbit (637-191 km)[2]
Second Small Astronomy Satellite (SAS 2)NASA15 November 19728 June 1973Earth orbit (443–632 km)[3][4]
Cos-BESA9 August 197525 April 1982Earth orbit (339.6–99,876 km)[5][6][7]
3rd High Energy Astronomy Observatory (HEAO 3)NASA20 September 197929 May 1981Earth orbit (486.4–504.9 km)[8][9][10]
GranatCNRS & IKI1 December 198925 May 1999Earth orbit (2,000–200,000 km)[11][12][13]
GammaUSSR, CNES, RSA1 July 19901992Earth orbit (375 km)[14]
Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO)NASA5 April 19914 June 2000Earth orbit (362–457 km)[15][16][17]
Low Energy Gamma Ray Imager (LEGRI)INTA19 May 19972002Earth orbit (600 km)[18][19]
High Energy Transient Explorer 2 (HETE 2)NASA9 October 20002007 ?Earth orbit (590–650 km)[20][21][22]
International Gamma Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL)ESA17 October 2002—Earth orbit (639–153,000 km)[23][24]
Swift Gamma Ray Burst ExplorerNASA20 November 2004—Earth orbit (585–604 km)[25][26]
Astrorivelatore Gamma ad Immagini LEggero (AGILE)ISA23 April 2007—Earth orbit (524–553 km)[27][28]
Fermi Gamma-ray Space TelescopeNASA11 June 2008—Earth orbit (555 km)[29]
Gamma-Ray Burst Polarimeter (GAP)JAXA21 May 2010—Heliocentric orbit[30]

X-ray

X-ray telescopes measure high-energy photons called X-rays. These can not travel a long distance through the atmosphere, meaning that they can only be observed high in the atmosphere or in space. Several types of astrophysical objects emit X-rays, from galaxy clusters, through black holes in active galactic nuclei to galactic objects such as supernova remnants, stars, and binary stars containing a white dwarf (cataclysmic variable stars), neutron star or black hole (X-ray binaries). Some Solar System bodies emit X-rays, the most notable being the Moon, although most of the X-ray brightness of the Moon arises from reflected solar X-rays. A combination of many unresolved X-ray sources is thought to produce the observed X-ray background.

Photo Name Space Agency Launch Date Terminated Location Ref(s)
UhuruNASA12 December 1970March 1973Earth orbit (531–572 km)[31][32][33]
Astronomical Netherlands Satellite (ANS)SRON30 August 1974June 1976Earth orbit (266–1176 km)[34][35]
Ariel VSRC & NASA15 October 197414 March 1980Earth orbit (520 km)[36][37]
AryabhataISRO19 April 197523 April 1975Earth orbit (563–619 km)[38]
Third Small Astronomy Satellite (SAS-C)NASA7 May 1975April 1979Earth orbit (509–516 km)[39][40][41]
Cos-BESA9 August 197525 April 1982Earth orbit (339.6–99,876 km)[5][6][7]
Cosmic Radiation Satellite (CORSA)ISAS6 February 19766 February 1976Failed launch[42][43]
1st High Energy Astronomy Observatory (HEAO 1)NASA12 August 19779 January 1979Earth orbit (445 km)[44][45][46]
Einstein Observatory (HEAO 2)NASA13 November 197826 April 1981Earth orbit (465–476 km)[47][48]
Hakucho (CORSA-b)ISAS21 February 197916 April 1985Earth orbit (421–433 km)[49][50][51]
3rd High Energy Astronomy Observatory (HEAO 3)NASA20 September 197929 May 1981Earth orbit (486.4–504.9 km)[8][9][10]
Tenma (Astro-B)ISAS20 February 198319 January 1989Earth orbit (489–503 km)[52][53][54]
AstronIKI23 March 1983June 1989Earth orbit (2,000—200,000 km)[55][56][57]
EXOSATESA26 May 19838 April 1986Earth orbit (347–191,709 km)[58][59][60]
Ginga (Astro-C)ISAS5 February 19871 November 1991Earth orbit (517–708 km)[61][62][63]
GranatCNRS & IKI1 December 198925 May 1999Earth orbit (2,000–200,000 km)[11][12][13]
ROSATNASA & DLR1 June 199012 February 1999Re-entry 23 October 2011.[64]
Formerly Earth orbit (580 km)		[65][66][67]
Broad Band X-ray Telescope / Astro 1NASA2 December 199011 December 1990Earth orbit (500 km)[68][69]
Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics (ASCA, Astro-D)ISAS & NASA20 February 19932 March 2001Earth orbit (523.6–615.3 km)[70][71]
Array of Low Energy X-ray Imaging Sensors (Alexis)LANL25 April 19932005Earth orbit (749–844 km)[72][73][74]
Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE)NASA30 December 19953 January 2012Earth orbit (409 km)[75][76][77]
BeppoSAXASI30 April 199630 April 2002Earth orbit (575–594 km)[78][79][80]
A Broadband Imaging X-ray All-sky Survey (ABRIXAS)DLR28 April 19991 July 1999Earth orbit (549–598 km)[81][82][83]
Chandra X-ray ObservatoryNASA23 July 1999—Earth orbit (9,942–140,000 km)[84][85]
XMM-NewtonESA10 December 1999—Earth orbit (7,365–114,000 km)[86][87]
High Energy Transient Explorer 2 (HETE 2)NASA9 October 2000—Earth orbit (590–650 km)[20][21][88]
International Gamma Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL)ESA17 October 2002—Earth orbit (639–153,000 km)[23][24]
Swift Gamma Ray Burst ExplorerNASA20 November 2004—Earth orbit (585–604 km)[25][26]
Suzaku (Astro-E2)JAXA & NASA10 July 20052 September 2015Earth orbit (550 km)[89][90]
AGILEISA23 April 2007—Earth orbit (524–553 km)[27][28]
Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR)NASA13 June 2012—Earth orbit (603.5 km)[91][92]
AstrosatISRO28 September 2015—Earth orbit (600–650 km)[93][94][95]
Hitomi (Astro-H)JAXA17 February 201626 March 2016Earth orbit (575 km)[96][97]
Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT)CNSA14 June 2017—Low Earth orbit (545-554.1 km)[98]

Ultraviolet

Ultraviolet telescopes make observations at ultraviolet wavelengths, i.e. between approximately 10 and 320 nm. Light at these wavelengths is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, so observations at these wavelengths must be performed from the upper atmosphere or from space.[99] Objects emitting ultraviolet radiation include the Sun, other stars and galaxies.[100]

Photo Name Space Agency Launch Date Terminated Observing Location Ref(s)
OAO-2 (Stargazer)NASA7 December 1968January 1973Earth orbit (749–758 km)[101][102]
Orion 1 and Orion 2 Space ObservatoriesUSSR19 April 1971 (Orion 1) ; (Orion 2) 18 December 19731971; 1973Earth orbit (Orion 1: 200–222 km; Orion 2: 188–247 km)[103][104]
Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph (UVC)NASA16 April 197223 April 1972Descartes Highlands on Lunar surface[105]
OAO-3 CopernicusNASA21 August 1972February 1981Earth orbit (713–724 km)[101]
Astronomical Netherlands Satellite (ANS)SRON30 August 1974June 1976Earth orbit (266–1176 km)[34][35]
International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE)ESA & NASA & SERC26 January 197830 September 1996Earth orbit (32,050–52,254 km)[106][107]
AstronIKI23 March 1983June 1989Earth orbit (2,000–200,000 km)[55][56][57]
Hubble Space TelescopeNASA & ESA24 April 1990—Earth orbit (586.47–610.44 km)[108]
Broad Band X-ray Telescope / Astro 1NASA2 December 199011 December 1990Earth orbit (500 km)[68][69]
Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE)NASA7 June 199231 January 2001Earth orbit (515–527 km)[109][110]
Astro 2NASA2 March 199318 March 1993Earth orbit (349–363 km)[111][112]
Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE)NASA & CNES & CSA24 June 199912 July 2007Earth orbit (752–767 km)[113][114]
Cosmic Hot Interstellar Spectrometer (CHIPS)NASA13 January 200311 April 2008Earth orbit (578–594 km)[115][116]
Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX)NASA28 April 200328 June 2013Earth orbit (691–697 km).[117][118][119]
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Satellite 4 (Kaistsat 4)KARI27 September 20032007 ?Earth orbit (675–695 km)[120][121]
Swift Gamma Ray Burst Explorer (Swift)NASA20 November 2004—Earth orbit (585–604 km)[25][26]
Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS)NASA27 June 2013—Earth orbit[122][123]
Hisaki (SPRINT-A)JAXA14 September 2013——[124]
Venus Spectral Rocket ExperimentNASA26 November 2013reusablesuborbital to 300 km[125]
Lunar-based ultraviolet telescope (LUT)CNSA1 December 2013—lunar surface[126]
AstrosatISRO28 September 2015—Earth orbit (600–650 km)[94][93][95]

UV ranges listed at Ultraviolet astronomy#Ultraviolet space telescopes.

Visible

The oldest form of astronomy, optical or visible-light astronomy extends from approximately 400 to 700 nm.[127] Positioning an optical telescope in space means that the telescope does not see any atmospheric effects (see astronomical seeing), providing higher resolution images. Optical telescopes are used to look at stars, galaxies, planetary nebulae and protoplanetary disks, amongst many other things.[128]

Photo Name Space Agency Launch Date Terminated Location Ref(s)
HipparcosESA8 August 1989March 1993Earth orbit (223–35,632 km)[129][130][131]
Hubble Space TelescopeNASA&ESA24 April 1990—Earth orbit (586.47–610.44 km)[108]
MOSTCSA30 June 2003—Earth orbit (819–832 km)[132][133]
Swift Gamma Ray Burst ExplorerNASA20 November 2004—Earth orbit (585–604 km)[25][26]
COROTCNES & ESA27 December 20062013Earth orbit (872–884 km)[134][135]
Kepler MissionNASA6 March 2009—Earth-trailing heliocentric orbit[136][137][138]
BRITE constellationAustria, Canada, Poland25 February 2013 – 19 August 2014—Earth orbit[139]
Near Earth Object Surveillance Satellite (NEOSSat)CSA, DRDC25 February 2013—Sun-synchronous Earth orbit (776–792 km)[140][141]
Gaia (astrometry)ESA19 December 2013—Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point[142]
AstrosatISRO28 September 2015—Earth orbit (600–650 km)[93][94][95]
Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS)NASA18 April 2018—High Earth Orbit[143]

Infrared and submillimetre

Infrared light is of lower energy than visible light, hence is emitted by sources that are either cooler, or moving away from the observer (in present context: Earth) at high speed. As such, the following can be viewed in the infrared: cool stars (including brown dwarves), nebulae, and redshifted galaxies.[144]

Photo Name Space Agency Launch Date Terminated Location Ref(s)
IRASNASA25 January 198321 November 1983Earth orbit (889–903 km)[145][146]
Infrared Telescope in SpaceISAS & NASDA18 March 199525 April 1995Earth orbit (486 km)[147][148]
Infrared Space Observatory (ISO)ESA17 November 199516 May 1998Earth orbit (1000–70500 km)[149][150][151]
Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX)USN24 April 199626 February 1997Earth orbit (900 km)[152]
Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite (SWAS)NASA6 December 1998Last used in 2005Earth orbit (638–651 km)[153][154]
Wide Field Infrared Explorer (WIRE)NASA5 March 1999no observationsRe-entered May 10, 2011[155][156]
Spitzer Space TelescopeNASA25 August 2003—Solar orbit (0.98–1.02 AU)[157][158]
Akari (Astro-F)JAXA21 February 200624 November 2011[159]Earth orbit (586.47–610.44 km)[160][161]
Herschel Space ObservatoryESA & NASA14 May 2009 [162]29 April 2013[163]Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point[164][165][166]
Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE)NASA14 December 2009(hibernation Feb 2011-Aug 2013)Earth orbit (500 km)[167][168][169]

Microwave

Microwave space telescopes have primarily been used to measure cosmological parameters from the Cosmic Microwave Background. They also measure synchrotron radiation, free-free emission and spinning dust from our Galaxy, as well as extragalactic compact sources and galaxy clusters through the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect.

Photo Name Space Agency Launch Date Terminated Location Ref(s)
Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)NASA18 November 198923 December 1993Earth orbit (900 km)[170][171]
OdinSwedish Space Corporation20 February 2001—Earth orbit (622 km)[172][173]
WMAPNASA30 June 2001October 2010Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point[174]
PlanckESA14 May 2009October 2013Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point(mission)
Heliocentric (Derelict)		[165][175][176]

Radio

As the atmosphere is transparent for radio waves, radio telescopes in space are of most use for Very Long Baseline Interferometry; doing simultaneous observations of a source with both a satellite and a ground-based telescope and by correlating their signals to simulate a radio telescope the size of the separation between the two telescopes. Observations can be of supernova remnants, masers, gravitational lenses, starburst galaxies, and many other things.

Photo Name Space Agency Launch Date Terminated Location Ref(s)
Highly Advanced Laboratory for Communications and Astronomy (HALCA, VSOP or MUSES-B)ISAS12 February 199730 November 2005Earth orbit (560–21,400 km)[177][178][179]
Spektr-R (RadioAstron)ASC LPIMay 2011—Earth orbit (10,000–390,000 km)[180][181][182]

Particle detection

Spacecraft and space-based modules that do particle detection, looking for cosmic rays and electrons. These can be emitted by the sun (Solar Energetic Particles), our galaxy (Galactic cosmic rays) and extragalactic sources (Extragalactic cosmic rays). There are also Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays from active galactic nuclei, those can be detected by ground-based detectors via their particle showers.

Photo Name Space Agency Launch Date Terminated Location Ref(s)
Proton-1USSR16 July 196511 October 1965Earth orbit (589-183 km)[2]
Proton-2USSR2 November 19656 February 1966Earth orbit (637-191 km)[2]
3rd High Energy Astrophysics Observatory (HEAO 3)NASA20 September 197929 May 1981Earth orbit (486.4–504.9 km)[8][9][10]
SAMPEXNASA / DE3 July 199230 June 2004Earth orbit (512-687 km)[183]
Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer 01 (AMS-01)NASA2 June 199812 June 1998Earth orbit (296 km)[184]
Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics (PAMELA)ISA, INFN, RSA, DLR & SNSB15 May 20067 February 2016Earth orbit (350–610 km)[185][186]
IBEXNASA19 October 2008—Earth orbit (86,000-259,000 km)[187]
Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer 02 (AMS-02)NASA16 May 2011—Earth orbit (353 km) on ISS[188]
Dark Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE)CNSA17 December 2015—Earth orbit (500 km)[189]

Gravitational waves

A type of telescope that detects gravitational waves; ripples in space-time generated by colliding neutron stars or black holes.

Photo Name Space Agency Launch Date Terminated Location Ref(s)
LISA PathfinderESA3 December 201530 June 2017Heliocentric orbit[190]

To be launched

Photo Name Space Agency Planned

Launch Date

 Terminated Location Ref(s)
CHEOPSend of 2018—[191]
International Lunar Observatory (ILO-1)International Lunar Observatory Association2019—Planned: Lunar south pole[192]
Spektr-RGRSRI2019—Planned: Low Earth orbit[193]
Waypoint-1 Space TelescopeSPACEFAB.USLate 2019—Planned: Sun-synchronous orbit[194]
James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)NASA/ESA/CSAMarch 2021—Planned: Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point[195]
EuclidESA2021—Planned: Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point[196]
IXPENASA2021—Equatorial (0° inclination)[197]
Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics (ATHENA)ESA/NASA/JAXA2028—Planned: Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point[198]

Proposed

List of proposed space observatories: examples of past and present space observatory plans, concepts, and proposals. For observatories in orbit see, List of space telescopes.

See also

References

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