List of rulers of Taiwan

This is a list of rulers of island of Taiwan.

Dutch Formosa (1624–1662)

The Dutch Empire, during the period of the Dutch United Provinces and under the auspices of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), attempted to conquer Macau in 1622. Later they colonized the Pescadores Islands, where they built a fort in Makung. In 1624, the Chinese attacked, and the Dutch were driven to Taiwan (then called Formosa, meaning "beautiful island"). That year they established Fort Zeelandia on Taiwan's southwest coast. In 1637, the Dutch conqurered Favorolang (also Favorlang; present day Huwei, Yunlin). The names listed here are the Dutch governors:^[1]

№	Name	Term
1	Martinus Sonck	1624 - 1625^[2]
2	Gerard Frederikszoon de With	1625 - 1627
3	Pieter Nuyts	1627 - 1629
4	Hans Putmans	1629 - 1636
5	Johan van der Burg	1636 - 1640^[2]
6	Paulus Traudenius	1640 - 1643
7	Maximilian le Maire	1643 - 1644
8	François Caron	1644 - 1646
9	Pieter Anthoniszoon Overtwater	1646 - 1649
10	Nicolas Verburg	1649 - 1653
11	Cornelis Caesar	1653 - 1656
12	Frederick Coyett	1656 - 1662

Spanish Formosa (1626–1642)

In response to the Dutch settlements, the Spanish settled at Keelung on the northeast coast of the island in 1626 and built Fort San Salvador. Later they built another outpost, Fort San Domingo, at Tamsui in the northwest. In 1629 these forts had a combined total of about 200 Spaniards and 400 Filipinos. By 1635, the Tamsui settlement was abandoned; however, the Keelung settlement remained in Spanish hands until 1642, when a Dutch force of 11 ships and 1,000 men attacked the fort of 446 people. The Spanish surrendered.

Kingdom of Tungning (1662–1683)

The Southern Ming (Ming Dynasty loyalists) invaded Taiwan under Koxinga, expelling the Dutch and capturing Fort Zeelandia. They established the Kingdom of Tungning.

№	Name (Birth–Death)	Title(s)	Reign (Lunar calendar)
1	Zheng Chenggong (Koxinga) 鄭成功 Zhèng Chénggōng (1624–1662)	Prince of Yanping (延平王) Prince Wu of Chao (潮武王)	14 June 1661 Yongli 15-5-18	23 June 1662 Yongli 16-5-8
2	Zheng Xi 鄭襲 Zhèng Xí (1625–?)	Protector (護理)	23 June 1662 Yongli 16-5-8	November 1662 Yongli 17
3	Zheng Jing 鄭經 Zhèng Jīng (1642–1681)	Prince of Yanping (延平王) Prince Wen of Chao (潮文王)	November 1662 Yongli 17	17 March 1681 Yongli 35-1-28
4	Zheng Kezang 鄭克𡒉 Zhèng Kèzāng (1662–1681)	Prince Regent (監國)	17 March 1681 Yongli 35-1-28	19 March 1681 Yongli 35-1-30
5	Zheng Keshuang^* 鄭克塽 Zhèng Kèshuǎng (1670–1707)	Prince of Yanping (延平王) Duke Haicheng (海澄公)	19 March 1681 Yongli 35-1-30	5 September 1683 Yongli 37-8-13

* Regency of Feng Xifan from 1682 to 1683.

Taiwan ruled by Qing dynasty of China (First period, 1683–1721)

The Qing Dynasty invaded Taiwan; the Ming rulers surrendered and were expelled.
- Kangxi Emperor (1683–1721)

Taiwan-Xiamen Circuit Commissioner (福建分巡台灣廈門道, 1687—1727)

№	Commissioner	Start of office

Taiwan ruled by Qing dynasty of China (Second period, 1721–1895)

Qing rule was reestablished after a month-long revolt. The Taiwan Circuit was established in 1727 with its seat in Taiwan-fu, unlike its predecessor, the Taiwan-Xiamen Circuit, which was based in Xiamen. The Taiwan Circuit Commissioner had its powers checked by the Taiwan Circuit Investigating censors.

Taiwan Circuit Commissioner (福建分巡台灣道)

№	Commissioner	Start of office

Taiwan Circuit Investigating Censor (巡視台灣監察御史)

Start of office	Investigating Censor (Manchu-banner)	№	№	Investigating Censor (Han)	Start of office
1722	Aisin Gioro Wudali (PR)	1	1	Huang Shujing	1722
1724	Shanjibu (BB)	2	2	Ding Shiyi	1724
1724	Shanjibu (BB)	2	3	Jing Kaoxiang	1725
1726	Suolin (BR)	3	4	Wang Jijing	1726
1726	Hesuse (PR)	4	4	Wang Jijing	1726
			5	Yin Qin	1727
			6	Xia Zhifang	1728
1730	Xideshen (PR)	5	7	Li Yuanzhi	1730
1730	Xideshen (PR)	5	8	Gao Shan	1730
1732	Jueluobiaiyou (BR)	6	8	Gao Shan	1730
1732	Jueluobiaiyou (BR)	6	9	Lin Tianmu	1733
1734	Durtai (PY)	7	9	Lin Tianmu	1733
1734	Durtai (PY)	7	10	Yan Ruihong	1735
1736	Bai Qitu (PB)	8	10	Yan Ruihong	1735
1737	Romubu (PB)	9	11	Shan Demo	1737
1737	Romubu (PB)	9	12	Yang Erchou	1739
1740	Shuge (PW)	10	12	Yang Erchou	1739
1740	Shuge (PW)	10	13	Zhang Mei	1741
1742	Shu Shan (BY)	11	13	Zhang Mei	1741
1742	Shu Shan (BY)	11	14	Xiong Xuepeng	1743
1744	Liu Shiqi (BR)	12	14	Xiong Xuepeng	1743
1744	Liu Shiqi (BR)	12	15	Fan Xian	1745
1747	Yiling'a (BB)	13	16	Bai Ying	1747
1749	Shuchang (PY)	14	17	Yang Kaiding	1749
1751	Lizhu (BB)	15	18	Qian Qi	1751
1756	Guanbao (PY)	16	19	Li Youtang	1756
1759	Shilin (PW)	17	20	Tang Shichang	1760
1763	Yongtai (PR)	18	21	Li Yiqing	1763
1767	Mingshan (BY)	19	22	Zhu Pilie	1767
1771	Karchongyi (BW)	20	23	Wang Xianzeng	1771
1777	Tusiyi (BB)	21	24	Meng Shao	1777
1781	Sedai (PR)	22	25	Lei Lun	1781

Taiwan Military Circuit Commissioner (福建分巡臺灣兵備道, 1767-1791)

№	Commissioner	Start of office

Provincial Censor-ranked Taiwan Military Circuit Commissioner (按察使銜分巡台灣兵備道, 1791-1895)

№	Commissioner	Start of office

Governor of Fujian-Taiwan Province

№	Name (Birth–Death)	Ancestry	Original Post	Term of Office (Lunar calendar)
1	Liu Mingchuan 劉銘傳 Liú Míngchuán (1836–1896)	Hefei, Anhui	Governor of Fujian	12 October 1885 Guangxu 11-9-5	4 June 1891 Guangxu 17-4-28
—	Shen Yingkui^[3] 沈應奎 Shěn Yìngkuí	Pinghu, Zhejiang	Civil Affairs Minister, Fujian Province	4 June 1891 Guangxu 17-4-28	25 November 1891 Guangxu 17-10-24
2	Shao You-lien 邵友濂 Shào Yǒulián (1840–1901)	Yuyao, Zhejiang	Governor of Hunan	9 May 1891 Guangxu 17-4-2	13 October 1894 Guangxu 20-9-15
3	Tang Jingsong 唐景崧 Táng Jǐngsōng (1841–1903)	Guanyang, Guangxi	Civil Affairs Minister, Fujian-Taiwan Province	13 October 1894 Guangxu 20-9-15	20 May 1895 Guangxu 21-4-26

Taiwan ruled by Japan (1895–1945)

After establishing control over the island, the Japanese used the French Empire model of an occupying force and were instrumental in the industrialization of the island; they built railroads, a sanitation system and a public school system, among other things. Around 1935, the Japanese began an island-wide assimilation project to bind the island more firmly to the empire.

In 1941, war broke out when the Japanese attacked the U.S. naval port of Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. By 1945, desperate plans were in place to incorporate popular representation of Taiwan into the Imperial Diet to end colonial rule of the island and transfer occupying troops to the front lines to fight the Allies. The names listed here are the Japanese governor-generals:

Military Rikken Seiyūkai Kenseikai Rikken Minseitō

№	Name	Origin	Occupation	Affiliation	Term of Office
1	Kabayama Sukenori 樺山資紀	Kagoshima	Admiral (Imperial Japanese Navy) (Viscount)	Military	10 May 1895	2 June 1896
2	Katsura Tarō 桂太郎	Yamaguchi	Lieutenant General (Imperial Japanese Army) (Viscount)	Military	2 June 1896	14 October 1896
3	Nogi Maresuke 乃木希典	Yamaguchi	Lieutenant General (Imperial Japanese Army) (Baron)	Military	14 October 1896	26 February 1898
4	Kodama Gentarō 兒玉源太郎	Yamaguchi	Lieutenant General (Imperial Japanese Army) (Baron)	Military	26 February 1898	11 April 1906
5	Sakuma Samata 佐久間左馬太	Yamaguchi	General (Imperial Japanese Army) (Viscount)	Military	11 April 1906	1 May 1915
6	Andō Teibi 安東貞美	Nagano	General (Imperial Japanese Army) (Baron)	Military	1 May 1915	6 June 1918
7	Akashi Motojiro 明石元二郎	Fukuoka	Lieutenant General (Imperial Japanese Army)	Military	6 June 1918	24 October 1919
8	Den Kenjirō 田健治郎	Hyōgo	Member of Terauchi Cabinet (Baron)	Seiyūkai	29 October 1919	2 September 1923
9	Uchida Kakichi 內田嘉吉	Tokyo	Member of House of Peers	Seiyūkai	6 September 1923	1 September 1924
10	Izawa Takio 伊澤多喜男	Nagano	Member of House of Peers	Kenseikai	1 September 1924	16 July 1926
11	Kamiyama Mitsunoshin 上山滿之進	Yamaguchi	literary figure	Kenseikai	16 July 1926	16 June 1928
12	Kawamura Takeji 川村竹治	Akita	Member of House of Peers	Seiyūkai	16 June 1928	30 July 1929
13	Ishizuka Eizō 石塚英藏	Fukushima	Member of House of Peers	Minseitō	30 July 1929	16 January 1931
14	Ōta Masahiro 太田政弘	Yamagata	Director of Kwantung Leased Territory	Minseitō	16 January 1931	2 March 1932
15	Minami Hiroshi 南弘	Toyama	Member of House of Peers	Seiyūkai	2 March 1932	26 May 1932
16	Nakagawa Kenzō 中川健蔵	Niigata	Undersecretary of Education	Minseitō	26 May 1932	2 September 1936
17	Seizō Kobayashi 小林躋造	Hiroshima	Admiral (Imperial Japanese Navy)	Military	2 September 1936	27 November 1940
18	Hasegawa Kiyoshi 長谷川清	Fukui	Admiral (Imperial Japanese Navy)	Military	27 November 1940	30 December 1944
19	Andō Rikichi 安藤利吉	Miyagi	General (Imperial Japanese Army)	Military	30 December 1944	25 October 1945

Taiwan ruled by Republic of China (from 1945)

Following the end of World War II in 1945, under the terms of the Instrument of Surrender of Japan, Japan provisionally accepted the Potsdam Declaration (which referenced the never-signed Cairo Declaration), under which the island was to be transferred to the Republic of China. ROC troops were authorized to come to Taiwan to accept the surrender of Japanese military forces and occupy Taiwan^[4] on behalf of Allied Powers in General Order No. 1, issued by Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers, on 2 September 1945. ROC troops were later transported to Keelung by the U.S. Navy, and Japanese handed the control of Taiwan to the ROC on 25 October 1945. Following its defeat in the Chinese Civil War in 1949, Premier Yan Xishan proclaimed the ROC Government's relocation to Taiwan (where it exists until today), thus replacing the Provincial Chairperson as the highest-ranked executive official on Taiwan. This lasted until March 1950, when Chiang Kai-shek resumed his duties as President in Taipei.

Kuomintang Democratic Progressive Party

Chief Executive

№	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of Office		Political Party
1		Chen Yi 陳儀 Chén Yí (1883-1950)	29 August 1945	22 April 1947	Kuomintang

Chairperson of the Provincial Government

№	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of Office		Political Party
1		Wei Tao-ming 魏道明 Wèi Dàomíng (1899-1978)	16 May 1947	5 January 1949	Kuomintang
2		Chen Cheng 陳誠 Chén Chéng (1897–1965)	5 January 1949	21 December 1949	Kuomintang

President of the Republic of China (from 1 March 1950)

№	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of Office		Term	Elections	Political Party	Vice President
1		Chiang Kai-shek 蔣中正 Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng (1887–1975)	1 March 1950	20 May 1954	1	—	Kuomintang	Li Zongren (1950–1954^[5]) Vacant(1954)
			20 May 1954	20 May 1960	2	1954 (96.91%)		Chen Cheng
			20 May 1960	20 May 1966	3	1960 (93.97%)		Chen Cheng (1960–1965^[6]) Vacant(1965-1966)
			20 May 1966	20 May 1972	4	1966 (98.60%)		Yen Chia-kan
			20 May 1972	5 April 1975	5	1972 (99.39%)		Yen Chia-kan
					5
2		Yen Chia-kan (C.K. Yen) 嚴家淦 Yán Jiāgàn (1905–1993)	6 April 1975	20 May 1978	—	Kuomintang	Vacant
3		Chiang Ching-kuo 蔣經國 Jiǎng Jīngguó (1910–1988)	20 May 1978	20 May 1984	6	1978 (98.34%)	Kuomintang	Hsieh Tung-min
3		Chiang Ching-kuo 蔣經國 Jiǎng Jīngguó (1910–1988)	20 May 1984	13 January 1988	7	1984 (95.11%)	Kuomintang	Lee Teng-hui
					7
4		Lee Teng-hui 李登輝 Lǐ Dēnghuī (1923–)	13 January 1988	20 May 1990	—	Kuomintang	Vacant
			20 May 1990	20 May 1996	8		1990 (85.24%)	Li Yuan-zu

20 May 1996	20 May 2000	9	1996 5,813,699 (54.0%)	Lien Chan
5		Chen Shui-bian 陳水扁 Chén Shuǐbiǎn (1950–)	20 May 2000	20 May 2004	10	2000 4,977,737 (39.3%)	Democratic Progressive Party	Annette Lu
5		Chen Shui-bian 陳水扁 Chén Shuǐbiǎn (1950–)	20 May 2004	20 May 2008	11	2004 6,446,900 (50.11%)	Democratic Progressive Party	Annette Lu
6		Ma Ying-jeou 馬英九 Mǎ Yīngjiǔ (1950–)	20 May 2008	20 May 2012	12	2008 7,658,724 (58.45%)	Kuomintang	Vincent Siew
6		Ma Ying-jeou 馬英九 Mǎ Yīngjiǔ (1950–)	20 May 2012	20 May 2016	13	2012 6,891,139 (51.60%)	Kuomintang	Wu Den-yih
7		Tsai Ing-wen 蔡英文 Cài Yīngwén (1956–)	20 May 2016	Incumbent	14	2016 6,894,744 (56.1%)	Democratic Progressive Party	Chen Chien-jen

References

↑ Information from 郭弘斌 (2003)
1 2 Died in office.
↑ As acting; Fujian-Taiwan Province Civil Affairs Minister.
↑ HC Deb 04 February 1955 vol 536 c159W. "In September, 1945, the administration of Formosa was taken over from the Japanese by Chinese forces at the direction of the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers; but this was not a cession, nor did it in itself involve any change of sovereignty. The arrangements made with Chiang Kai-shek put him there on a basis of military occupation pending further arrangements, and did not of themselves constitute the territory Chinese."
↑ Impeached, recalled in 1954.
↑ Chen Cheng, Died on 5 March 1965.

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[1] Information from 郭弘斌 (2003)

[died-2] 1 2 Died in office.

[3] As acting; Fujian-Taiwan Province Civil Affairs Minister.

[4] HC Deb 04 February 1955 vol 536 c159W. "In September, 1945, the administration of Formosa was taken over from the Japanese by Chinese forces at the direction of the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers; but this was not a cession, nor did it in itself involve any change of sovereignty. The arrangements made with Chiang Kai-shek put him there on a basis of military occupation pending further arrangements, and did not of themselves constitute the territory Chinese."

[F-5] Impeached, recalled in 1954.

[D-6] Chen Cheng, Died on 5 March 1965.