List of retired Australian region cyclone names
Satellite image of Cyclone Monica, the strongest recorded tropical cyclone in the Australian region by wind speed
Tropical cyclones are non-frontal, low pressure systems that develop, within an environment of warm sea surface temperatures and little vertical wind shear aloft.[1] Within the Australian region, names are assigned from three pre-determined lists, to such systems, once they reach or exceed ten–minute sustained wind speeds of 65 km/h (40 mph), near the center, by either the Bureau of Meteorology or by the Tropical Cyclone Warning Centers in Jakarta, Indonesia and Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.[1] Within the Australian region, tropical cyclones have been officially named since the 1963–64 Australian region cyclone season, though several meteorological papers show that a few tropical cyclones were named before 1964–65.[2][3][4] The names of significant tropical cyclones that cause a high amount of damage and/or loss of life are retired from the lists of tropical cyclone names by either the Bureau of Meteorology or the World Meteorological Organization's RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee at their bi-annual meeting. Storms named by Port Moresby are automatically retired regardless of their impact due to their infrequent occurrence.[1]
Within the Australian region, there have been a total of 113 tropical cyclone names retired, with the 1990s accounting for 44 of these. Two of the most intense systems ever recorded in the Southern Hemisphere, Cyclones Gwenda and Inigo each attaining a barometric pressure of 900 hPa (26.58 inHg), are among the retired storms. The deadliest cyclone to take place since the 1960s was Cyclone Guba in 2007 which killed 149 people in Papua New Guinea. Additionally, the most damaging system was Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy in 1974 which devastated the city of Darwin, leaving A$837 million (A$5.65 billion 2011 AUD; US$2.64 billion 2011 USD) in losses.
Background
Within the region the credit for the first usage of personal names for weather systems, is generally given to the Queensland Government Meteorologist Clement Wragge, who named systems between 1887 - 1907.[5] Wragge used names drawn from the letters of the Greek alphabet, Greek and Roman mythology and female names, to describe weather systems including tropical cyclones over Australia, New Zealand and the Antarctic.[5] After the new Australian government had failed to create a federal weather bureau and appoint him director, Wragge started naming cyclones after political figures.[6] This system of naming weather systems subsequently fell into disuse for several years after Wragge retired, before the Australian Bureau of Meteorology started to use female names for tropical cyclones in the region during the 1963-64 cyclone season.[5]
During the International Women's Year of 1975 the Australian Science Minister ordered that tropical cyclones, within the Australian region should carry both men's and women's names.[5] This was because the minister thought "that both sexes should bear the odium of the devastation caused by cyclones."[5] As a result, male names were added to the lists of names for both basins, ahead of the 1975-76 season.[5][7]
The practice of retiring significant names was started during 1955 by the United States Weather Bureau in the Northern Atlantic basin, after hurricanes Carol, Edna, and Hazel struck the Northeastern United States and caused a significant amount of damage in the previous year.[8] Initially the names were only designed to be retired for ten years after which they might be reintroduced, however, it was decided at the 1969 Interdepartmental hurricane conference, that any significant hurricane in the future would have its name permanently retired.[8][9] Several names have been removed from the Pacific naming lists for various other reasons than causing a significant amount of death/destruction, which include being pronounced in a very similar way to other names and political reasons.[10][11]
Tropical Cyclone names retired in the 1960s
Tracks of storms retired in the 1960s
There were 3 tropical cyclone names retired during the 1960s, after the naming of tropical cyclones had restarted during the 1963-64 tropical cyclone season.[12][13]
| Name | Dates active | Peak classification |
Sustained wind speeds |
Pressure | Areas affected | Damages (AUD) |
Damages (USD) |
Deaths | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Audrey | 7 – 14 January 1964 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | Not Specified | 983 hPa (29.03 inHg) | Northern Territory, Queensland | Extensive | Extensive | None | [14] |
| Flora | 1 – 5 December 1964 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 130 km/h (80 mph) | 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) | Northern Territory, Queensland | Extensive | Extensive | None | [15] |
| Dinah | 22 – 31 January 1967 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) | Queensland | Severe | Severe | None | [16][17] |
| 3 names | [nb 1][nb 2] | Extensive | Extensive | None | |||||
Tropical Cyclone names retired in the 1970s
Tracks of storms retired in the 1970s
During the 1970s, 18 tropical cyclones had their names retired.[20] During this period, one of the most well-known storms in Australian history, Cyclone Tracy, took place. It was both the costliest and deadliest of the decade; it would remain the costliest Australian cyclone until 2011 when Severe Tropical Cyclone Yasi surpassed it. A total of 87 people were killed between these storms and A$977 million was wrought in damage.
| Name | Dates active | Peak classification |
Sustained wind speeds |
Pressure | Areas affected | Damages (AUD) |
Damages (USD) |
Deaths | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ada | 1 – 19 January 1970 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 130 km/h (80 mph) | 962 hPa (28.41 inHg) | Queensland | $12 million | $8.9 million | 13 | [21] |
| Dora | 10 – 17 February 1971 | Category 1 tropical cyclone | 75 km/h (45 mph) | 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) | Queensland | N/A | N/A | None | [22] |
| Gertie Fiona | 10 – 28 February 1971 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) | Northern Territory, Queensland | N/A | N/A | None | [23][24][25][26] |
| Althea | 10 – 27 December 1971 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 130 km/h (80 mph) | 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) | Queensland | $25 million | $18.5 million | 3 | [27][28][29] |
| Daisy | 5–16 February 1972 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 130 km/h (80 mph) | 959 hPa (28.32 inHg) | Queensland | $2 million | $1.48 million | None | [27][30] |
| Emily | 27 March – 2 April 1972 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 155 km/h (95 mph) | 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) | Queensland | N/A | N/A | 8 | [31] |
| Madge | March 8 – 18, 1973 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 954 | Northern Territory, Queensland | N/A | N/A | None | [32] |
| Wanda | 1973–74 | Category 1 tropical cyclone | 75 km/h (45 mph) | 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) | Queensland, New South Wales | $68 million | $50.4 million | None | [27] |
| Tracy | 21 – 26 December 1974 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 175 km/h (110 mph) | 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) | Northern Territory | $200 million | $1.48 billion | 71 | [nb 3][27][34] |
| Trixie | February 15 – 22, 1975 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | Not Specified | 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) | Western Australia | $5 million | $3.71 million | None | [35] |
| Joan | 30 November - 10 December 1975 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone | 230 km/h (145 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) | Western Australia | $25 million | $18.6 million | None | [36] |
| David | January 13 – 19, 1976 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 140 km/h (85 mph) | 961 hPa (28.38 inHg) | Queensland | N/A | N/A | None | [37] |
| Beth | February 13–22, 1976 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 130 km/h (80 mph) | 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) | Queensland | $3 million | $3.13 million | None | [nb 4][27] |
| Ted | 15–21 December 1976 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | Not Specified | 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) | Queensland | N/A | N/A | None | [39] |
| Alby | March 27 – 5 April 1978 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone | 200 km/h (125 mph) | 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) | Western Australia | 50 million | 37.1 million | None | [27][40] |
| 15 names | [nb 1][nb 2] | ||||||||
Tropical Cyclone names retired in the 1980s
Tracks of storms retired in the 1980s
| Name | Dates active | Peak classification |
Sustained wind speeds |
Pressure | Areas affected | Damages (AUD) |
Damages (USD) |
Deaths | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simon | 21 – 28 February 1980 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 140 km/h (85 mph) | 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) | Queensland, New Zealand | Minor | Minor | None | [41] |
| Elinor | 10 February – 3 March 1983 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 185 km/h (115 mph) | 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) | Queensland | Minor | Minor | None | [42] |
| Kathy | 16 – 24 March 1984 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 916 hPa (27.05 inHg) | Cape York Peninsula, Northern Territory | $16.2 million | $12 million | 1 | [43][44] |
| Lance | 4 – 7 April 1984 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 95 km/h (60 mph) | 992 hPa (29.29 inHg) | Queensland | N/A | N/A | None | [45] |
| Nigel | January 14 – 20, 1985 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) | Vanuatu, Fiji | N/A | N/A | None | |
| Sandy | 20 – 24 March 1985 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 953 hPa (28.14 inHg) | Northern Territory, Western Australia | N/A | N/A | None | [46] |
| Margot | 10 – 25 April 1985 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 185 km/h (115 mph) | 942 hPa (27.82 inHg) | Western Australia | N/A | N/A | None | |
| Winifred | 27 January – 5 February 1986 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 130 km/h (80 mph) | 957 hPa (28.26 inHg) | Queensland | $175 million | $130 million | 2 | |
| Manu | 21–27 April 1986 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 110 km/h (70 mph) | 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) | Papua New Guinea, Queensland | Extensive | Extensive | None | [47] |
| Connie | 15 – 23 January 1987 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) | Western Australia | N/A | N/A | None | |
| Jason | 5 – 14 February 1987 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 110 km/h (70 mph) | 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) | Northern Territory | N/A | N/A | None | |
| Elsie | 22 – 27 February 1987 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) | Western Australia | N/A | N/A | None | |
| Agi | 8–16 January 1988 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 95 km/h (60 mph) | 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) | Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia | N/A | N/A | None | [48] |
| Charlie | 21 February – 1 March 1988 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 110 km/h (70 mph) | 972 hPa (28.70 inHg) | Queensland | $270 thousand | $200 thousand | 1 | [49] |
| Herbie | 17 – 21 May 1988 | Category 1 tropical cyclone | 75 km/h (45 mph) | 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) | Western Australia | $27 million | $20 million | None | [50][51] |
| Ilona | 12 – 19 December 1988 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 130 km/h (80 mph) | 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) | Western Australia | $1 million | $742 thousand | None | |
| Delilah | 28 December 1988 – 4 January 1989 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 110 km/h (70 mph) | 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) | New Caledonia, New Zealand | N/A | N/A | 2 | |
| Ned | 25 March – 1 April 1989 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 941 hPa (27.79 inHg) | Western Australia | Minor | Minor | None | [52] |
| Aivu | 31 March - 5 April 1989 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 175 km/h (110 mph) | 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) | Queensland | $121 million | $90 million | 1 | [53] |
| Orson | 17 – 24 April 1989 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone | 250 km/h (155 mph) | 904 hPa (26.70 inHg) | Western Australia | $20 million | $16 million | 5 | [54] |
| Pedro | 6 – 13 November 1989 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 110 km/h (70 mph) | 982 hPa (29.00 inHg) | Cocos Island | Minor | Minor | None | [55] |
| Felicity | 13 – 20 December 1989 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 110 km/h (70 mph) | 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) | Cape York Peninsula | Minor | Minor | None | [55][56] |
| 22 names | [nb 1][nb 2] | ||||||||
Tropical Cyclone names retired in the 1990s
Cyclone Rona making landfall over Queensland on February 11, 1999
| Name | Dates active | Peak classification |
Sustained wind speeds |
Pressure | Areas affected | Damages (AUD) |
Damages (USD) |
Deaths | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tina | 25 – 28 January 1990 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 115 km/h (70 mph) | 975 hPa (28.80 inHg) | Western Australia | Minor | Minor | None | [55] |
| Ivor | March 15 – 26, 1990 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 140 km/h (85 mph) | 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) | Cape York Peninsula | $20.2 million | $15 million | None | [57][58] |
| Joy | 15 – 27 December, 1990 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) | Solomon Islands, Queensland | $182 million | $135 million | 6 | [59][60] |
| Daphne | 21 – 28 February 1991 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 120 km/h (75 mph) | 976 hPa (28.82 inHg) | Queensland, Northern Territory, Western Australia | None | None | None | |
| Fifi | 15 – 20 April 1991 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 120 km/h (75 mph) | 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) | Western Australia | $1.39 million | $1.03 million | 29 | |
| Mark | 6 – 10 January 1992 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 100 km/h (65 mph) | 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) | Queensland, Northern Territory | $4.7 million | $3.5 million | None | [61] |
| Ian | 27 February – 3 March 1992 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone | 215 km/h (135 mph) | 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) | Western Australia | N/A | N/A | None | [62] |
| Jane | 8 – 13 April 1992 | Category 5 Severe Tropical Cyclone | 210 km/h (130 mph) | 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) | None | None | None | None | |
| Nina | 21 December 1992 – 5 January 1993 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 140 km/h (85 mph) | 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) | Queensland, Tonga, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Wallis and Futuna | $1.35 million | $1 million | 32 | [63] |
| Lena | 22 January – 2 February 1993 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 120 km/h (75 mph) | 972 hPa (28.70 inHg) | None | None | None | None | |
| Oliver | 5 – 14 February 1993 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | N/A | N/A | Queensland | N/A | N/A | None | [64] |
| Roger | 12 – 21 March 1993 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | N/A | N/A | Solomon Islands, New Caledonia | N/A | N/A | None | [65] |
| Adel | 13–15 May 1993 | Category 1 tropical cyclone | 75 km/h (45 mph) | 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) | Papua New Guinea | N/A | N/A | 3 | [66] |
| Naomi | 15 – 18 December 1993 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 140 km/h (85 mph) | 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) | Western Australia | N/A | N/A | None | [67] |
| Pearl | 11 – 21 January 1994 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 155 km/h (100 mph) | 950 hPa (28.06 inHg) | None | None | None | None | [68] |
| Quenton | 22 – 29 January 1994 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) | None | None | None | None | |
| Sharon | 12 – 22 March 1994 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 185 km/h (115 mph) | 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) | Indonesia, Western Australia | None | None | None | [69] |
| Annette | 12 – 20 December 1994 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 195 km/h (120 mph) | 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) | Western Australia, South Australia | N/A | N/A | None | [70] |
| Bobby | 19 – 27 February 1995 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 195 km/h (120 mph) | 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) | Northern Territory, Western Australia | N/A | N/A | 8 | [71] |
| Violet | 3 – 6 March 1995 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 140 km/h (85 mph) | 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) | Lord Howe Island, New South Wales | Minor | Minor | None | [72][73] |
| Warren | 4 – 6 March 1995 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 140 km/h (85 mph) | 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) | Queensland, Northern Territory | N/A | N/A | None | [74] |
| Chloe | 3 – 9 April 1995 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 920 hPa (27.16 inHg) | Northern Territory, Western Australia | None | None | None | |
| Agnes | 16 – 22 April 1995 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 165 km/h (105 mph) | N/A | None | None | None | None | [75] |
| Frank | 6 – 13 December 1995 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 155 km/h (95 mph) | 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) | Western Australia | Minor | Minor | None | |
| Gertie | 17 – 22 December, 1995 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | N/A | N/A | Australia | N/A | N/A | None | [76] |
| Barry | 4 – 7 January 1996 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | N/A | N/A | Queensland | None | None | None | [77] |
| Celeste | 26 – 29 January 1996 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | N/A | N/A | Queensland | N/A | N/A | None | [78] |
| Ethel | 7 – 13 March 1996 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | N/A | 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) | Queensland, Northern Territory | N/A | N/A | None | [79] |
| Kristy | 7 – 14 March 1996 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 175 km/h (110 mph) | 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) | Western Australia | N/A | N/A | None | [80] |
| Olivia | 5 – 12 April 1996 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | N/A | 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) | Western Australia, South Australia | N/A | N/A | None | [81] |
| Lindsay | 9 – 13 July 1996 | Category 1 tropical cyclone | 75 km/h (45 mph) | 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) | None | None | None | None | |
| Fergus | 23 December 1996 – 1 January 1997 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) | Solomon Islands, New Zealand | N/A | N/A | 4 | |
| Rachel | 3 – 8 January 1997 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 140 km/h (80 mph) | 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) | Northern Territory, Western Australia | Minor | Minor | None | [82] |
| Justin | 6 – 24 March 1997 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) | Papua New Guinea, Queensland | $256 million | $190 million | 37 | [83] |
| Rhonda | 11 – 17 May 1997 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 175 km/h (110 mph) | 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) | Cocos Islands, Western Australia | None | None | None | [84] |
| Katrina | 1 – 25 January 1998 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) | Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Queensland | $11.7 million | $8.66 million | 2 | [85] |
| Sid | 24 – 29 December 1998 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 95 km/h (60 mph) | 985 hPa (29.1 inHg) | Northern Territory | $135 million | $100 million | 1 | [86] |
| Thelma | 3 – 15 December 1998 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone | 220 km/h (140 mph) | 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) | Northern Territory, Western Australia | N/A | N/A | 1 | |
| Rona | 10 – 21 February 1999 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 955 hPa (28.2 inHg) | Eastern Australia, New Caledonia | $202 million | $150 million | 7 | [87] |
| Vance | 16 – 23 March 1999 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone | 215 km/h (130 mph) | 910 hPa (26.8 inHg) | Northern Territory, Western Australia | $408 million | $303 million | None | |
| Elaine | 16 – 20 March 1999 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 215 km/h (130 mph) | 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) | Western Australia | N/A | N/A | None | [88] |
| Gwenda | 2 – 8 April 1999 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone | 220 km/h (140 mph) | 900 hPa (26.5 inHg) | Western Australia | Minimal | Minimal | None | |
| John | 10 – 15 December 1999 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone | 205 km/h (120 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) | Western Australia | $404 million | $300 million | None | [88] |
| [nb 1][nb 2] | |||||||||
Tropical Cyclone names retired in the 2000s
Tracks of storms retired in the 2000s
During the 2000s, 23 tropical cyclone names were retired. At the start of the 2008-09 season two sets of Indonesian names were established for the newly established TCWC Jakarta, while the naming lists for the three Australian TCWC's were combined. The name Hamish subsequently became the first name to be retired from these lists, after it impacted the coast of Queensland during 2008-09. The name Laurence was retired after it intensified into a category 5 severe tropical cyclone twice during December 2009 and affected Western Australia.[89]
| Name | Dates active | Peak classification |
Sustained wind speeds |
Pressure | Areas affected | Damages (AUD) |
Damages (USD) |
Deaths | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Steve | 27 February – 11 March 2000 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 145 km/h (90 mph) | 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) | Northern Australia Western Australia | $121 million | $90 million | 1 | [90][91] |
| Tessi | 1 – 3 April 2000 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 95 km/h (60 mph) | 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) | Queensland | $80.9 million | $60 million | None | [90] |
| Rosita | 17 – 21 April 2000 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) | Western Australia | N/A | N/A | None | [92] |
| Sam | 28 November – 10 December 2000 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 175 km/h (110 mph) | 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) | North-Western Australia | N/A | N/A | None | [93] |
| Abigail | 24 February – 8 March 2001 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 120 km/h (75 mph) | 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) | Northern Territory, Queensland | N/A | N/A | None | |
| Chris | 2 – 7 February 2002 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) | Western Australia | N/A | N/A | None | |
| Upia | 21–29 May 2002 | Category 1 tropical cyclone | 65 km/h (40 mph) | 995 hPa (29.38 inHg) | Budelun Island | None | None | None | [94] |
| Erica | 1 – 17 March 2003 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone | 215 km/h (135 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) | Queensland, New Caledonia | N/A | N/A | None | |
| Graham | 27 February – 1 March 2003 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 95 km/h (60 mph) | 985 hPa (29.08 inHg) | Western Australia | N/A | N/A | 1 | |
| Inigo | 31 March – 8 April 2003 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone | 240 km/h (150 mph) | 900 hPa (26.58 inHg) | Indonesia, Western Australia | N/A | N/A | None | |
| Epi | 5–7 June 2003 | Category 1 tropical cyclone | 65 km/h (40 mph) | 995 hPa (29.38 inHg) | N/A | N/A | N/A | None | [95] |
| Monty | 25 February – 3 March 2004 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 185 km/h (115 mph) | 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) | Western Australia | N/A | N/A | None | |
| Fay | 12 – 28 March 2004 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone | 215 km/h (135 mph) | 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) | North-Western Australia | N/A | N/A | None | |
| Harvey | 3 – 7 February 2005 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 130 km/h (80 mph) | 967 hPa (28.55 inHg) | Northern Territory | N/A | N/A | None | |
| Ingrid | 4 – 16 March 2005 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone | 230 km/h (145 mph) | 924 hPa (27.28 inHg) | Papua New Guinea, Northern Australia | N/A | N/A | None | |
| Clare | 6 – 10 January 2006 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 140 km/h (85 mph) | 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) | Western Australia | $3.17 million | $2.35 million | None | [90][96] |
| Larry | 15 – 20 March 2006 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) | Queensland | $1.59 billion | $1.18 billion | None | [90] |
| Glenda | 22 – 31 March 2006 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone | 215 km/h (135 mph) | 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) | Western Australia | $1.3 million | $965 thousand | None | |
| Monica | 16 – 27 April 2006 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone | 250 km/h (155 mph) | 916 hPa (27.05 inHg) | Queensland, Northern Territory | $6.88 million | $5.1 million | None | |
| George | 27 February – 11 March 2007 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 902 hPa (26.63 inHg) | North-Western Australia | $135 million | $100 million | 2 | [90] |
| Guba | 11 -20 November 2007 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 140 km/h (85 mph) | 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) | Papua New Guinea | $96.3 million | $71.4 million | 149 | [90] |
| Helen | 1 –7 January 2008 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 95 km/h (60 mph) | 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) | Northern Territory | N/A | N/A | 1 | [97] |
| Hamish | 4 – 11 March 2009 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone | 215 km/h (135 mph) | 925 hPa (27.31 inHg) | Queensland | $80.9 million | $60 million | 2 | |
| Laurence | 8 – 23 December 2009 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 925 hPa (27.31 inHg) | Australia | $10 million | $8.9 million | None | [89][98] |
| 23 names | [nb 1][nb 2][nb 5] | ||||||||
Tropical Cyclone names retired in the 2010s
Tracks of all storms retired in the 2010s
During the 2010s, ten names have been retired, because of impacts caused to either Australia or various South Pacific island nations including the Solomon Islands, New Caledonia and Tonga. At the start of the decade the name Magda was retired, after it made landfall on the Kimberley region of Western Australia, as a category 3 severe tropical cyclone.[100] The name Carlos was subsequently retired after it broke several rainfall records, as it impacted Darwin and North-Western Australia during February 2011.[101] The names Heidi and Lua were retired after the 2011-12 season and both had impacted the Pilbara region of Western Australia.[102][103] The name Jasmine was also retired after the 2011-12 season and had affected the island nations of Vanuatu, New Caledonia and Tonga.[104]
| Name | Dates active | Peak classification |
Sustained wind speeds |
Pressure | Areas affected | Damages (AUD) |
Damages (USD) |
Deaths | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Magda | 18 – 24 January 2010 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 130 km/h (80 mph) | 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) | Western Australia | Minor | Minor | None | [100] |
| Carlos | 12 – 27 February 2011 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 120 km/h (75 mph) | 969 hPa (28.62 inHg) | Northern Territory, Western Australia | $16 million | $12.3 million | None | |
| Heidi | 9 – 13 January 2012 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) | Western Australia | Minor | Minor | None | |
| Jasmine | 31 January – 16 February 2012 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 195 km/h (120 mph) | 937 hPa (27.67 inHg) | Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Tonga | N/A | N/A | None | |
| Lua | 10 – 18 March 2012 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 155 km/h (100 mph) | 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) | Western Australia | $297 million | $220 million | None | [105] |
| Oswald | 17 – 29 January 2013 | Category 1 tropical cyclone | 75 km/h (45 mph) | 991 hPa (29.26 inHg) | Eastern Australia | $3.07 billion | $2.28 billion | 6 | |
| Rusty | 22 – 28 February 2013 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) | Western Australia | Minor | Minor | None | |
| Ita | 1 – 14 April 2014 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone | 215 km/h (130 mph) | 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) | Solomon Islands, Queensland Papua New Guinea, New Zealand | $1.55 billion | $1.15 billion | 22 | [90][nb 6] [nb 7] |
| Lam | 12 – 20 February 2015 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 185 km/h (115 mph) | 943 hPa (27.85 inHg) | Queensland, Northern Territory, Western Australia | $82.4 million | $64.4 million | None | |
| Marcia | 15 – 26 February 2015 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 932 hPa (27.52 inHg) | Queensland | $768 million | $591 million | None | |
| Debbie | 23 March – 7 April 2017 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 195 km/h (120 mph) | 943 hPa (27.85 inHg) | Queensland | $3.6 billion | $2.67 billion | 14 | [108] |
| Marcus | 14 March – 27 March 2018 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone | 230 km/h (145 mph) | 912 hPa (27.46 inHg) | Northern Territory, Western Australia | $100 million | $75 million | None | [109] |
| 12 names | [nb 1][nb 2][nb 5] | ||||||||
See also
Notes
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Reference for the names retired between 1963 and 2014.[12]
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Unless otherwise noted the data for the peak classification, wind speeds and pressure columns, comes from either the Australian, Fiji or New Zealand tropical cyclone databases.[18][19]
- ↑ Additional reference for the names Tracy and Joy being retired.[33]
- ↑ This damage total was originally reported in Australian Dollars and was converted to United States Dollars via the fxtop website.[38]
- 1 2 Reference for the names Hamish, Laurence and Magda being retired.[99]
- ↑ Insurance claims in New Zealand associated with the remnants of Severe Tropical Cyclone Ita amounted to NZ$55.3 million.[106] According to the Oanda Corporations currency converter this amounts to US$47.9 million and AU$50.9 million.[107]
- ↑ EM-DAT provides a damage estimate of US$24 million for Cyclone Ita's damage to the Solomon Islands.[90] According to the Oanda Corporations currency converter this amounts to around AU$25 million.[107]
References
- 1 2 3 RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee (October 11, 2018). Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean 2018 (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. pp. I–4 , – II–9 (9–21). Archived from the original on October 12, 2018. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
- ↑ Terry, James P. (2007). "3.4". Tropical cyclones: climatology and impacts in the South Pacific. Springer. pp. 30–31. ISBN 9780387715421.
- ↑ Callaghan, Jeff (18 August 2004). "Tropical Cyclone Impacts along the Australian east coast from November to April 1858–2000" (PDF). Bureau of Meteorology. Australian Severe Weather. Retrieved 2011-02-25.
- ↑ Unattributed (13 March 2010). "Tropical cyclones in Vanuatu: 1847 to 1994" (PDF). Vanuatu Meteorological Service. Pacific Disaster Net. Retrieved 2011-02-25.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Smith, Ray (1990). "What's in a Name?" (PDF). Weather and Climate. The Meteorological Society of New Zealand. 10 (1): 24–26. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
- ↑ Landsea, Christopher W; Dorst, Neal M (1 June 2014). "Subject: Tropical Cyclone Names: B1) How are tropical cyclones named?". Tropical Cyclone Frequently Asked Question. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hurricane Research Division. Archived from the original on 7 June 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
- ↑ "Sex-Shift in Australia: A Cyclone Named 'Alan'". New York Times. Reuters. 30 September 1975. – via New York Times (subscription required)
- 1 2 Dorst, Neal; Hurricane Research Division (23 October 2012). "They Called the Wind Mahina: The History of Naming Cyclones". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. p. Slides 8–72.
- ↑ Reuters (1 June 1969). "It's time (June) to match for Anna...". The Daily Gleaner. Kingston, Jamaica. p. 2. – via The Newspaper Archive (subscription required)
- ↑ RA IV Hurricane Committee (30 May 2013). "Chapter 9: Tropical Cyclone Names". Regional Association IV: Hurricane Operational Plan 2013 (PDF). World Meteorological Organization. pp. 98–99. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
- ↑ Landsea, Christopher W; Dorst, Neal (20 June 2014). "Subject: B3) What storm names have been retired?". Tropical Cyclone Frequently Asked Questions:. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
- 1 2 RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee (5 May 2015). List of Tropical Cyclone Names withdrawn from use due to a Cyclone's Negative Impact on one or more countries (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean 2014). World Meteorological Organization. pp. 2B-1–2B-4 (23–26). Retrieved 6 May 2015.
- ↑ 14. When did the naming of cyclones begin? (Tropical Cyclones Frequently Asked Questions). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
- ↑ Darwin Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre. Tropical Cyclone Audrey (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
- ↑ Darwin Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre. "Tropical Cyclone Flora". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 14 September 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
- ↑ Brisbane Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre. "Historical Tropical Cyclone Impacts Along The East Coast". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 14 September 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
- ↑ Queensland Flood Warning Centre (November 2010). Queensland Flood Summary 1960 - 1969 (Queensland Flood Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
- ↑ "The Australian Tropical Cyclone Database" (CSV). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. A guide on how to read the database is available here.
- ↑ MetService (May 22, 2009). "TCWC Wellington Best Track Data 1967–2006". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship.
- ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Names". Bureau of Meteorology. 2010.
- ↑ Gibbs W J (10 June 1970). Report by Director of Meteorology on Cyclone Ada (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
- ↑ Tropical Cyclone Dora (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
- ↑ "Floods hit QLD again". The Age. 22 February 1971. p. 3. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
- ↑ Brisbane Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre. Tropical Cyclone Gertie (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
- ↑ Brisbane Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre; Darwin Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre. Tropical Cyclone Fiona (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
- ↑ Darwin Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre. "Tropical Cyclone Fiona". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Historical Disaster Statistics". Insurance Council of Australia. 2013. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
- ↑ Brisbane Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (31 July 1972). Report by Director of Meteorology on Cyclone Althea (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. p. 27. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
- ↑ "Event —Townsville, Qld: Cyclone (incl Storm Surge & Tornadoes)". Government of Australia. 2011. Retrieved 2011-02-24.
- ↑ Brisbane Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre. Tropical Cyclone Daisy (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
- ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Emily". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
- ↑ Tropical Cyclone Madge (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 2010. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
- ↑ Wiseman, Neil (17 December 2000). "A real kick in the gusts". The Sunday Mail. Queensland, Australia: Nationwide News. Accessed via Lexis Nexis News archives on 1 July 2012
- ↑ Courtney, Joe; Shepherd, Ian J (26 October 2010). "The benefit of hindsight: re-examining the maximum winds during tropical cyclone Tracy" (PDF). Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Journal. Australia: Bureau of Meteorology. 60: 159–168. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
- ↑ Courtney, Joe B (13 August 2009). Tropical Cyclone Trixie (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
- ↑ "Cyclone Joan December 1975" (PDF). Bureau of Meteorology. 1979. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
- ↑ "Tropical Cyclone David". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
- ↑ "Historical Exchange Rates". fxtop. 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
- ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Ted". Bureau of Meteorology. 2010. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
- ↑ "Severe Tropical Cyclone Alby" (PDF). Bureau of Meteorology. 1979. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
- ↑ "Severe Tropical Cyclone Simon". Bureau of Meteorology. 2010. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
- ↑ "Severe Tropical Cyclone Elinor". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
- ↑ "Severe Tropical Cyclone Kathy". Bureau of Meteorology. 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
- ↑ "Event — Gulf of Carpentaria, Qld & NT: Cyclone (incl storm surge)". Government of Australia. 2010. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
- ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Lance". Bureau of Meteorology. 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
- ↑ "Severe Tropical Cyclone Sandy". Bureau of Meteorology. 2010. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
- ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Manu". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
- ↑ Unattributed (2010). "Tropical Cyclone Agi". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
- ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Charlie". Bureau of Meteorology. 2010. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
- ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Herbie". Bureau of Meteorology. 2010. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
- ↑ Staff Writer (23 May 1988). "Oil Slick Spreads From Shipwreck". Sydney Morning Herald.
- ↑ Perth Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (2014). Tropical Cyclone Ned (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
- ↑ "Report on Severe Tropical Cyclone Aivu" (PDF). Tropical Cyclone Warning Center Brisbane. Bureau of Meteorology. 1990. pp. 6–27. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
- ↑ "Severe Tropical Cyclone Orson" (PDF). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 1992. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
- 1 2 3 Ready, Steve; Woodcock, Frank (2 June 1992). "The South Pacific and Southeast Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season 1989–90" (PDF). Australian Meteorological Magazine. 40: 111–121. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
- ↑ Singh, Arveen K; Fiji Meteorological Service (Summer 1990). DeAngellis, Richard M, ed. "Tropical depression in Coral Sea (former T.C. Felicity), 18 – 20 December 1989" (Mariners Weather Log). 34 (3). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Oceanographic Data Service: 48. hdl:2027/uiug.30112104094245.
- ↑ "Severe Tropical Cyclone Ivor". Bureau of Meteorology. 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
- ↑ C. Thurlow (30 March 1990). "Cyclone Ivor Damage Likely to Reach $15M". QNP. Queensland, Australia: Courier-Mail. (Accessed through LexisNexis)
- ↑ "Death Toll Rises to Six, Losses In Hundreds of Millions". Rockhampton, Australia: Associated Press. 12 January 1991. (Accessed through LexisNexis)
- ↑ Greg Roberts (15 January 1991). "Town Prepares for Evacuation". Brisbane, Australia: Sydney Morning Herald. p. 3. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
- ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Mark". Bureau of Meteorology. 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
- ↑ "Severe Tropical Cyclone Ian". Bureau of Meteorology. 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
- ↑ Tropical Cyclone Nina, December 21, 1992 – January 4, 1993 (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. May 20, 1996. Archived from the original on 5 December 2015. Retrieved December 13, 2015.
- ↑ Severe Tropical Cyclone Oliver. Australian Bureau of Meteorology (Report). Government of Australia. 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
- ↑ Tropical Cyclone Roger. Australian Bureau of Meteorology (Report). Government of Australia. 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
- ↑ http://www.pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/original/PNG_TC_Adel_informrep1_2.pdf
- ↑ Perth Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (2014). Severe Tropical Cyclone Naomi (PDF). Australian Bureau of Meteorology (Report). Government of Australia. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
- ↑ Perth Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (2014). Severe Tropical Cyclone Pearl (PDF). Australian Bureau of Meteorology (Report). Government of Australia. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
- ↑ Perth Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (2014). Severe Tropical Cyclone Sharon (PDF). Australian Bureau of Meteorology (Report). Government of Australia. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
- ↑ Perth Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (2014). Severe Tropical Cyclone Annette (PDF). Australian Bureau of Meteorology (Report). Government of Australia. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
- ↑ Severe Tropical Cyclone Bobby. Australian Bureau of Meteorology (Report). Government of Australia. 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
- ↑ Shepherd, I.J.; Bates, P.W. (1997-06-02). "The South Pacific and Southeast Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclone Season 1994-95" (PDF). Australian Meteorological Magazine. Bureau of Meteorology (46): 143–151. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
- ↑ Tropical Cyclone Violet. Australian Bureau of Meteorology (Report). Government of Australia. 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
- ↑ Severe Tropical Cyclone Warren. Australian Bureau of Meteorology (Report). Government of Australia. 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
- ↑ Tropical Cyclone Agnes. Australian Bureau of Meteorology (Report). Government of Australia. 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
- ↑ Severe Tropical Cyclone Gertie. Australian Bureau of Meteorology (Report). Government of Australia. 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
- ↑ Tropical Cyclone Barry. Australian Bureau of Meteorology (Report). Government of Australia. 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
- ↑ Tropical Cyclone Celeste. Australian Bureau of Meteorology (Report). Government of Australia. 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
- ↑ Tropical Cyclone Celeste. Australian Bureau of Meteorology (Report). Government of Australia. 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
- ↑ Perth Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (2014). Severe Tropical Cyclone Kristy (PDF). Australian Bureau of Meteorology (Report). Government of Australia. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
- ↑ Severe Tropical Cyclone Olivia. Australian Bureau of Meteorology (Report). Government of Australia. 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
- ↑ Perth Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (2014). Severe Tropical Cyclone Rachel (PDF). Australian Bureau of Meteorology (Report). Government of Australia. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
- ↑ Queensland Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (2014). Severe Tropical Cyclone Justin (PDF). Australian Bureau of Meteorology (Report). Government of Australia. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
- ↑ Perth Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (2014). Severe Tropical Cyclone Rhonda (PDF). Australian Bureau of Meteorology (Report). Government of Australia. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
- ↑ Tropical Cyclone Katrina. Australian Bureau of Meteorology (Report). Government of Australia. 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
- ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Sid". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
- ↑ "CYCLONES TO HAVE IMPACTED ON QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA FROM 1864". Windworker.com.au. Retrieved 2009-07-29.
- 1 2 "Cyclone John lashes Australia". British Broadcasting Corporation. 15 December 1999. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
- 1 2 Paterson, Linda; Perth Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (19 May 2010). Severe Tropical Cyclone Laurence (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2011.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters; Guha-Sapir, D. "EM-DAT: The Emergency Events Database". Université catholique de Louvain. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
- ↑ "The Impact from Tropical Cyclone Steve". Tropical Cyclone Steve. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 2001. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
- ↑ "Severe Tropical Cyclone Rosita" (PDF). Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre Perth. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
- ↑ "Severe Tropical Cyclone Sam" (PDF). Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre Perth. Bureau of Meteorology. 2010. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
- ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Upia". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 2010. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
- ↑ Padgett, Gary (2003). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary: June 2003". Australian Severe Weather. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
- ↑ http://www.typhoon2000.ph/garyp_mgtcs/jan06sum.txt
- ↑ http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/pdf/helen.pdf
- ↑ Smith, Kristine (2010). "24Seven: SES helps NW communities after Laurence delivers double blow" (PDF). Fire and Emergency Services Agency. Government of Western Australia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
- ↑ RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South Pacific and South-East Indian Ocean (5 August 2011). Final report of the RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South Pacific and South-East Indian Ocean thirteenth session (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organisation. p. 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
- 1 2 Courtney, Joe (8 February 2010). Severe Tropical Cyclone Magda (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. pp. 1–3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
- ↑ Western Australian Regional Office (13 February 2011). Severe Tropical Cyclone Carlos (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
- ↑ Western Australian Regional Office (9 January 2012). Tropical Cyclone Heidi (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
- ↑ Western Australian Regional Office (9 March 2012). Severe Tropical Cyclone Lua (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
- ↑ Pg 115
- ↑ "July 2012 Global Catastrophe Recap" (PDF). AON Benfield. August 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
- ↑ http://hwe.niwa.co.nz/event/April_2014_New_Zealand_Storm
- 1 2 "Historical Exchange Rates". Oanda Corporation.
- ↑ http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/about/names.shtml
- ↑ http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/Documents/RAV_TCC-17_DOC4.1.3_TCWC-Australia.pdf
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