List of asteroid close approaches to Earth

Trajectory of 2004 FH in the Earth–Moon system.
Goldstone radar images of asteroid 2007 PA8's Earth flyby in 2012.

This is a list of examples where an asteroid or meteoroid travels close to the Earth. Some are regarded as potentially hazardous objects if they are estimated to be large enough to cause regional devastation.

Near-Earth object detection technology greatly improved about 1998, so objects being detected as of 2004 could have been missed only a decade earlier due to a lack of dedicated Near-Earth sky surveys. As dedicated Near-Earth sky surveys improve, smaller and smaller asteroids are regularly being discovered. The small near-Earth asteroids 2008 TC3, 2014 AA, and 2018 LA are the only three asteroids discovered before impacting into Earth (see Asteroid impact prediction). Scientists estimate that several dozen asteroids in the 6–12 m (20–39 ft) size range fly by Earth at a distance closer than the moon every year, but only a fraction of these are actually detected.[1][2]

Timeline of known close approaches within one lunar distance to Earth

The average distance to the Moon (or lunar distance LD) is about 384,400 km (238,900 mi), which is around 30 times the width of the earth.[3] Below are lists of close approaches less than one LD for a given year. (See also near-Earth asteroids published by the International Astronomical Union[note 1] and NEO Earth Close Approaches).

Known asteroids passing <1 LD from Earth
year discovered on Oppositiondiscovered laterdiscovered prior
2001
1
1
0
2002
2
0
0
2003
5
0
0
2004
10
0
0
2005
6
0
0
2006
12
0
0
2007
15
0
1
2008
20
0
0
2009
19
0
0
2010
22
0
0
2011
27
0
3
2011
22
0
0
2013
23
0
1
2014
32
0
0
2015
27
0
0
2016
60
0
0
2017
56
0
1
2018
61
0
2
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
  •   Discovered > 1 year in advance
  •   Discovered > 1 week in advance
  •   Discovered up to 1 week in advance
  •   < 24 hours warning
  •   No warning

Closest known per year

Satellites in geostationary orbit.

From the list in the first section, these are the closest known asteroids per year that approach Earth within one lunar distance LD. More than one asteroid per year may be listed if its geocentric distance[note 2] is within a tenth of the lunar distance, or 0.10 LD. For comparison, since a satellite in a geostationary orbit has an altitude of about 36,000 km (22,000 mi), then its geocentric distance is 0.11 LD (approximately 3 times the width of the Earth).

The table shows that the years 2016 and 2017 had a total of 13 such close encounters. Of these, eight were undetected until after they'd happened and only one was detected with more than 24 hours notice. 2018 has fared better so far, with four out of the five known close encounters being detected beforehand, albeit with less than 24 hours notice in each case.

This list does not include any of the hundreds of objects that collided with earth, which were not discovered in advance, but were recorded by sensors designed to detect detonation of nuclear devices. Of the objects so detected, 78 had an impact energy greater than that of a 1 kiloton device, including 11 which had an impact energy greater than that of a 10 kiloton device i.e. comparable to the atomic bombs used in the Second World War. [4].

     Rows highlighted red indicate objects which were not discovered until after closest approach

     Rows highlighted yellow indicate objects discovered less than 24 hours before closest approach

     Rows highlighted green indicate objects discovered more than one week before closest approach

     Rows highlighted blue indicate objects discovered more than one year before closest approach, i.e. objects successfully cataloged on a previous orbit, rather than being detected during final approach.

YearDate of
closest approach		Date
discovered		ObjectNominal
geocentric
distance[note 3]
(in thousand km)		Nominal
geocentric
distance
(in LD)		Size of object
(in meters)
(H)
2034 2034-05-062014-04-292014 HB17788.90.236-1428.1[5]
2029 2029-04-132004-06-1999942 Apophis38.00.10310–34019.7[6]
20282028-06-262001-11-20(153814) 2001 WN5248.70.65610–140018.2[7]
20182018-06-022018-06-022018 LA5.0 (Impact)0.0152 (Impact)2–430.5[8]
2018-01-222018-01-22A106fgF20?0.03?2–530.6[9]
2018-06-172018-06-17A107j4p30.80.0804–1128.9[10]
2018-08-102018-08-112018 PD2033.50.0877–2227.4[11]
2018-01-182018-01-182018 BD39.20.102–630.2[12]
20172017-04-042017-04-032017 GM16.30.0422–729.9[13]
2017-10-202017-10-212017 UJ218.00.0471–530.8[14]
2017-10-222017-10-30
(Unconfirmed)		YU95BEF19.40.0515–1528.2
2017-03-022017-03-022017 EA20.90.0541–530.7[15]
2017-11-262017-11-262017 WE3030.10.0781–331.8[16]
2017-11-142017-11-20
(Unconfirmed)		P10ELNY31.70.0834–1228.8
2017-11-082017-11-16
(Unconfirmed)		A104Vqx33.20.0864–1428.4
2016 2016-02-252016-02-262016 DY3014.30.042–530.5[17]
2016-09-112016-09-112016 RN4123.70.061–531.0[18]
2016-01-122016-01-132016 AH16426.70.073–729.6[19]
2016-03-112016-03-152016 EF195[20]31.70.0816–3125.6[21]
2016-11-052016-11-14
(Unconfirmed)		XV88D4F36.70.092–730.0[22]
2016-01-142016-01-142016 AN16437.00.102–530.5[23]
20152015-09-222015-09-242015 SK726.60.073–1428.9[24]
2015-11-152015-11-142015 VY10534.60.094–929.0[25]
20142014-01-022014-01-012014 AA0.45 (Impact)[26][27]0.001 (Impact)2–430.9
2014-06-032014-06-022014 LY2116.70.044–829.1[28]
20132013-12-232013-12-232013 YB27.30.07331.4[29]
2013-02-152012-02-23367943 Duende34.10.093024.0[30]
20122012-05-292012-05-282012 KT4220.80.05929.0[31]
20112011-02-042011-02-042011 CQ1[32]11.90.03132.1[33]
2011-06-272011-06-222011 MD18.70.051428.0[34]
20102010-11-172010-11-162010 WA38.90.102–630.0[35]
20092009-11-062009-11-062009 VA20.40.054–1328.6[36]
20082008-10-092008-10-092008 TS2612.60.030.5-1.633.2[37]
2008-10-202008-10-212008 US32.90.091–431.4[38]
20072007-10-172007-10-212007 UN1269.70.184–1128.7[39]
20062006-02-232006-02-222006 DD1117.50.3112–3026.5[40]
20052005-11-262005-11-252005 WN383.80.223–629.9[41]
20042004-03-312004-03-312004 FU16212.90.034–1228.7[42]
20032003-09-272003-09-282003 SQ22284.20.222–630.1[43]
20022002-12-112002-12-132002 XV90117.70.3119–4725.5[44]
20012001-01-152001-01-192001 BA1679.00.2115–3826.0[45]
19991999-03-1220132013 EC20315.40.823–1229.0[46]
19941994-12-091994-12-091994 XM1105.50.275–1628.2[47]
19931993-05-201993-05-211993 KA2149.20.393–1129.0[48]
19911991-01-181991-01-181991 BA168.20.444–1328.6[49]
19901990-09-1920032003 SW130213.90.563–1029.1[50]
19841984-01-1020162016 TB57294.80.7713–4326.0[51]
19821982-11-0420122012 TY52314.40.82111–35821.2[52]
19791979-09-0220142014 WX202334.30.873–829.6[53]
19761976-10-1720132013 UG1328.10.8570–22622.4[54]
19711971-04-1120022002 JE9237.00.62122–39321.2[55]
19651965-10-2720052005 VL1289.20.7510–3326.6[56]
19591959-01-2720122012 BX34203.40.536–2127.6[57]
19571957-12-1020102010 XW5860.80.1622–7124.9[58]
19551955-06-1920152015 LR21225.60.5911–3426.5[59]
19541954-03-1320132013 RZ53102.70.271–431.1[60]
19491949-01-0120032003 YS70259.60.683–1029.1[61]
19381938-11-0220182018 RW105.00.272-530.3[62]
19361936-01-0620102010 VB1212.60.5561–14023.2[63]
19351935-03-0820152015 DD54182.80.4818–5725.4[64]
19251925-03-2920122012 FT3539.30.104-929.2[65]
19181918-09-172011(458732) 2011 MD5350.10.91556–179517.9[66]
19141914-12-311998(152680) 1998 KJ9232.90.61279–90019.4[67]
19101910-05-0920072007 JB21288.70.7518–5725.4[68]

Notable cases are the relatively large asteroids 2016 EF195 and Duende, with the latter coincidentally approaching just a few hours after the unrelated Chelyabinsk meteor.

Largest per year

From the lists in the first section, these are the largest known asteroids per year that approach Earth within one LD. (More than one asteroid per year may be listed if its size is 100 m (330 ft) or more.) For comparison, the 1908 Tunguska event was caused by an object about 60–190 m (200–620 ft) in size, while the 2013 Chelyabinsk meteor which injured thousands of people and buildings when it generated a large airburst over Russia was estimated to be just 20 m (66 ft) across.

The table shows about 14 events in the 12 decades of 1900-2020 involving a body with an upper size estimate of 100 m (330 ft) or more making a close approach to Earth within one LD, with one (the Tunguska object) making impact.

Animation of the trajectory of the asteroid 2005 YU55 compared with the orbits of Earth and the Moon on 8–9 November 2011.
Trajectory of the relatively large 2005 YU55 compared with the orbits of Earth and the Moon on 8–9 Nov 2011.
YearDate of
closest approach		ObjectNominal
geocentric
distance
(in thousand km)		Nominal
geocentric
distance
(in LD)		Size of object
(approx.)		(H)
20292029-04-1399942 Apophis38.00.10310–340 meters19.7[6]
20282028-06-26(153814) 2001 WN5248.70.65921–942 meters18.3[7]
20182018-01-032018 AH2980.7765–226 meters22.5[69]
2018-05-152010 WC92030.5342-136 meters23.5[70]
2018-04-152018 GE31930.5048–110 meters23.6[71]
20172017-07-212017 QP1630.1631–91 meters24.3[72]
20162016-03-212016 FN563841.0035–86 meters24.2[73]
20152015-01-182015 BP5132400.6212–27 meters26.7[74]
20142014-03-052014 DX1103490.9120–40 meters25.7[75]
20132013-08-042013 PJ103710.9760 meters24.6[76]
20122012-04-012012 EG52300.6060 meters24.3[77]
20112011-11-08(308635) 2005 YU553240.84360 meters21.9[78]
2011-12-032011 XC23470.90100 meters23.1[79]
20102010-11-022010 UJ72860.7420–49 meters25.4[80]
20092009-03-022009 DD45720.1915–47 meters25.8[81]
20082008-02-152008 CK703710.9722–71 meters24.9[82]
20072007-01-182007 BD3240.8418–57 meters25.4[83]
20062006-02-232006 DD11170.3111–34 meters26.5[40]
20052005-12-052005 XA82170.5715–49 meters25.7[84]
20042004-03-182004 FH490.1315–49 meters25.7[85]
20032003-12-062003 XJ71480.3911–36 meters26.4[86]
20022002-06-142002 MN1200.3140–130 meters23.6[87]
20012001-01-152001 BA163060.8013–43 meters26.0[45]
19991999-08-122016 CD1371790.4713–43 meters26.0[88]
19941994-12-091994 XM11050.275–16 meters28.2[47]
19931993-05-201993 KA21490.393–11 meters29.0[48]
19911991-04-082012 UE343220.8446–149 meters23.3[89]
19901990-09-192003 SW1301860.483–10 meters29.1[50]
19881988-10-162010 UK3220.849–30 meters26.8[90]
19821982-11-042012 TY523140.82111-358 meters21.4[52]
19801980-05-182009 WW7740.194-11 meters28.9[91]
19761976-10-172013 UG1328.10.8570–226 meters22.4[54]
19711971-04-112002 JE9237.00.62122–393 meters21.2[55]
19361936-01-062010 VB1212.60.5548–156 meters23.2[63]
19251925-08-30(163132) 2002 CU11347.00.90443–467 meters18.5[92]
19181918-09-17(458732) 2011 MD5350.10.91556–1795 meters17.9[66]
19141914-12-31(152680) 1998 KJ9232.90.61279–900 meters19.4[67]

The year 2011 was notable as two asteroids with size 100 m (330 ft) or more approached within one lunar distance.

Passed by outside of atmosphere

Objects with distances greater than 100 km (62 mi) are listed here, although there is no discrete beginning of space. The lists do not pretend to completeness.

Objects < 50 meters

Asteroids smaller than about 50 m (160 ft).[93]

Nominal geocentric
distance (AU)		Nominal geocentric
distance (km)		Size (m)
(approximate)		Date of
closest approach		Object
0.00007911,9001February 4, 20112011 CQ1[33]
0.00008412,5001October 9, 20082008 TS26[94]
0.00008612,9006March 31, 20042004 FU162
0.00012518,70010June 27, 20112011 MD1[95][96]
0.00013720,4007November 6, 20092009 VA
0.00013920,8004–10May 29, 20122012 KT42
0.00017726,5003-14September 22, 20152015 SK7
0.0001827,0003December 23, 20132013 YB[97]
0.00022834,10040×20[98] February 15, 2013367943 Duende[99][100]
0.00026038,9003November 17, 20102010 WA[101]
0.00032849,10030March 18, 20042004 FH
0.00034651,8005–10October 12, 20102010 TD54
0.00038357,30025May 28, 20122012 KP24[102][103]
0.00043765,4008January 27, 20122012 BX34
0.00048272,1009September 8, 20102010 RK53[104]
0.00048372,20019March 2, 20092009 DD45
0.00048472,4002–7December 11, 20132013 XS21[105]
0.00053179,4007September 8, 20102010 RF12[106]
0.00056484,3005September 27, 20032003 SQ222[107]
0.00056885,00015March 18, 20092009 FH[108]
0.00063595,00017October 12, 20122012 TC4[109]
0.000704105,40010December 9, 19941994 XM1[110][111]
0.000856128,0002October 13, 20152015 TC25
0.000862129,00015–30January 13, 20102010 AL30
0.000998149,2007May 20, 19931993 KA2[110][112]
0.001124168,2006–10January 18, 19911991 BA
0.001539230,20047April 1, 20122012 EG5[113]
0.001655247,60012September 8, 20102010 RX30[114]
0.002454367,10010–17March 4, 20132013 EC[115]
0.00257384,400average distance to the Moon[3]
0.002899433,60022April 9, 20102010 GA6

Objects > 50 meters

Goldstone radar image of asteroid 2005 YU55 taken November 7, 2011.

Asteroids larger than about 50 m (160 ft).[93][116]

Nominal geocentric
distance (AU)		Nominal geocentric
distance (km)		Size (m)
(approximate)		Date of
closest approach		Object
0.000802120,00073June 14, 20022002 MN
0.00155*233,000500December 31, 1914(152680) 1998 KJ9
0.00159*239,000200April 11, 19712002 JE9
0.00210*314,000200November 4, 19822012 TY52
0.002172324,900360November 8, 2011(308635) 2005 YU55
0.00219*328,000150October 17, 19762013 UG1
0.0022**329,000100April 8, 19912012 UE34
0.0023*340,000730August 30, 1925(163132) 2002 CU11
0.0023340,000100December 3, 20112011 XC2
0.00257384,400average distance to the Moon[3]
<0.00266*<398,000100January 6, 19362010 VB1
0.002891432,400500July 3, 20062004 XP14
0.003704554,200250January 29, 20082007 TU24
0.004241*634,500300April 26, 194269230 Hermes
0.004572684,000300March 22, 19894581 Asclepius
0.004950740,500300October 30, 193769230 Hermes
0.0062*930,000200December 27, 19762010 XC15
0.008361,251,000325June 8, 20142014 HQ124
0.0093*1,390,0005000August 27, 1969(192642) 1999 RD32
0.01248551,867,800400December 16, 2001(33342) 1998 WT24
0.0364155,447,6001000June 14, 20122012 LZ1
0.0432946,476,6001600November 5, 2012(214869) 2007 PA8[117][118]
0.0463326,900,0005400December 12, 20124179 Toutatis[119][120]

Asteroids with large uncertainty regions are not included.

* Asteroid approach did NOT occur during an observed apparition. Passage is calculated by integrating the equations of motion.

** Only the nominal (best-fit) orbit shows a passage this close. The uncertainty region is still somewhat large due to a short observation arc.

Predicted encounters

Incomplete list of asteroids larger than about 50 m (160 ft) predicted to pass close to Earth (see also Asteroid impact prediction):[116][121]

Nominal geocentric
distance (AU)		Nominal geocentric
distance (km)		Size (m)
(approximate)		Date of
closest approach		Object
0.00025638,300325April 13, 202999942 Apophis
0.000670100,20075–170October 19, 21292007 UW1
0.000721107,80050–120April 8, 20412012 UE34
0.001572235,200170–370January 2, 2101(456938) 2007 YV56[122]
0.001585237,000360±40November 8, 2075(308635) 2005 YU55
0.001629243,700370–840December 1, 2140(153201) 2000 WO107
0.001635**244,600190–420October 26, 20872011 WL2
0.001663248,800700–1500June 26, 2028(153814) 2001 WN5
0.001980296,200170–370January 22, 2148(85640) 1998 OX4[123]
0.002222332,500190–250May 28, 20652005 WY55
0.002241335,20075–170March 23, 21462009 DO111
0.00257384,400average distance to the Moon[3]

A list of predicted NEO approaches at larger distances is maintained as a database by the NASA Near Earth Object Program.[124]

** Only the nominal (best-fit) orbit shows a passage this close. The uncertainty region is still somewhat large due to a short observation arc.

Earth grazers

All-sky photo with the Earth-grazing meteoroid of 13 October 1990 (the light track across the picture going from the south to the north) taken at Červená hora (Czechoslovakia), one of the stations of the European Fireball Network. The bright track on the left is the Moon.

Objects which enter and then leave Earth's atmosphere, the so-called 'Earth-grazers,' are a distinct phenomenon, in as much as entering the lower atmosphere can constitute an impact event rather than a close pass. Earth grazer can also be short for a body that "grazes" the orbit of the Earth, in a different context.

Altitude
(km)		Size (m)
(approximate)		Mass (kg)
(approximate)		Date of
closest approach		ObjectNoteRef.
0mean sea level
8.8Mount Everest (height)
585105–106August 10, 19721972 Great Daylight Fireball above the United States and CanadaFirst scientifically observed[125]
71.4100March 29, 20062006 Earth-grazing Fireball above Japan

[126]

98.744October 13, 19901990 Earth-grazing Fireball above Czechoslovakia and PolandFirst captured from 2 distant locations, which enabled computing its orbit by geometrical methods[127]
August 7, 20072007 Earth-grazing FireballIts pre-encounter orbit belonged to the rare Aten type.[128]
100Kármán line

Animations

Known Near-Earth objects – as of January 2018
Video (0:55; July 23, 2018)
Animation of the 2015 TB145 (NEO) flyby, as seen from the center of the Earth, with hourly trace circles along the path of motion

Overview

Plot of orbits of known Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (size over 460 feet (140 m) and passing within 4.7 million miles (7.6×10^6 km) of Earth's orbit) as of early 2013 (alternate image).

Notes

  1. ↑
    "Near Earth Asteroids (NEAs): A Chronology of Milestones".
  2. ↑ Distance from the center of Earth to the center of the object. See the NASA/JPL Solar System Dynamics Glossary: Geocentric. Earth has a radius of approximately 6,400 km.
  3. ↑ Distance from the center of Earth to the center of the object. See the NASA/JPL Solar System Dynamics Glossary: Geocentric. Earth has a radius of approximately 6,400 km.

References

  1. ↑ Responding to Potential Asteroid Redirect Mission Targets
  2. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (June 14, 2018). "Asteroids and Adversaries: Challenging What NASA Knows About Space Rocks - Relevant Comments". The New York Times. Retrieved July 21, 2018.
  3. 1 2 3 4 NASA Staff (10 May 2011). "Solar System Exploration: Planets: Earth's Moon: Facts & Figures". NASA. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
  4. ↑ https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/fireballs/
  5. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2014 HB177)" (last observation: 2014-05-05).
  6. 1 2 "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (99942 Apophis)" (last observation: 2014-02-26).
  7. 1 2 "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2001 WN5)" (last observation: 2017-12-26).
  8. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2018 LA)" (last observation: 2018-06-02).
  9. ↑ "Pseudo-MPEC for A106fgF". archive.is. 29 January 2018. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
  10. ↑ "Pseudo-MPEC for A107jp4". archive.is. 18 June 2018. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
  11. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2018 PD20)" (last observation: 2018-08-12).
  12. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2018 BD)" (last observation: 2017-01-18).
  13. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2017 GM)" (last observation: 2017-04-04).
  14. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2017 UJ2)" (last observation: 2017-10-22).
  15. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2017 EA)" (last observation: 2017-03-02).
  16. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2017 WE30)" (last observation: 2017-11-26).
  17. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2016 DY30)" (last observation: 2016-02-27).
  18. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2016 RN41)" (last observation: 2016-09-11).
  19. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2016 AH164)" (last observation: 2016-01-13).
  20. ↑ "Small asteroid detected 4 days after passing as close as satellites".
  21. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2016 EF195)" (last observation: 2016-03-17).
  22. ↑ With an arc of 1.5 hours and 6 observations, there is a roughly 40% chance it passed further than 0.1 LD, with a maximum distance of 0.13 LD.
  23. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2016 AN164)" (last observation: 2016-01-14).
  24. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2015 SK7)" (last observation: 2015-10-13).
  25. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2015 VY105)" (last observation: 2015-11-15).
  26. ↑ Farnocchia, Davide; Chesley, Steven R.; Brown, Peter G.; Chodas, Paul W. (1 August 2016). "The trajectory and atmospheric impact of asteroid 2014 AA". Icarus. 274: 327–333. Bibcode:2016Icar..274..327F. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.02.056.
  27. ↑ de la Fuente Marcos, C.; de la Fuente Marcos, R.; Mialle, P. (13 October 2016). "Homing in for New Year: impact parameters and pre-impact orbital evolution of meteoroid 2014 AA". Astrophysics and Space Science. 361 (11): 358 (33 pp.). arXiv:1610.01055. Bibcode:2016Ap&SS.361..358D. doi:10.1007/s10509-016-2945-3.
  28. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2014 LY21)" (last observation: 2014-06-02).
  29. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2013 YB)" (last observation: 2013-12-23).
  30. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 367943 Duende (2012 DA14)" (last observation: 2013-02-21).
  31. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2012 KT42)" (2012-05-29 last obs).
  32. ↑ Yeomans, Don; Chodas, Paul (4 February 2011). "Very Small Asteroid Makes Close Earth Approach on February 4, 2011". Near-Earth Object Program Office. NASA/JPL. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
  33. 1 2 "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2011 CQ1)" (2011-02-04 last obs).
  34. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2011 MD)" (2011-07-03 last obs (arc=12 days)).
  35. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2010 WA)" (last observation: 2010-11-17).
  36. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2009 VA)" (last observation: 2009-11-06).
  37. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2008 TS26)" (last observation: 2008-10-09).
  38. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2008 US)" (last observation: 2008-10-21).
  39. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2007 UN12)" (last observation: 2007-11-15).
  40. 1 2 "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2006 DD1)" (last observation: 2006-02-23).
  41. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2005 WN3)" (last observation: 2005-11-25).
  42. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2004 FU162)" (last observation: 2004-03-31).
  43. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2003 SQ222)" (last observation: 2003-10-02).
  44. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2002 XV90)" (last observation: 2003-01-01).
  45. 1 2 "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2001 BA16)" (last observation: 2001-02-28).
  46. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2013 EC20)" (last observation: 2013-03-13).
  47. 1 2 "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (1994 XM1)" (last observation: 1994-12-09).
  48. 1 2 "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (1993 KA2)" (last observation: 1993-05-22).
  49. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (1991 BA)" (last observation: 1991-01-18).
  50. 1 2 "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2003 SW130)" (last observation: 2003-09-28).
  51. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2016 TB57)" (last observation: 2017-04-01).
  52. 1 2 "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2012 TY52)" (last observation: 2015-04-17).
  53. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2014 WX202)" (last observation: 2014-12-08).
  54. 1 2 "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2013 UG1)" (last observation: 2016-12-02).
  55. 1 2 "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2002 JE9)" (last observation: 2012-05-26).
  56. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2005 VL1)" (last observation: 2017-02-02).
  57. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2012 BX34)" (last observation: 2012-01-27).
  58. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2010 XW58)" (last observation: 2013-01-12).
  59. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2015 LR21)" (last observation: 2015-06-21).
  60. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2013 RZ53)" (last observation: 2013-09-16).
  61. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2003 YS70)" (last observation: 2003-12-27).
  62. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2018 RW)" (last observation: 2018-09-08).
  63. 1 2 "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2010 VB1)" (last observation: 2017-07-02).
  64. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2015 DD54)" (last observation: 2015-03-30).
  65. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2012 FT35)" (last observation: 2012-03-28).
  66. 1 2 "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (458732 2011 MD5)" (last observation: 2016-03-11).
  67. 1 2 "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (152680 1998 KJ9)" (last observation: 2011-02-06).
  68. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2007 JB21)" (last observation: 2007-05-18).
  69. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2018 AH)" (last observation: 2018-01-28).
  70. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2010 WC9)" (last observation: 2018-05-15).
  71. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2018 GE3)" (last observation: 2018-04-15).
  72. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2017 QP1)" (last observation: 2017-08-19).
  73. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2016 FN56)" (last observation: 2016-04-05).
  74. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2015 BP513)" (last observation: 2015-01-29).
  75. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2014 DX110)" (last observation: 2014-03-05).
  76. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2013 PJ10)" (last observation: 2013-09-09).
  77. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2012 EG5)" (2012-04-03 last obs).
  78. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2005 YU55)" (2011-12-16 last obs).
  79. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2011 XC2)" (2011-12-30 last obs (arc=22 days)).
  80. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2010 UJ7)" (last observation: 2010-11-02).
  81. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2009 DD45)" (last observation: 2009-03-06).
  82. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2008 CK70)" (last observation: 2008-02-14).
  83. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2007 BD)" (last observation: 2007-01-20).
  84. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2005 XA8)" (last observation: 2005-12-24).
  85. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2004 FH)" (last observation: 2004-03-19).
  86. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2003 XJ7)" (last observation: 2003-12-06).
  87. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2002MN)" (last observation: 2002-08-09).
  88. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2016 CD137)" (last observation: 2016-02-18).
  89. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2012 UE34)" (last observation: 2013-07-05).
  90. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2010 UK)" (last observation: 2011-11-01).
  91. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2009 WW7)" (last observation: 2009-11-23).
  92. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (163132 2002 CU11)" (last observation: 2014-09-12).
  93. 1 2 "Closest Approaches to the Earth by Minor Planets". International Astronomical Union/Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  94. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2008 TS26)" (2008-10-09 last obs). Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  95. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2011 MD)" (2011-07-03 last obs). Retrieved 22 February 2013.
  96. ↑ Benner, Lance A. M. "2011 MD Goldstone Radar Observations Planning". Asteroid Radar Research. JPL/California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
  97. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2013 YB)" (2013-12-23 last obs). Retrieved 2013-12-24.
  98. ↑ Benner, Lance A. M. "2012 DA14 Goldstone Radar Observations Planning". Asteroid Radar Research. JPL/California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
  99. ↑ "NEOs Removed from Impact Risk Tables". Near-Earth Object Program Office. NASA/JPL. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
  100. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2012 DA14)" (2013-02-16 last obs). Retrieved 17 February 2013.
  101. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2010 WA)" (2010-11-17 last obs). Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  102. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2012 KP24)" (2012-05-28 last obs). Retrieved 16 February 2013.
  103. ↑ Plait, Phil (25 May 2012). "Small asteroid to buzz Earth on May 28". Discover. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
  104. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2010 RK53)" (2010-09-17 last obs). Retrieved 1 March 2013.
  105. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2013 XS21)" (2013-12-14 last obs).
  106. ↑ "2010 RF12 Earth Impact Risk Summary". Near-Earth Object Program Office. NASA/JPL. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  107. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2003 SQ222)" (2003-10-02 last obs). Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  108. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2009 FH)" (2009-03-18 last obs). Retrieved 1 March 2013.
  109. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2012 TC4)" (2012-10-11 last obs). Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  110. 1 2 Williams, David R. "Near Earth Object Fact Sheet". Lunar & Planetary Science. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Archived from the original on 26 September 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
  111. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (1994 XM1)" (1994-12-09 last obs). Retrieved 17 February 2013.
  112. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (1993 KA2)" (1993-05-22 last obs). Retrieved 17 February 2013.
  113. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2012 EG5)" (2012-04-03 last obs). Retrieved 1 March 2013.
  114. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2010 RX30)" (2010-09-08 last obs).
  115. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2013 EC)" (2013-03-03 last obs). Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  116. 1 2 "NEO Earth Close-Approaches (Between 1900 A.D. and 2200 A.D., NEOs with H <=22, nominal distance within 5 LD)". Near-Earth Object Program Office. NASA/JPL. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  117. ↑ Benner, Lance A. M. "(214869) 2007 PA8 Goldstone Radar Observations Planning". Asteroid Radar Research. JPL/California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 14 February 2013.
  118. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 214869 (2007 PA8)" (2013-02-13 last obs). Retrieved 15 February 2013.
  119. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 4179 Toutatis (1989 AC)" (2012-12-08 last obs). Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  120. ↑ Atkinson, Nancy (11 December 2012). "Two Asteroids Will Buzz Past Earth on December 11". Universe Today. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  121. ↑ "PHA Close Approaches To The Earth". International Astronomical Union/Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  122. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2007 YV56)" (2012-01-29 last obs). Retrieved 17 February 2013.
  123. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 85640 (1998 OX4)" (2008-07-29 last obs). Retrieved 17 February 2013.
  124. ↑ NASA, Near Earth Object Program, database NEO Earth Close-Approaches Between 1900 A.D. and 2200 A.D. limited to encounters with reasonably low uncertainty (accessed 20 Sept. 2013)
  125. ↑ Ceplecha, Z. (March 1994). "Earth-grazing daylight fireball of August 10, 1972" (PDF). Astronomy and Astrophysics. 283 (1): 287–288. Bibcode:1994A&A...283..287C. ISSN 0004-6361. Retrieved 2015-03-14.
  126. ↑ S., Abe; J., Borovička; P., Spurný; P., Koten; Z., Ceplecha; Meteor Network Team in Japan (18–22 September 2006). "Earth-grazing fireball on March 29, 2006". European Planetary Science Congress 2006. Berlin. p. 486. Bibcode:2006epsc.conf..486A. Retrieved 2015-03-14.
  127. ↑ Borovička, J.; Ceplecha, Z. (April 1992). "Earth-grazing fireball of October 13, 1990". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 257 (1): 323–328. Bibcode:1992A&A...257..323B. ISSN 0004-6361. Retrieved 2015-03-14.
  128. ↑ Spurný, P.; Borovička, J.; Ceplecha, Z.; Shrbený, L. (2008), "Precise Multi-Instrument Data on 45 Fireballs Recorded over Central Europe in the Period 2006-2008" (PDF), Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 2008 held July 14–18, 2008 in Baltimore, Maryland, Bibcode:2008LPICo1405.8217S, retrieved 2015-03-14
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