List of nicknames of European royalty and nobility: W–Z
W
- Waldemar, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal the Great
- Waleran, Duke of Lower Lorraine the Pagan
- Wallis, The Duchess of Windsor the Woman I Love,[1] the Lowest of the Low [2]
- Walter IV of Brienne the Great
- Walter fitz Alan the Steward
- Walter Raleigh the Knight of the Cloak
- Walter Scott, 1st Lord Scott of Buccleuch Bold Buccleuch
- Walter Stewart, 3rd High Steward of Scotland the Steward
- Walter Stewart, Earl of Menteith the Freckled [3]
- Waltheof, 1st Earl of Northampton the Saint
- Wartislaw V, Duke of Pomerania-Wolgast Pater Noster [4]
- Welf II of Bavaria the Fat
- Wenceslas Adam of Silesia the Posthumous
- Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia the Saint, the Sleeper, the Sleeping Hero, the Sleeping King, Good King Wenceslas
- Wenceslaus I, King of Bohemia the Blind
- Wenceslaus II, King of Bohemia the Pious
- Wenceslaus III of Bohemia the Younger
- Wenceslaus, King of the Romans Wenceslaus of Luxemburg, the Lazy ,[5] the Drunkard ,[6] the Sardanapalus of Germany [7]
- Wentworth Beaumont Bonny Boy Beaumont [8]
- Wenzel Anton Graf Kaunitz the Wily Chancellor [9]
- Werner I the Pious, the Pompous
- Werner V of Zimmern (1290–1384) the Posthumous
- Wifred the Hairy
- Wilhelm I of Germany the Cartridge Prince [10]
- Wilhelm, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg the Rich
- Wigstan of Mercia the Saint
- Wilhelm II of Germany the Reise-Kaiser, Wilhelm the Sudden Gondola Billy
- William I, German Emperor Kaiser Tartuffe,[11] the Prince of Grapeshot
- William I of England William the Conqueror, William the Bastard
- William I of Scotland William the Lion,[12][13] the Rough[14]
- William I, Count of Aumale the Fat [15]
- William I, Count of Auvergne, 841–846 the Lion
- William I, Count of Burgundy the Great
- William I, Count of Hainaut the Father-in-law of Europe
- William I, Count of Mello (1163–1248) the Younger
- William I, Count of Namur, 1337–1391 the Rich
- William I, Count of Provence, 968–993 the Father of the Country, the Liberator
- William I, Duke of Bavaria the Mad Count
- William I, Duke of Luneburg (1184–1213), the Fat, the Old
- William I, Landgrave of Hesse the Elder
- Guillaume V of Chalon, Count of Auxerre (d.1304) the Great
- William I of Nassau-Dillenburg the Old, the Rich
- William I of the Netherlands the Copper King, the Enlightened Despot, the King-Merchant, the Merchant King [16][17][18]
- William I of Normandy Longsword,[19] the Long-Armed
- William I of Orange the Silent
- William I of Solm-Greifenstein (1592–1635) the Elder
- William I of Sicily the Bad
- William I of Thuringia the Rich
- William I Talvas
- William II, German Emperor Kaiser Bill
- William II, Count of Alençon Talvas
- William II, Count of Angoulême (978–1028) Taillefer
- William II, Count of Burgundy the German
- William II, Count of Julich, 1176–1207 the Great
- William II, Landgrave of Hesse the Intermediate, the Younger
- William II, Lord of Béthune the Red [20]
- William II, Viscount of Marseilles the Fat [21]
- William II of Aquitaine the Younger
- William II of England William Rufus, the Herdsman of Wild Beasts, the Wood-keeper [22]
- William II of the Netherlands the Young Frog, the Little Frog",[23][24] the Hero of Waterloo"
- William II of Sicily the Good
- William II of Solm-Greifenstein (1635–1676) the Younger
- William II of Weimar the Great [25]
- William II de la Marck the King of the Sea Beggars [26]
- William III, Landgrave of Thuringia, 1445–1482 the Brave
- William III, Landgrave of Upper Hesse, 1483-1500 the Younger
- William III of Aquitaine the Towhead, the Burlap-Head, Tête d'Étoupe, the Pious
- William III of Brunswick the Elder
- William III of England Dutch William,[27] King Billy, Mr. Caliban, William of Holland, William of Orange [28]
- William III of the Netherlands the Greatest Debauchee of the Age
- William III of Ponthieu Talvas
- William III, Count of Burgundy the Child
- William IV, Duke of Bavaria the Steadfast, Steady, Constant
- William IV, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg the Younger
- William IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) the Wise
- William IV, Prince of Orange William Friso
- William IV of Aquitaine the Iron-Arm
- William IV of Ponthieu Talvas
- William IV of the United Kingdom Silly Billy, the Sailor King, Sailor Billy, the Royal Tar [29]
- William V, Duke of Bavaria the Pious
- William V, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) the Constable
- William V, Margrave of Montferrat Inforzato
- William V, Marquess of Montferrat (c.1110–1191) the Elder
- William V, Prince of Orange the Batavian, Batavus
- William V of Aquitaine the Great
- William V of Montferrat the Old
- William VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel)
- William VI of Aquitaine the Fat
- William VII of Aquitaine William the Eagle
- William VII of Montferrat the Great Marquess
- William IX of Aquitaine the Troubadour, the Minstrel
- William X of Aquitaine le Toulousain, the Saint
- William Clito [30]
- William Iron-Arm
- William, Count of Eu Bussac, Busac [15]
- William, Count of Ivry the Little Wolf
- William, Count of Melun the Carpenter [31][32]
- William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg the Younger
- William, Duke of Guelders, 1538-1543 the Rich
- William, Duke of Luneburg (d.1213) William of Manchester
- William III, Duke of Luxembourg the Brave
- William, Landgrave of Thuringia the One-Eyed
- William Lord of Bournonville (c.1040–1071) the Brown
- William, Margrave of Parodi (d.c. 1199) Saraceno [33]
- William, Margrave of Parodi Pallodino, Palloda [33]
- William of Austria the Handsome, the Affable, the Ambitious
- William of Champlitte the Champion
- William of Dampierre (1250–1311) the Landless
- William of Eu the Elder [15]
- William of Eu the Younger [15]
- William of Évreux Crispin [15]
- William of Gellone the Iron-Arm, William of Narbonne, William of Orange, the Short-Nosed, au Court Nez, the Short-Nosed Marquis, the Great, the Saint, Marquis au Court Nez, Firebrace
- William of Germany William of Holland, Villiquins [34]
- William of Ivry Lovel [15]
- William of Luneburg, Duke of Saxony (1184–1213) the Long-Armed
- William of Marck the Rich
- William of Montferrat the Long-Armed
- William of Montferrat, Count of Jaffa and Ascalon Longsword
- William of Normandy, Count of Eu the Consul
- William of Torresana (d. after 925) the Pagan, son of Aleramo, Marquess of Montferrat
- William of Tortosa the Tench [35]
- Prince William, Duke of Cambridge Billy the Fish,[36] Wills, Willy Wombat [37]
- William d'Aubigny (Brito) the Briton [38][39]
- William d'Aubigny Meschin
- William d'Aubigny the Strong Hand (Pincerna) [40] [41]
- William d'Aubigny (rebel) the Surety, the Magna Carta Baron [42]
- William de Braose, 4th Lord of Bramber the Ogre of Abergavenny [43][44]
- William de Braose (died 1230) Black William [45]
- William de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster the Brown Earl [46][47][48]
- William de Forz, 3rd Earl of Albemarle the Surety, the Magna Carta Baron [42]
- William de Hardell the Surety, the Magna Carta Baron [42]
- William de Huntingfield the Surety, the Magna Carta Baron [42]
- William de Lanvallei the Surety, the Magna Carta Baron [42]
- William de la Marck (d.1485) the Wild Boar of the Ardennes, The Boar of Ardennes, The Ardennes Boar [26]
- William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury Longsword [49]
- William de Mowbray the Surety, the Magna Carta Baron [42]
- William de Percy, 1st Baron Percy (1040–1096) With the Whiskers, Algernon, Algersnons (With the Whiskers)
- William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey Bellencombre
- William Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach the Posthumous
- William Berkeley, 1st Marquess of Berkeley the Wastall
- William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire the Bachelor, the Bachelor Duke [50]
- William Douglas (d.1298) the Hardy
- William Douglas, Lord of Liddesdale the Knight of Liddesdale, the Black Douglas, the Flower of Chivalry, England's Scourge and Scotland's Bulwark [51][52][53]
- William Douglas, 4th Duke of Queensberry Old Q[54][55]
- William FitzOsbern, 1st Earl of Hereford The Bravest of the Normans [30]
- William Fitz Robert, 2nd Earl of Gloucester (1116–1183) Mafonache, natural grandson of Henry I of England
- William Francis, Margrave of Parodi Francigena [33]
- Lord William Howard Bald Willy, Belted Will, Belted Will Howard, the Civiliser of the English Borders [56][57]
- William George of Kirchberg the Posthumous
- William Goël of Ivry Goël, Goellus
- William Ironarm [30]
- William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg Us Heit (Our Father) [58]
- William Malet the Surety, the Magna Carta Baron [42]
- William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (d.1231) the Surety, the Magna Carta Baron [42]
- William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke William the Marshal, William Wastemeat,[59] the Flower of Chivalry, the Greatest Knight that Ever Lived, the Protector[60]
- William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke the Surety, the Magna Carta Baron [42]
- William Maule, 1st Baron Panmure the Generous Sportsman, the King of the Patrons [61]
- William Molyneux, 2nd Earl of Sefton Lord Dashalong [55]
- William Mure the Knight of Rowallan [62]
- William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne the Jesuit in Berkeley Square, Malagrida [63][64]
- William Peverel the Younger
- William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham the Great Commoner, the Elder, the British Cicero [65][66]
- William Raymond II, Baron of Moncada (1090–1173) the Great Seneschal
- William Sinclair, 1st Baron Roslin (1028–1070) the Seemly [67]
- William the Silent Father William,[68] the Father of the Fatherland, the Taciturn,[68] the Younger, the Father of the County, the High-Born Demosthenes [7][69][69][70]
- William the Victorious, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
- Władysław I the Elbow-high
- Władysław II the Exile
- Władysław III Spindleshanks
- Wojciech Radziwill, Bishop of Vilnius the Almoner [71]
Regnal name
- William III, Count of Hainaut: William I, Duke of Bavaria
- William IV, Count of Zeeland: William I, Duke of Bavaria
- William V, Count of Holland: William I, Duke of Bavaria
- William VII, Count of Poitou: William IX, Duke of Aquitaine
- William X, Margrave of Montferrat: William I, Duke of Mantua
Y
- Yahya ben al-Mundhir of Zaragoza al-Muzzafar [72]
- Yahya ben Ismail ben Yahya of Toledo al-Qadir (the Able) [72]
- Yahya ben Ismail of Toledo al-Mamun [72]
- Yahya ben Muhammad of Badajoz al-Mansur [72]
- Yaroslav I the Wise the Father-in-law of Europe, the Wise
- Yaroslav I, Prince of Riazan (d.1219) the Younger
- Yaroslav II, Prince of Pereyaslavl, 1187–1198 Krasniy, the Red
- Yaroslav II of Russia Blagodoudny
- Yaroslav, Prince of Novgorod, 1176–1177 the Handsome
- Yaroslav of Tver Athanase, the Resolute
- Yaroslav Osmomysl the Thinker, Osmomysl [73]
- Yolande of Aragon the Prettiest Woman in the Kingdom,[74] the Queen of the Four Kingdoms [75]
- Yolande of Jerusalem Yolande of Acre, Yolande of Brienne
- Yuri II the Saint
- Yuri II, Prince of Dmitrov, Mozhaysk and Serpukhov, 1462–1472 the Younger
- Yuri II, Prince of Uglich, 1533–1563 the Intermediate
- Yury III, Grand Prince of Vladimir (d.1325) the Red
- Yuri V, Grand Prince of Suzdal the Mute [76]
- Yuri of Moscow [77] the Elder
- Yuri, Prince of Turov, 1157–1184 the Elder
- Yuri Dolgoruki Yuri of the Long Hands
- Yury Bogolyubsky the God-Loving
- Yury of Moscow the Red
- Yves (d.1178), Count of Soissons the Old
Z
- Zeno (emperor) Tarasicodissa, Trascalissaeus,[78] the Isaurian
- Ziemovit III, Duke of Mazovia, 1341–1381 Starzsy
- Ziemowit IV of Mazovia the Elder
- Zoe (empress) the Purple-Born
Notes
- ↑ Lucy Moore (31 March 2002). "A wicked twinkle and a streak of steel | UK news | The Observer". London: Observer.guardian.co.uk. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ "The Queen Mother: a life in quotes | UK news | The Observer". London: Observer.guardian.co.uk. 31 March 2002. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ "The Earldom of Menteith". Electricscotland.com. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ Cawley, Charles (18 February 2011), Pomerania, Medieval Lands database, Foundation for Medieval Genealogy ,
- ↑ "The Light & The Dark: Vademecum - The Nadir Of The Holy Roman Empire". Home.wanadoo.nl. Archived from the original on 8 February 2012. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20070208131818/http://www.augustiniani.cz/en/history.html. Archived from the original on 8 February 2007. Retrieved 24 March 2007. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - 1 2 "Free Online Literature and Study Guides". Bibliomania. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ "Captains". Yeomenoftheguard.com. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ Archived 12 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ "William I of England Summary & Analysis". BookRags.com. 2 November 2010. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ "Free Online Literature and Study Guides". Bibliomania. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ "Famous Scots - King William I "The Lion"". Rampantscotland.com. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ "CHAPTER 26". Reformation.org. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ Uilleam Garbh; e.g. Annals of Ulster, s.a. 1214.6; Annals of Loch Cé, s.a. 1213.10.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cawley, Charles (20 June 2012), Normandy Nobility, Medieval Lands database, Foundation for Medieval Genealogy ,
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20080218132604/http://www.netherlands.info/History.html. Archived from the original on 18 February 2008. Retrieved 24 March 2008. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20070927195239/http://www.art.nl/journal/article.aspx?ID=41. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 23 March 2007. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "The Kingdom of The Netherlands". Nettyroyal.nl. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ "The Rollonid Principality 2.4". ORB. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ web.genealogie
- ↑ "Vizcondes de Marsella". Bisabuelos.com. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ "August 2nd". Thebookofdays.com. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ P L Kessler & Dirk van Duijvenbode. "Kingdoms of the Netherlands - Holland". Historyfiles.co.uk. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ "Princess Charlotte & Prince Leopold". Georgianindex.net. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ wilhelm_2_der_grosse_graf_von_weimar_+_1003
- 1 2 https://web.archive.org/web/20051030065915/http://www.arenbergcenter.com/en/histoire/dates.htm. Archived from the original on 30 October 2005. Retrieved 12 February 2007. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ The Princes of Orange: The Stadholders in the Dutch Republic - Herbert H. Rowen - Google Books. 20 September 1990. Retrieved July 2012 – via Google Books. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ "Bonnie Prince Charlie and the Jacobites, Scotland - UK History". scotshistoryonline.co.uk. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
- ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
- 1 2 3 The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare - Jim Bradbury - Google Boeken. Retrieved July 2012 – via Google Books. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ "El encabezado va aquí". Terra.es. Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/c/a/r/John-R-Carpenter/FILE/0038text.txt
- 1 2 3
- ↑ web.genealogie
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20070927034214/http://www.ruecaterine.com/Booklet/Majorcan.html. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 18 March 2007. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Prince William's RAF nickname - Billy the Fish! - Hindustan Times (New Delhi, India) | HighBeam Research
- ↑ "h2g2 - Prince William - the First 20 Years". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ Ancestors Now - THE FORSYTHE SAGA
- ↑ "Vol II File 2: The Paternal Ancestry of Homer Beers James". Homepages.rootsweb.com. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ "Banks/Dean Genealogy - Person Page 52". Gordonbanks.com. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ "Some proposed corrections and additions to the Complete Peerage: Volume 1: Arundel". Medievalgenealogy.org.uk. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 https://web.archive.org/web/20070202010336/http://magnacharta.org/magna_charta_barons_at_runnymede.htm. Archived from the original on 2 February 2007. Retrieved 23 March 2007. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "William de Braose, 4th Lord of Bramber". Freespace.virgin.net. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ "Maud de St Valery". Freespace.virgin.net. Archived from the original on 11 May 2012. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20070223214442/http://freespace.virgin.net/doug.thompson/BraoseWeb/John.htm. Archived from the original on 23 February 2007. Retrieved 11 March 2007. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "ulsterbiography.co.uk". ulsterbiography.co.uk. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ "Murder Of "Brown Earl" Of Ulster And Its Effects » Ireland History – Northern Irish History Belfast Dublin". Irelandhistory.org. 29 April 2008. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ "Old Buildings Database - History Timeline - Scotch Irish - Ulster Scots - Siege of Londonderry (Derry) - Genealogy". Lynx 2 Ulster. Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ Robert Sewell. "William Longespee". Robertsewell.ca. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ "The Treasures of Arundel Castle". Timetravel-britain.com. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ "Significant Scots - William Douglas". Electricscotland.com. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20060217063909/http://www.blae.net/douglas/williamofliddesdale.htm. Archived from the original on 17 February 2006. Retrieved 14 March 2007. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "Overview of Sir William Douglas". Scottish-places.info. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20060217064259/http://www.blae.net/douglas/william4thdukeofquensberry.htm. Archived from the original on 17 February 2006. Retrieved 18 March 2007. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - 1 2 "The Prince Regents Set". Georgian Index. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ "October 20th". Thebookofdays.com. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ The Portrait Gallery of Distinguished Females: Including Beauties of the ... - John Burke - Google Boeken. Retrieved July 2012 – via Google Books. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20070202021746/http://www.allaboutbeer.com/features/242dutch.html. Archived from the original on 2 February 2007. Retrieved 14 March 2007. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "williammarshal.com". williammarshal.com. Archived from the original on 10 September 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
- ↑ http://www.templarhistory.com/marshall.html
- ↑ "The Greatest Patron of them All". Ibiblio.org. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ "King Coil - Future Museum South West Scotland". Futuremuseum.co.uk. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20070303114146/http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/Page163.asp. Archived from the original on 3 March 2007. Retrieved 12 March 2007. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑
- ↑
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20070303113908/http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/Page167.asp. Archived from the original on 3 March 2007. Retrieved 28 March 2007. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "William ``the Seemly'' Sinclair, First Baron of Roslin". Sinclair.quarterman.org. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - 1 2 The Gentleman's Magazine - Google Books. Retrieved July 2012 – via Google Books. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - 1 2 Cees Kloosterman (31 May 1938). "Kloosterman Genealogy, William of Orange". Kloosterman.be. Archived from the original on 11 April 2010. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/images/LowCountries/WilliamofOrange(theSilent)01.jpg%5Bunreliable+source%5D
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20061231031433/http://www.szlachta.org/2radziwill.htm. Archived from the original on 31 December 2006. Retrieved 11 March 2007. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - 1 2 3 4 "3.2 1 Fase de los Reinos Taifas". Personales.ya.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ "Weekly.ua". weekly.com.ua. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
- ↑ "Yolande d'Aragon Web Page". Xenophongroup.com. 15 March 2004. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ "Yolande d'Aragon Web Page". Xenophongroup.com. 15 March 2004. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ "Principal Court of Suzdal". Forum.paradoxplaza.com. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ Marek, Miroslav (23 January 2009). "Rurikids 15". Genealogy.euweb.cz. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - ↑ "Security Alert:". Historymedren.about.com. 13 March 2009. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help)
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