List of living former members of the United States Cabinet
The following is a list of living former members of the United States Cabinet. In the political system established by the United States Constitution, the President is authorized to seek advice from the principal officers of the various departments as he (or she) performs their official duties. A president's cabinet is composed of these principal officers.
Currently, the officials comprising the president's cabinet include the Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of Defense, Attorney General, Secretary of the Interior, Secretary of Agriculture, Secretary of Commerce, Secretary of Labor, Secretary of Health and Human Services, Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, Secretary of Transportation, Secretary of Energy, Secretary of Education, Secretary of Veterans Affairs, and Secretary of Homeland Security. It formerly also included the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare. Individuals who served in this capacity are listed here. Not listed are persons who served in positions considered to be of cabinet level but which are not part of the Cabinet, such as the Vice President, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, and the United States Trade Representative.
Cabinet members from each of the ten most recent presidential administrations (since the presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson, 1963–1969) are still living, including all former cabinet members from the Obama and Trump administrations. The oldest living former cabinet member is George P. Shultz, Secretary of Labor and Secretary of the Treasury during the Nixon Administration and Secretary of State during the Reagan Administration. The youngest living former cabinet member is John King Jr., Secretary of Education during the Obama Administration. The most recent cabinet member to die was Samuel Bodman, United States Secretary of Energy during the George W. Bush Administration.
L. B. Johnson Administration (1963–1969)
There are two former members of Lyndon B. Johnson's Cabinet still living.
Name | Position | Tenure | Birthdate | Age |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alan Boyd | Secretary of Transportation | January 16, 1967 – January 20, 1969 | July 20, 1922 | 96 years, 84 days |
Ramsey Clark | Attorney General | March 10, 1967 – January 20, 1969 | December 18, 1927 | 90 years, 298 days |
Nixon Administration (1969–1974)
There are three former members of Richard Nixon's Cabinet still living.
Name | Position | Tenure | Birthdate | Age |
---|---|---|---|---|
Frederick Dent | Secretary of Commerce | February 2, 1973 – August 9, 1974[lower-alpha 1] | August 17, 1922 | 96 years, 56 days |
Henry Kissinger[1] | Secretary of State | September 22, 1973 – August 9, 1974[lower-alpha 1] | May 27, 1923 | 95 years, 138 days |
George Shultz[2] | Secretary of Labor Secretary of the Treasury | January 22, 1969 – July 1, 1970 June 12, 1972 – May 8, 1974[lower-alpha 2] | December 13, 1920 | 97 years, 303 days |
Ford Administration (1974–1977)
There are six former members of Gerald Ford's Cabinet still living.
Name | Position | Tenure | Birthdate | Age |
---|---|---|---|---|
Frederick Dent | Secretary of Commerce | August 9, 1974 – March 26, 1975 | August 17, 1922 | 96 years, 56 days |
Carla Hills | Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | March 10, 1975 – January 20, 1977 | January 3, 1934 | 84 years, 282 days |
Henry Kissinger[1] | Secretary of State | August 9, 1974 – January 20, 1977 | May 27, 1923 | 95 years, 138 days |
John Knebel | Secretary of Agriculture | November 4, 1976 – January 20, 1977 | October 4, 1936 | 82 years, 8 days |
David Mathews | Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare[lower-alpha 3] | August 8, 1975 – January 20, 1977 | December 6, 1935 | 82 years, 310 days |
Donald Rumsfeld | Secretary of Defense | November 20, 1975 – January 20, 1977[lower-alpha 4] | July 9, 1932 | 86 years, 95 days |
Carter Administration (1977–1981)
There are nine former members of Jimmy Carter's Cabinet still living.
Name | Position | Tenure | Birthdate | Age |
---|---|---|---|---|
Robert Bergland | Secretary of Agriculture | January 23, 1977 – January 20, 1981 | July 22, 1928 | 90 years, 82 days |
Michael Blumenthal | Secretary of the Treasury | January 23, 1977 – August 4, 1979 | January 3, 1926 | 92 years, 282 days |
Harold Brown | Secretary of Defense | January 21, 1977 – January 20, 1981 | September 19, 1927 | 91 years, 23 days |
Joseph Califano | Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare[lower-alpha 3] | January 25, 1977 – August 3, 1979 | May 15, 1931 | 87 years, 150 days |
Benjamin Civiletti | Attorney General | August 16, 1979 – January 19, 1981 | July 17, 1935 | 83 years, 87 days |
Charles Duncan[3] | Secretary of Energy | August 24, 1979 – January 20, 1981 | September 9, 1926 | 92 years, 33 days |
Neil Goldschmidt | Secretary of Transportation | August 15, 1979 – January 20, 1981 | June 16, 1940 | 78 years, 118 days |
Moon Landrieu | Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | September 24, 1979 – January 20, 1981 | July 23, 1930 | 88 years, 81 days |
Ray Marshall | Secretary of Labor | January 27, 1977 – January 20, 1981 | August 22, 1928 | 90 years, 51 days |
Reagan Administration (1981–1989)
There are 16 former members of Ronald Reagan's Cabinet still living.
Name | Position | Tenure | Birthdate | Age |
---|---|---|---|---|
James Baker[4] | Secretary of the Treasury | February 4, 1985 – August 17, 1988[lower-alpha 5] | April 28, 1930 | 88 years, 167 days |
William Bennett | Secretary of Education | February 6, 1985 – September 20, 1988 | July 31, 1943 | 75 years, 101 days |
John Block | Secretary of Agriculture | January 23, 1981 – February 14, 1986 | February 15, 1935 | 83 years, 239 days |
Nicholas Brady | Secretary of the Treasury | September 15, 1988 – January 20, 1989[lower-alpha 6] | April 11, 1930 | 88 years, 184 days |
Bill Brock | Secretary of Labor | April 29, 1985 – October 31, 1987 | November 23, 1930 | 87 years, 323 days |
James Burnley | Secretary of Transportation | December 2, 1987 – January 30, 1989 | July 30, 1948 | 70 years, 74 days |
Lauro Cavazos | Secretary of Education | September 20, 1988 – January 20, 1989[lower-alpha 6] | January 4, 1927 | 91 years, 281 days |
Elizabeth Dole | Secretary of Transportation | February 7, 1983 – September 30, 1987[lower-alpha 7] | July 29, 1936 | 82 years, 75 days |
Ray Donovan | Secretary of Labor | February 4, 1981 – March 15, 1985 | August 31, 1930 | 88 years, 42 days |
John Herrington[3] | Secretary of Energy | February 7, 1985 – January 20, 1989 | May 31, 1939 | 79 years, 134 days |
Donald Hodel[3] | Secretary of Energy Secretary of the Interior | November 5, 1982 – February 7, 1985 February 8, 1985 – January 20, 1989 | May 23, 1935 | 83 years, 142 days |
Ann Korologos | Secretary of Labor | December 17, 1987 – January 20, 1989 | November 16, 1941 | 76 years, 330 days |
Edwin Meese | Attorney General | February 25, 1985 – July 5, 1988 | December 2, 1931 | 86 years, 314 days |
George Shultz[2] | Secretary of State | July 16, 1982 – January 20, 1989 | December 13, 1920 | 97 years, 303 days |
Dick Thornburgh | Attorney General | August 15, 1988 – January 20, 1989[lower-alpha 6] | July 16, 1932 | 86 years, 88 days |
James Watt | Secretary of the Interior | January 23, 1981 – November 8, 1983 | January 31, 1938 | 80 years, 254 days |
G. H. W. Bush Administration (1989–1993)
There are 14 former members of George H. W. Bush's Cabinet still living.
Name | Position | Tenure | Birthdate | Age |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lamar Alexander | Secretary of Education | March 22, 1991 – January 20, 1993 | July 3, 1940 | 78 years, 101 days |
James Baker[4] | Secretary of State | January 20, 1989 – August 23, 1992 | April 28, 1930 | 88 years, 167 days |
William Barr | Attorney General | November 26, 1991 – January 20, 1993 | May 23, 1950 | 68 years, 142 days |
Nicholas Brady | Secretary of the Treasury | January 20, 1989 – January 17, 1993 | April 11, 1930 | 88 years, 184 days |
Andrew Card | Secretary of Transportation | February 24, 1992 – January 20, 1993 | May 10, 1947 | 71 years, 155 days |
Lauro Cavazos | Secretary of Education | January 20, 1989 – December 12, 1990 | January 4, 1927 | 91 years, 281 days |
Dick Cheney | Secretary of Defense | March 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993 | January 30, 1941 | 77 years, 255 days |
Elizabeth Dole | Secretary of Labor | January 25, 1989 – November 23, 1990 | July 29, 1936 | 82 years, 75 days |
Barbara Franklin | Secretary of Commerce | February 27, 1992 – January 20, 1993 | March 19, 1940 | 78 years, 207 days |
Manuel Lujan | Secretary of the Interior | February 3, 1989 – January 20, 1993 | May 12, 1928 | 90 years, 153 days |
Lynn Martin | Secretary of Labor | February 22, 1991 – January 20, 1993 | December 26, 1939 | 78 years, 290 days |
Samuel Skinner | Secretary of Transportation | February 6, 1989 – December 15, 1991 | June 10, 1938 | 80 years, 124 days |
Louis Sullivan | Secretary of Health and Human Services | March 1, 1989 – January 20, 1993 | November 3, 1933 | 84 years, 343 days |
Dick Thornburgh | Attorney General | January 20, 1989 – August 15, 1991 | July 16, 1932 | 86 years, 88 days |
Clinton Administration (1993–2001)
There are 21 former members of Bill Clinton's Cabinet still living.
Name | Position | Tenure | Birthdate | Age |
---|---|---|---|---|
Madeleine Albright[5] | Secretary of State | January 23, 1997–January 20, 2001 | May 15, 1937 | 81 years, 150 days |
Bruce Babbitt | Secretary of the Interior | January 22, 1993 – January 2, 2001 | June 27, 1938 | 80 years, 107 days |
Henry Cisneros | Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | January 22, 1993 – January 19, 1997 | June 11, 1947 | 71 years, 123 days |
William Cohen | Secretary of Defense | January 24, 1997 – January 20, 2001 | August 28, 1940 | 78 years, 45 days |
Andrew Cuomo | Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | January 29, 1997 – January 20, 2001 | December 6, 1957 | 60 years, 310 days |
William Daley | Secretary of Commerce | January 30, 1997 – July 19, 2000 | August 8, 1948 | 70 years, 65 days |
Mike Espy | Secretary of Agriculture | January 22, 1993 – December 31, 1994 | November 30, 1953 | 64 years, 316 days |
Dan Glickman | Secretary of Agriculture | March 30, 1995 – January 19, 2001 | November 24, 1944 | 73 years, 322 days |
Alexis Herman | Secretary of Labor | May 1, 1997 – January 20, 2001 | July 16, 1947 | 71 years, 117 days |
Mickey Kantor | Secretary of Commerce | April 12, 1996 – January 21, 1997 | August 7, 1939 | 79 years, 66 days |
Norman Mineta | Secretary of Commerce | July 20, 2000 – January 20, 2001[lower-alpha 8] | November 12, 1931 | 86 years, 334 days |
Hazel O'Leary[3] | Secretary of Energy | January 22, 1993 – January 20, 1997 | May 17, 1937 | 81 years, 148 days |
Federico Peña[3] | Secretary of Transportation Secretary of Energy | January 21, 1993 – February 14, 1997 March 12, 1997 – June 30, 1998 | March 15, 1947 | 71 years, 211 days |
William Perry | Secretary of Defense | February 3, 1994 – January 23, 1997 | October 11, 1927 | 91 years, 1 day |
Robert Reich | Secretary of Labor | January 22, 1993 – January 10, 1997 | June 24, 1946 | 72 years, 110 days |
Bill Richardson[3] | Secretary of Energy | August 18, 1998 – January 20, 2001 | November 15, 1947 | 70 years, 331 days |
Richard Riley | Secretary of Education | January 21, 1993 – January 20, 2001 | January 2, 1933 | 85 years, 283 days |
Robert Rubin | Secretary of the Treasury | January 11, 1995 – July 2, 1999 | August 29, 1938 | 80 years, 44 days |
Donna Shalala | Secretary of Health and Human Services | January 22, 1993 – January 20, 2001 | February 14, 1941 | 77 years, 240 days |
Rodney Slater | Secretary of Transportation | February 14, 1997 – January 20, 2001 | February 23, 1955 | 63 years, 231 days |
Lawrence Summers | Secretary of the Treasury | July 2, 1999 – January 20, 2001 | November 30, 1954 | 63 years, 316 days |
G. W. Bush Administration (2001–2009)
There are 33 former members of George W. Bush's Cabinet still living.
Name | Position | Tenure | Birthdate | Age |
---|---|---|---|---|
Spencer Abraham[3] | Secretary of Energy | January 20, 2001 – February 1, 2005 | June 12, 1952 | 66 years, 122 days |
John Ashcroft | Attorney General | February 2, 2001 – February 3, 2005 | May 9, 1942 | 76 years, 156 days |
Elaine Chao | Secretary of Labor | January 29, 2001 – January 20, 2009[lower-alpha 9] | March 26, 1953 | 65 years, 200 days |
Michael Chertoff | Secretary of Homeland Security | February 15, 2005 – January 21, 2009 | November 28, 1953 | 64 years, 318 days |
Donald Evans | Secretary of Commerce | January 20, 2001 – February 7, 2005 | July 27, 1946 | 72 years, 77 days |
Robert Gates | Secretary of Defense | December 18, 2006 – January 20, 2009[lower-alpha 10] | September 25, 1943 | 75 years, 17 days |
Alberto Gonzales | Attorney General | February 3, 2005 – September 17, 2007 | August 4, 1955 | 63 years, 69 days |
Carlos Gutierrez | Secretary of Commerce | February 7, 2005 – January 20, 2009 | November 4, 1953 | 64 years, 342 days |
Alphonso Jackson | Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | March 31, 2004 – April 18, 2008 | September 9, 1945 | 73 years, 33 days |
Mike Johanns | Secretary of Agriculture | January 21, 2005 – September 20, 2007 | June 18, 1950 | 68 years, 116 days |
Dirk Kempthorne | Secretary of the Interior | June 7, 2006 – January 20, 2009 | October 29, 1951 | 66 years, 348 days |
Mike Leavitt | Secretary of Health and Human Services | January 26, 2005 – January 20, 2009 | February 11, 1951 | 67 years, 243 days |
Mel Martínez | Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | January 24, 2001 – December 13, 2003 | October 23, 1946 | 71 years, 354 days |
Norman Mineta | Secretary of Transportation | January 25, 2001 – July 7, 2006 | November 12, 1931 | 86 years, 334 days |
Michael Mukasey | Attorney General | November 9, 2007 – January 20, 2009 | July 28, 1941 | 77 years, 76 days |
Jim Nicholson | Secretary of Veterans Affairs | January 26, 2005 – October 1, 2007 | February 4, 1938 | 80 years, 250 days |
Gale Norton | Secretary of the Interior | January 31, 2001 – March 31, 2006 | March 11, 1954 | 64 years, 215 days |
Paul O'Neill | Secretary of the Treasury | January 20, 2001 – December 31, 2002 | December 4, 1935 | 82 years, 312 days |
Rod Paige | Secretary of Education | January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2005 | June 17, 1933 | 85 years, 117 days |
Henry Paulson | Secretary of the Treasury | July 3, 2006 – January 20, 2009 | March 28, 1946 | 72 years, 198 days |
James Peake | Secretary of Veterans Affairs | December 20, 2007 – January 20, 2009 | June 18, 1944 | 74 years, 116 days |
Mary Peters | Secretary of Transportation | October 17, 2006 – January 20, 2009 | December 4, 1948 | 69 years, 312 days |
Colin Powell[6] | Secretary of State | January 20, 2001 – January 26, 2005 | April 5, 1937 | 81 years, 190 days |
Steve Preston | Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | June 5, 2008 – January 20, 2009 | August 4, 1960 | 58 years, 69 days |
Anthony Principi | Secretary of Veterans Affairs | January 23, 2001 – January 26, 2005 | April 16, 1944 | 74 years, 179 days |
Condoleezza Rice[7] | Secretary of State | January 26, 2005 – January 20, 2009 | November 14, 1954 | 63 years, 332 days |
Tom Ridge | Secretary of Homeland Security | January 24, 2003 – February 1, 2005 | August 26, 1945 | 73 years, 47 days |
Donald Rumsfeld | Secretary of Defense | January 20, 2001 – December 18, 2006 | July 9, 1932 | 86 years, 95 days |
Ed Schafer | Secretary of Agriculture | January 28, 2008 – January 20, 2009 | August 8, 1946 | 72 years, 65 days |
John Snow | Secretary of the Treasury | February 3, 2003 – June 28, 2006 | August 2, 1939 | 79 years, 71 days |
Margaret Spellings | Secretary of Education | January 20, 2005 – January 20, 2009 | November 30, 1957 | 60 years, 316 days |
Tommy Thompson | Secretary of Health and Human Services | February 2, 2001 – January 26, 2005 | November 19, 1941 | 76 years, 327 days |
Ann Veneman | Secretary of Agriculture | January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2005 | June 29, 1949 | 69 years, 105 days |
Obama Administration (2009–2017)
There are 32 former members of Barack Obama's Cabinet still living.
Name | Position | Tenure | Birthdate | Age |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sylvia Mathews Burwell | Secretary of Health and Human Services | June 9, 2014 – January 20, 2017 | June 23, 1965 | 53 years, 111 days |
John Bryson | Secretary of Commerce | October 21, 2011 – June 21, 2012 | July 24, 1943 | 75 years, 80 days |
Julian Castro | Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | July 28, 2014 – January 20, 2017 | September 16, 1974 | 44 years, 26 days |
Ashton Carter | Secretary of Defense | February 17, 2015 – January 20, 2017 | September 24, 1954 | 64 years, 18 days |
Steven Chu[3] | Secretary of Energy | January 21, 2009 – April 22, 2013 | February 28, 1948 | 70 years, 226 days |
Hillary Clinton[8] | Secretary of State | January 21, 2009 – February 1, 2013 | October 26, 1947 | 70 years, 351 days |
Shaun Donovan | Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | January 26, 2009 – July 28, 2014 | January 24, 1966 | 52 years, 261 days |
Arne Duncan | Secretary of Education | January 21, 2009 – January 1, 2016 | November 6, 1964 | 53 years, 340 days |
Anthony Foxx | Secretary of Transportation | July 2, 2013 – January 20, 2017 | April 30, 1971 | 47 years, 165 days |
Robert Gates | Secretary of Defense | January 20, 2009 – June 30, 2011 | September 25, 1943 | 75 years, 17 days |
Timothy Geithner | Secretary of the Treasury | January 26, 2009 – January 25, 2013 | August 18, 1961 | 57 years, 55 days |
Chuck Hagel | Secretary of Defense | February 27, 2013 – February 17, 2015 | October 4, 1946 | 72 years, 8 days |
Eric Holder | Attorney General | February 3, 2009 – April 27, 2015 | January 21, 1951 | 67 years, 264 days |
Sally Jewell | Secretary of the Interior | April 12, 2013 – January 20, 2017 | February 21, 1956 | 62 years, 233 days |
Jeh Johnson | Secretary of Homeland Security | December 23, 2013 – January 20, 2017 | September 11, 1957 | 61 years, 31 days |
John Kerry | Secretary of State | February 1, 2013 – January 20, 2017 | December 11, 1943 | 74 years, 305 days |
John King Jr. | Secretary of Education | March 14, 2016 – January 20, 2017 | 1975 | 42–43 |
Ray LaHood | Secretary of Transportation | January 23, 2009 – July 2, 2013 | December 6, 1945 | 72 years, 310 days |
Jacob Lew | Secretary of the Treasury | February 28, 2013 – January 20, 2017 | August 29, 1955 | 63 years, 44 days |
Gary Locke | Secretary of Commerce | March 26, 2009 – August 1, 2011 | January 21, 1950 | 68 years, 264 days |
Loretta Lynch | Attorney General | April 27, 2015 – January 20, 2017 | May 21, 1959 | 59 years, 144 days |
Robert A. McDonald | Secretary of Veterans Affairs | July 30, 2014 – January 20, 2017 | June 20, 1953 | 65 years, 114 days |
Ernest Moniz | Secretary of Energy | May 21, 2013 – January 20, 2017 | December 22, 1944 | 73 years, 294 days |
Janet Napolitano | Secretary of Homeland Security | January 21, 2009 – September 6, 2013 | November 29, 1957 | 60 years, 317 days |
Leon Panetta | Secretary of Defense | July 1, 2011 – February 27, 2013 | June 28, 1938 | 80 years, 106 days |
Thomas Perez | Secretary of Labor | July 23, 2013 – January 20, 2017 | October 7, 1961 | 57 years, 5 days |
Penny Pritzker | Secretary of Commerce | June 26, 2013 – January 20, 2017 | May 2, 1959 | 59 years, 163 days |
Ken Salazar | Secretary of the Interior | January 20, 2009 – April 12, 2013 | March 2, 1955 | 63 years, 224 days |
Kathleen Sebelius | Secretary of Health and Human Services | April 28, 2009 – June 9, 2014 | May 15, 1948 | 70 years, 150 days |
Eric Shinseki | Secretary of Veterans Affairs | January 21, 2009 – May 30, 2014 | November 28, 1942 | 75 years, 318 days |
Hilda Solis | Secretary of Labor | February 24, 2009 – January 22, 2013 | October 20, 1957 | 60 years, 357 days |
Tom Vilsack | Secretary of Agriculture | January 20, 2009 – January 13, 2017 | December 13, 1950 | 67 years, 303 days |
Trump Administration (2017–present)
There are four former members of Donald Trump's Cabinet still living.
Name | Position | Tenure | Birthdate | Age |
---|---|---|---|---|
John F. Kelly | Secretary of Homeland Security | January 20, 2017 – July 31, 2017 | May 11, 1950 | 68 years, 154 days |
Tom Price | Secretary of Health and Human Services | February 10, 2017 – September 29, 2017 | October 8, 1954 | 64 years, 4 days |
David Shulkin | Secretary of Veterans Affairs | February 14, 2017 – March 28, 2018 | July 22, 1959 | 59 years, 154 days |
Rex Tillerson | Secretary of State | February 1, 2017 – March 31, 2018 | March 23, 1952 | 66 years, 203 days |
Notes
- 1 2 Continued in the same capacity in the Ford Administration.
- ↑ Later served as Secretary of State in the Reagan Administration.
- 1 2 Department now named Health and Human Services.
- ↑ Later served as Secretary of Defense in the George W. Bush Administration.
- ↑ Later served as Secretary of State in the George H. W. Bush Administration.
- 1 2 3 Continued in the same capacity in the George H. W. Bush Administration.
- ↑ Later served as Secretary of Labor in the George H. W. Bush Administration.
- ↑ Later served as Secretary of Transportation in the George W. Bush Administration.
- ↑ Later served as Secretary of Transportation in the Trump Administration.
- ↑ Continued in the same capacity in the Obama Administration.
References
- 1 2 "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Henry A. (Heinz Alfred) Kissinger (1923–)". Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
- 1 2 "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: George Pratt Shultz (1920–)". Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Secretaries of Energy". Office of Management, United States Department of Energy. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
- 1 2 "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: James Addison Baker III (1930–)". Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
- ↑ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Madeleine Korbel Albright (1937–)". Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
- ↑ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Colin Luther Powell (1937–)". Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
- ↑ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Condoleezza Rice (1954–)". Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
- ↑ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Hillary Rodham Clinton (1947–)". Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State. Retrieved October 17, 2016.