List of female scientists before the 20th century

This is a historical list, intended to deal with the time period where it is believed that women working in science were rare. For this reason, this list ends with the 20th century.

Antiquity

Marble herm in the Vatican Museums inscribed with Aspasia's name at the base. Discovered in 1777, this marble herm is a Roman copy of a 5th-century BC original and may represent Aspasia's funerary stele.
Hypatia by Julia Cameron
  • Abrotelia (5th BCE), philosopher in Ancient Greece
  • Aemilia (c. 300 CE–363 CE), Gallo-Roman physician
  • Aesara of Lucania (4th or 3rd BCE), philosopher in Ancient Greece
  • Agamede (12th century BCE), physician in Ancient Greece (possibly mythical)
  • Aglaonike (2nd century BCE), the first woman astronomer in Ancient Greece
  • Agnodike (4th century BCE), the first woman physician to practice legally in Athens[1]:2
  • Andromache (mid-6th century), Egyptian physician[2]:39
  • Amyte (300 BCE), Greek physician and poet[2]:40
  • Arete of Cyrene (5th–4th centuries BCE), natural and moral philosopher, North Africa
  • Artemisia of Caria (c. 300 BCE), botanist
  • Asclepigenia (4th AD), Greek Neoplatonist[2]:55
  • Aspasia (4th century BCE), philosopher and scientist
  • Aspasia the Physician (fl. 1st century CE), Greek physician
  • Axiothea of Phlius (fl. c. 350 BCE), Greek philosopher[2]:62
  • Beronice (1st AD), Roman philosopher[2]:118
  • Caerellia (c. 45 BCE), Roman academician[2]:219
  • Clea (1st-2nd century AD), philosopher[2]:267
  • Cleachma (5th century BCE), Greek philosopher[2]:267–68
  • Cleopatra the Alchemist - wrote the alchemical book, Chrysopoeia, or "gold-making"[3]:99[4]
  • Damo (6th century BCE), Greek natural philosopher
  • Diotima of Mantinea (4th century BCE), philosopher and scientist, ancient Greece (sources vary as to her historicity; possibly a fictionalized character based on Aspasia of Miletus)
  • Eccello of Lucania (5th or 4th century BCE), Greek/Italian mathematician and natural philosopher[2]:396
  • Echecratia the Philiasian (5th century BCE), Greek/Italian mathematician and natural philosopher[2]:397
  • Elephantis (1st century BCE), Greek physician
  • Enheduanna (c. 2285–2250 BCE), Sumerian/Akkadian astronomer and poet
  • Fabiola (died 399 CE), Roman physician
  • Favilla (2nd century), Roman physician[2]:436
  • Gargi Vachaknavi (7th century BCE), Indian philosopher
  • Hypatia (370–415 CE), mathematician and astronomer, Egypt[1]:137
  • Laïs, midwife[2]:735[5]
  • Lastheneia of Mantinea (5th century BCE), student of Plato
  • Leontium (3rd BCE), Greek philosopher
  • Leoparda (4th century AD), gynecologist
  • Macrina (4th century AD), Greek physician and nun[2]:828
  • Marcella (4th century AD), Roman healer[2]:841
  • Mary the Jewess (1st or 2nd century CE), alchemist[3]:128
  • Melissa (3rd century BCE), Greek philosopher
  • Merit Ptah (c. 2700 BCE), Egyptian physician
  • Metrodora (c. 200–400 AD), Greek physician and author
  • Myia (5th century BCE), Greek philosopher
  • Nicerata (c. 5th century), physician and healer
  • Occello of Lucania (4th or 5th century BCE), Greek natural philosopher and mathematician[2]:957
  • Olympias of Thebes (1st century BCE), Greek midwife[2]:962
  • Origenia (2nd century AD), Greek healer[2]:965
  • Paphnutia the Virgin (c. 300), Egiptian alchemist[2]:978
  • Paula (347–404 CE), Roman healer[2]:990
  • Perictione (5th century BCE), Greek philosopher, mother of Plato
  • Peseshet Egyptian physician (Fourth Dynasty)
  • Pulcheria (5th century AD), healer[2]:1059
  • Pythias of Assos (4th century BCE), marine zoologist
  • Salpe (1st century BCE), Greek midwife
  • Sotira (1st century BCE), Greek physician[2]:1217–18
  • Tapputi-Belatekallim (First mentioned in a clay tablet dating to 2000 BCE), Babylonian perfumer, the first person in history recorded as using a chemical process[6]
  • Theano (6th century BCE), philosopher, mathematician and physician
  • Thelka, Iranian[2]:1278
  • Theosebeia (4th century AD), healer[2]:1278

Middle Ages

Herrad of Landsbert
  • Abella (14th century), Italian physician[7]
  • Adelle of the Saracens (12th-century), Italian physician
  • Adelmota of Carrara (14th-century), Italian physician
  • Rufaida Al-Aslamia (7th-century), Muslim nurse
  • Maesta Antonia (1386-1408), Florentine physician[7]
  • Ameline la Miresse (fl. 1313-1325), French physician[7]
  • Jeanne d'Ausshure (d. 1366), French surgeon[7]
  • Zulema L'Astròloga (1190-after 1229), Moorish astronomer
  • Brunetta de Siena (fl. 15th-century), Italian-Jewish physician[7]
  • Hildegard of Bingen (1099–1179), German natural philosopher[1]:126
  • Sibyl of Benevento, Napolitan physician specializing in the plague buboes[7]
  • Denice (fl. 1292), French barber-surgeon[7]
  • Demud (fl. ca. 13th century), German physician[8]
  • Dobrodeia of Kiev (fl. 1122), Byzantine physician
  • Dorotea Bucca (fl. 1390), Italian professor of medicine[7]
  • Constance Calenda (15th century), Italian surgeon specializing in diseases of the eye[9][10]
  • Virdimura of Catania (fl. 1276), Jewish-Sicilian physician[7]
  • Caterina of Florence (fl. 1400s), Florentine physician[7]
  • Jeanne de Cusey (fl. 1438), French barber-surgeon[7]
  • Antonia Daniello (fl. 1400), Florentine-Jewish physician[7]
  • Clarice di Durisio (15th century), Italian physician
  • Fava (fl. 1322), French-Jewish physician[7]
  • Jacobina Félicie (fl. 1322), Italian physician
  • Francesca, muller de Berenguer Satorra (15th-century), Catalan physician [11]
  • Maria Gallicia (fl. 1309), licensed surgeon[7]
  • Bellayne Gallipapa (fl. 1380), Zaragoza, Spanish-Jewish physician[7]
  • Dolcich Gallipapa (fl. 1384), Leyda, Spanish-Jewish physician[7]
  • Na Pla Gallipapa (fl. 1387), Zaragoza, Spanish-Jewish physician[7]
  • Sarah de St Giles (fl. 1326), French-Jewish physician and medical teacher[7]
  • Alessandra Giliani (fl. 1318), Italian anatomist
  • Rebecca de Guarna (fl. 1200), Italian physician[9][10]
  • Magistra Hersend (fl. 1249–1259), French surgeon
  • Maria Incarnata, Italian surgeon[10]
  • Isabiau la Mergesse (fl. 1292), French-Jewish physician[7]
  • Floreta La-Noga (fl. 1374), Aragonese physician[7]
  • Helvidis (fl. 1176), French physician[7]
  • Stephanie de Lyon (fl. 1265), French physician[7]
  • Guillemette du Luys (fl. 1479), French royal surgeon[7]
  • Thomasia de Mattio, Italian physician[10]
  • Margherita di Napoli (late 14th century), Napolitan oculist active in Frankfurt-am-Main[7]
  • Mercuriade (14th century), Italian physician and surgeon[9]
  • Gilette de Narbonne (fl. 1300), French physician[7]
  • Isabella da Ocre, Napolitan surgeon[7]
  • Francisca da Romana, Napolitan physician[7]
  • Dame Péronelle (1292–1319), French herbalist
  • Peretta Peronne, also called Perretta Petone (fl. 1411), French surgeon[7]
  • Lauretta Ponte da Saracena Calabria, Napolitan physician
  • Trota of Salerno (fl. 1090), Italian physician[7]
  • Marguerite Saluzzi (fl. 1460), Napolitan licensed herbalist physician[7]
  • Sara de Sancto Aegidio (fl. 1326), French physician
  • Juana Sarrovia (fl. 1384), Barcelona, Spanish physician[7]
  • Raymunda da Taberna, licensed Napolitan surgeon[7]
  • Théophanie (fl. 1291), French barber surgeon[7]
  • Trotta da Toya (f. 1307), Napolitan physician[7]
  • Polisena da Troya (fl. 1335), licensed Napolitan surgeon[7]
  • Margarita da Venosa (fl. 1333), licensed Napolitan surgeon[7]
  • Francisca di Vestis (fl. 1308), Napolian physician[7]

16th century

17th century

Margaret Cavendish

18th century

Geneviève Charlotte d'Arconville
Portrait of Émilie du Châtelet by Maurice Quentin de La Tour

19th century

Anthropology

Archeology

Astronomy

Biology or natural history

Mary Anning

Chemistry

Engineers

Geology

Inventors

Mathematics

Ada King, Countess of Lovelace (Ada Lovelace)

Microbiology

Medicine

Nuclear physics

  • Lise Meitner (1878–1968), Austrian, Swedish, nuclear physicist

Physics

Psychology

Science education

Sociology

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Yount 2007
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Ogilvie, Marilyn; Harvey, Joy (2003-12-16). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives From Ancient Times to the Mid-20th Century. Routledge. ISBN 9781135963439.
  3. 1 2 Ogilvie 1986
  4. ↑ Brown, James Campbell (1920). A History of Chemistry from the Earliest Times. P. Blakiston's Son & Company. pp. 19&ndash, 24.
  5. ↑ Pliny the Elder, Natural History 28.81-84. Irby-Massie , 'Women in Ancient Science', in Woman's power, man's game: essays on classical antiquity in honor of Joy K. King, Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 1993. p.366
  6. ↑ Gabriele Kass-Simon, Patricia Farnes, Deborah Nash, eds. (1999). Women of science : righting the record (First Midland Book ed.). Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana Univ. Press. p. 301. ISBN 9780253208132.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800
  8. ↑ Ogilvie, Marilyn; Harvey, Joy (2000). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science. New York: Routledge. p. 346. ISBN 0415920388.
  9. 1 2 3 Walsh 1911
  10. 1 2 3 4 Howard 2006
  11. ↑ «Diccionari Biogràfic de Dones: Francesca, muller de Berenguer Satorra»
  12. ↑ Hoe, Susanna (2016). "Valletta". Malta: Women, History, Books and Places (PDF). Oxford: Women's History Press (a division of Holo Books). pp. 368–369. ISBN 9780957215351. OCLC 931704918. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2016.
  13. ↑ "Sarah Whiting". CWP.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rayner-Canham & Rayner-Canham 2001
  15. ↑ Rayner-Canham, Marelene; Rayner-Canham, Geoff (23 Feb 2009). "Fight for Rights" (PDF). Chemistry World. 6 (3): 56–59.

References

  • Byers, Nina. "Contributions of 20th Century Women to Physics". UCLA. Archived from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
  • Herzenberg, Caroline L. (1986). Women scientists from antiquity to the present : an index : an international reference listing and biographical directory of some notable women scientists from ancient to modern times. West Cornwall, CT: Locust Hill Press. ISBN 0-933951-01-9.
  • Howard, Sethanne (2006). The hidden giants. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1430300762.
  • Howes, Ruth H.; Herzenberg, Caroline L. (1999). Their day in the sun : women of the Manhattan Project. Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press. ISBN 1-56639-719-7.
  • Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey (1986). Women in science : antiquity through the nineteenth century : a biographical dictionary with annotated bibliography (3. print. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-15031-X.
  • Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey (2003). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives From Ancient Times to the Mid-20th Century. Routledge. ISBN 9781135963422.
  • Rayner-Canham, Marelene; Rayner-Canham, Geoffrey (2001). Women in chemistry : their changing roles from alchemical times to the mid-twentieth century. Philadelphia: Chemical Heritage Foundation. ISBN 978-0941901277.
  • Stevens, Gwendolyn; Gardner, Sheldon (1982). The women of psychology. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Schenkman. ISBN 9780870734434.
  • Walsh, James J. (2014). "VIII. Medieval Women Physicians". Old-Time Makers of Medicine The Students and Teachers of Medicine During the Middle Ages. Auckland: The Floating Press. pp. 150&ndash, 169. ISBN 9781776530236.
  • Yount, Lisa (2007). A to Z of Women in Science and Math (Rev. ed.). New York: Infobase Pub. ISBN 9781438107950.
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