Lawrence & Foulks

Lawrence & Foulks
Private
Industry Shipbuilding
Fate Closed
Founded 1850
Founder William Foulks
Defunct 1902
Headquarters Williamsburg, later Greenpoint, United States
Products Wooden-hulled steamships and other watercraft
Services Ship repairs
Owner William Foulks
Herbert Lawrence (Jr.)
Number of employees
 150 (1865)

Lawrence & Foulks was a 19th-century American shipbuilding company based in New York. Established in the early 1850s, the company built 144 vessels of all types over the course of some fifty years, but is best known for its production of high-speed wooden-hulled steamboats and steamships. Notable vessels built by the company include the record-breaking Hudson River steamboat Chauncey Vibbard, the luxury Long Island Sound steamer Commonwealth, and the fast oceangoing steamships—later U.S. Navy gunboats—Bienville and De Soto. In addition to the domestic market, the company also built ships for service as far afield as South America and China.

Lawrence & Foulks was one of the few New York shipyards to survive the post-Civil War slump, but was either unwilling or unable to make the postwar transition from wooden to iron shipbuilding, and closed its doors around the turn of the century.

History

Origins, 1850–54

In 1850, William Foulks, a British-born ship's carpenter then aged 37, partnered with a young engineer named Humphrey Crary to build a steamboat in New York, which was named Catherine after Foulks' wife.[1] Foulks received contracts to build several more vessels over the next two years.[1][2] At this time, his shipyard was located at the foot of Cherry Street, Manhattan.[3]

By 1852, Foulks had established a partnership with Herbert Lawrence, and the company was renamed Lawrence & Foulks.[4] Lawrence, then barely in his twenties, was the son of Herbert Lawrence Sr., former co-proprietor of the prominent early New York shipbuilding firm of Lawrence & Sneden.[5] By 1854, the Lawrence & Foulks shipyard had relocated to North Fifth Street, Williamsburg[6] (now a part of Brooklyn), where it would remain for the next 17 years.[7]

Plant, equipment and labor force

While the specific plant and equipment utilized by Lawrence & Foulks is not known, wooden shipbuilding firms in this era could be established for a remarkably small outlay—as little as $11,000, and rarely more than $20,000. Tradesmen at this time mostly supplied their own tools, so a shipyard needed little more than a waterfront property large enough to hold a timber yard and a slipway or two, a derrick to lift heavy components, a large crosscut saw and a few other tools.[8]

Since New York was already well served by a number of existing marine engine plants, Lawrence & Foulks, like the other New York shipyards, had no need to establish an expensive engine plant of its own, but could rely upon outsourcing for its steamship engines. Companies which would build marine engines for Lawrence & Foulks prior to the Civil War included leading firms such as the Allaire Iron Works, Morgan Iron Works, Henry Esler & Co. and the Novelty Iron Works. After the war, when many of New York's marine engine manufacturers went out of business, Lawrence & Foulks appears to have come increasingly to rely upon New Jersey's Fletcher, Harrison & Co. to meet its machinery requirements.[lower-alpha 1]

As with other shipbuilders of the era, the size of Lawrence & Foulks' workforce could fluctuate greatly depending upon the available work. The company appears to have employed about 50 people for every ship under construction, and it was capable of building as many as four ships at once.[9]

Early years, 1850s–1860

SS De Soto, built by Lawrence & Foulks in 1859. She served as USS De Soto during the Civil War.

Through the 1850s, Lawrence & Foulks built a number of steamers and other vessels for South American clients, including the 300-ton Spanish steamers General Concha and General Serrano for Cuban service;[10][11] a large steamer for the Río de la Plata;[12] and two small high-pressure riverboats for the Peruvian government destined for service on the Amazon.[13] Two 1,300-ton steamers for Californian service were also completed.[12]

In 1855, Lawrence & Foulks completed construction of the Long Island Sound steamer Commonwealth. Setting a new standard of elegance for Sound steamers, this large, lavishly outfitted steamer quickly became a favorite with the travelling public.[14][15] In 1859–60, Lawrence & Foulks built the fast oceangoing steamships De Soto and Bienville, sister ships designed for passenger-cargo service between New York and New Orleans. Both vessels were later purchased by the U.S. Navy and would serve with distinction during the Civil War as gunboats.[16][17]

American Civil War, 1861–65

With the outbreak of the Civil War, the U.S. Navy quickly purchased or chartered hundreds of ships from private steamship companies, which were needed to establish the blockade of Confederate ports and to transport troops and supplies along the Atlantic coast. The steamship companies were then obliged to return to the shipyards to replace their fleets, only to find themselves vying with the Navy which needed still more ships. The strong demand for new shipping created boom conditions for American shipyards which would last to the end of the war.[18][19] New York shipyards in this period also benefited from the Treaty of Tianjin. Ratified in 1860, the treaty gave U.S. companies increased access to Chinese waterways and ports,[20] which in turn stimulated demand for steamboats and steamships for Chinese service.[21]

A beam-propeller engine. Lawrence & Foulks built a number of ships powered by such engines during the Civil War.

In 1861-62 Lawrence & Foulks completed at least three screw steamers for U.S. companies operating in China: Flambeau, Kiang-Tsze and Sze-Chuen. The latter two were duly despatched to China but Flambeau was purchased by the U.S. Navy to serve as the gunboat USS Flambeau.[22][23][24] The company also completed a number of screw steamers for domestic American service during the war, including Isaac Smith, D. S. Miller and John L. Hasbrouck, all for Hudson River service. After a few months on the Hudson, Isaac Smith, like Flambeau, was requisitioned by the Navy for conversion into a gunboat.[22] All the above-mentioned screw steamers were powered by beam-propeller engines[22]—a transitional technology that mated the old, slow-rpm beam engine with the screw propeller by mounting the engine athwartships and gearing it up (at a ratio of one to three or more) to the propeller shaft.[25]

Another newly built Lawrence & Foulks ship to be requisitioned by the Navy at this time was the small sidewheel steamer Thomas Freeborn. In an attack on Mathias Point, Virginia on 27 June 1861, Thomas Freeborn's commander, James H. Ward, became the first U.S. Navy officer killed in action in the war.[26]

Chauncey Vibbard, built in 1864, was the fastest steamboat on the Hudson

In 1864, Lawrence & Foulks completed the Hudson River steamboat Chauncey Vibbard. Soon after entering service, the 280-foot vessel proved to be the fastest steamer on the highly competitive route from New York to Albany, making the trip in a new record time of 6 hours 42 minutes. With boilers carefully balanced to eliminate vibration, and a hull said to "cut the water as a knife blade",[27] Chauncey Vibbard helped establish a reputation for Lawrence & Foulks as America's leading designers of high-speed watercraft.[28]

Postwar slump, 1865–70

With the end of the war in April 1865, the U.S. shipbuilding industry experienced a severe downturn. The Navy dumped more than a million tons of unwanted shipping onto the market, depressing prices and leaving shipyards with no work. High postwar prices, along with a series of bitter (and unsuccessful) strikes for the eight-hour day, helped prolong the slump to the end of the decade. The slump had a devastating effect on the New York shipbuilding industry, with most of the city's shipbuilders and marine engine manufacturers going out of business in this period.[29][30]

Lawrence & Foulks was one of only four New York shipyards to survive the prolonged slump,[31] aided in part by a flurry of orders in 1864-65. Livingston, Fox & Co., preparing to resume its prewar New York to New Orleans service, ordered a total of six sub-1000 ton steamers from Lawrence & Foulks in this period, including Herman Livingston, General J. K. Barnes and the four sister ships Albermarle, Hatteras, Raleigh and Rapidan.[32] Two large 1,300 ton steamers, Vera Cruz and Manhattan, were also built in 1865 for Charles A. Whitney's American and Mexican Mail Steamship Company.[33] In 1866, Lawrence & Foulks built the 2,200-ton steamship Oregonian for Californian service[34]—probably the largest steamship ever built by the company.

By 1869 the slump had reached its nadir. Lawrence & Foulks managed to secure a couple of contracts early in the year, for the ferry Sylvan Glen and a small 100-ton steamer, but by September, only one vessel was under construction in the whole of New York.[35]

Recovery, 1871–73

The "remarkably handsome" ferry Sylvan Dell, built by Lawrence & Foulks in 1872

The long postwar slump finally ended in 1871, as shipowners began to return to U.S. shipyards to replace their ageing fleets. In April 1871, after almost twenty years at Williamsburg, Lawrence & Foulks relocated their shipyard to the foot of Noble Street, Greenpoint,[7][36] on the site of E. S. Whitlock's former shipyard, who had retired from the business in 1865.[37] The new shipyard had a frontage of 200 feet along the river and 500 feet on land.[31]

From 1871 to 1873, New York shipyards remained busy. By this time however, the larger oceangoing steamship contracts were going to the builders of iron-hulled ships on the Delaware—to firms such as John Roach & Sons, William Cramp & Sons, and Harlan and Hollingsworth—leaving New York shipbuilders to fulfill contracts for smaller vessels such as ferries, commuter and excursion steamers, steam yachts and tugboats.[38]

Lawrence & Foulks secured a substantial number of such contracts in this period. A notable example was Sylvan Dell, a ferry built for the Harlem & New York Navigation Company. With a speed in excess of 20 mph,[39] Sylvan Dell was New York Harbor's fastest vessel in her class, and remained popular with the public for many years, eventually being dubbed "Queen of New York Harbor".[40][41][42] In 1873, Lawrence & Foulks built Jennie Stout—the first schooner built in New York since the war, and the largest three-masted schooner built there to that date.[43]

Decline and closure, 1873–1902

The brief early 1870s boom came to an abrupt end with the Panic of 1873. The subsequent recession would drag on until 1879, but by 1875 there was a widespread recognition that this time there would be no recovery for New York shipyards. Not only were the iron shipbuilders of the Delaware now dominating the contracts for larger ships, but the locus of wooden shipbuilding in the U.S. had moved to the state of Maine, where lower prices for timber, and lower wages, enabled the construction of wooden-hulled vessels as much as 20% cheaper as in New York.[30][31]

The extent of New York's decline as a shipbuilding center from 1873 is well illustrated by the fortunes of Lawrence & Foulks itself. In the 24 years from 1851 to 1875, Lawrence & Foulks built a total of 122 vessels,[11] an average of more than five per year. In the firm's remaining 25 years, from 1876 to 1901, it built only another 22 vessels, an average of less than one per year.[lower-alpha 2] Among the latter were San Rafael and Saucelito, sister ferries built in 1877 which were shipped overland in pieces to San Francisco. After reassembly, the two vessels quickly established themselves as the fastest ferries on the Bay.[45][46]

Among the last notable steamers built by Lawrence & Foulks were Albertina, built in 1882 for the Red Bank Line, and the steam yacht Clermont for Commodore Alfred van Santvoord of the New York and Albany Line.[28] In August 1886, William Foulks fell from scaffolding while inspecting a vessel at his shipyard, suffering internal injuries. He died at home, aged 74, a few days later.[47][48] His partner, Herbert Lawrence, retired not long after, but maintained the shipyard until shortly before he died, aged 73, in 1902.[44][49] In total, the Lawrence & Foulks shipyard built 144 vessels of all types in the fifty years to 1901.[44]

List of ships

The first table below lists ships known to have been built by William Foulks, probably before his partnership with Herbert Lawrence. The second table lists ships built by Lawrence & Foulks. The two lists combined currently represent 112 of the 144 ships known to have been built by Foulks alone or by Lawrence & Foulks. In addition to the ships listed below, Lawrence & Foulks also designed the model for the Hudson River steamer Albany, but as she had an iron hull the construction contract went to Harlan and Hollingsworth.[50]

Vessels which had more than one name during their career have their later names listed below the original name, followed (where available) by a two-digit number representing the last two digits of the year in which the rename took place. In the following tables, "" stands for not available (i.e. not known). For other abbreviations, see the linked notes in the table column headers.

Ships built by William Foulks, 1850–52
Name[lower-alpha 3] Type Built
[lower-alpha 4]		 Ton.
[lower-alpha 5]		 Engine
[lower-alpha 6]		 Ordered by
[lower-alpha 7]		 Intended service Notes
CatherineSteamboat1850Built in partnership with Humphrey Crary and named after Foulks' wife.[1]
Schooner185176——Mexican Govt.Mexico[2]
Schooner185176——Mexican Govt.Mexico[2]
Peter Crary
Hazel Kirke
Naiad		Tugboat1852Reuben Coffin and othersNew York HarborAbandoned 1919[1]
Ships built by Lawrence & Foulks, 1852–1901
Name[lower-alpha 3] Type Built
[lower-alpha 4]		 Ton.
[lower-alpha 5]		 Engine
[lower-alpha 6]		 Ordered by
[lower-alpha 7]		 Intended service Notes
Ferry1852500George LawNew York Harbor"to run in the People's Ferry to Staten Island"[4]
Ferry1852AllaireNew York"for Green Point"[4]
Ferry1852AllaireNew York"for the Houston street ferry"[4]
Ferry1852AllaireNew York"for the Williamsburgh ferry"[4]
Steamship1852Allaire"Capt. Day"Gulf of Mexico[4]
Josephine
Henry E. Bishop		Ferry1852Tompkinsville & Stapleton FCNew York[51]
Joseph JohnsonTowboat1852240Parks & DuvallNew York Harbor[4][52]
Steamer1853>1300Rio de la Plata[12]
Steamer18531300California[12]
Steamer18531300California[12]
Riverboat1853120FultonPeruvian GovtAmazon River[13]
Riverboat185380FultonPeruvian GovtAmazon River[13]
J. S. UnderhillTugboat1853[53]
William H. BrownSteamboat1853450[53]
Schooner185334——U.S. GovtTexas"to serve as a United States Tender for carrying men, provisions, &c., on the rivers of Texas."[54]
North PointSchooner1854350——Johnson & Co,"Southern trade"[55]
Jack TravisSchooner185450——[55]
Henry MunsiTowboat1854150A. O. Jackson"Harbor towing"[56]
H. MorrisonSteamboat1854150A. O. Jackson"[for] towing"[55]
Gerard StuyvesantFerry1854450New YorkHouston St. ferry[6][55]
NeptuneSteamboat1854160Peter CranyBoston Harbor[56]
SurpriseSteamer1854456Edgar WakemanPacific Coast[57]
CommonwealthSteamboat18551732MorganNorwich & New London SBCLong Island SoundDestroyed by fire at Groton, CT, 1865
E. H. WhiteLighter1855100Fancher & McChesney[58]
Ferry1855550"for the ferry connecting Catherine street, New York, with South Tenth st., Williamsburgh."[58]
Ferry1855550"for the ferry connecting Catherine street, New York, with South Tenth st., Williamsburgh."[58]
H. DelafieldBrig1855250——Henry Delafield"will be employed in trading with Port-au-Prince".[58]
Know NothingTowboat1856300NY & Williamsburgh SBCNY Harbor"to be employed in towing about the harbor."[58]
CorillaBark1856600——Johnson & Lowden"for the South American trade"[59]
John FarrowSteamship1856500"for a New York company"[59]
James A. StevensTugboat1856100Palmer & CraryNew York[59]
Tugboat1857100Peter CraryNew York[59]
Tugboat1857100Roy, Coffin & CoNew York?[59]
Steamer1857300"Captain Porter"New Orleans—Mobile[59]
General ConchaSteamer1857300BirkbecksSpanish Govt.Cuba[11]
General SerranoSteamer1857?300Spanish Govt.Cuba[11]
Schooner1858150——Spanish Govt.CubaFor dredging Matanzas harbor[60]
Schooner1858150——Spanish Govt.CubaFor dredging Matanzas harbor[60]
Schooner1858150——Spanish Govt.CubaFor dredging Matanzas harbor[60]
Screw tender1859DelameterNew York Harbor"intended as a tender for the new fort at Sandy Hook"[61]
Tugboat1859Oatey, Squires & Co145 ft tug, probably for New York service[61]
Ferry185960Havana, Cuba[62]
De SotoSteamship18591675MorganLivingston, Crocheron & Co.NY–New OrleansUSN gunboat, 1861-68. Destroyed by fire south of New Orleans, 1870
BienvilleSteamship18601558MorganLivingston, Crocheron & Co.NY–New OrleansUSN gunboat 1861-65. Destroyed by fire at sea off Bahamas 1872, 41 killed
Thomas FreebornTugboat1860AllaireRichard M. SquiresNew York?[63] USN gunboat 1861–65. Her commander James H. Ward was first USN officer killed in Civil War.[26]
William Foulks
Venezuela		Steamer1859293Dallett & BlissSold to Venezuelan Navy, 1860[64][65]
FlambeauPropeller1861791EslerP. S. Forbes & CoChinaUSN gunboat 1861-65. Grounded, wrecked at New Inlet, N.C. 1867
Isaac Smith
CSS Stono 63		Propeller1861453?FletcherHamilton & SmithHudson RiverUSN gunboat 1861-63. Captured by Confederacy 1863, renamed Stono, fate uncertain
Propeller1862160PollyCarey & Co.[66]
Propeller1862160PollyCarey & Co.[66]
Propeller1862160PollyBronder & Borlis[66]
D. S. Miller
Poughkeepsie		Propeller1862593FletcherHamilton & SmithHudson River[22][67]
James F. Freeborn
USS Nansemond 63
USRC Nansemond 65
USRC W. H. Crawford 84?		Steamer1862380FletcherRichard M. Squires et alUSN gunboat, 1863–65, revenue cutter 1865-97. Sold 1897.[68][69][70]
John S. WilliamsPropeller1862170StantonB. U. CraryNew York Harbor[67]
Paquete de MauleSteamer1862400NoveltyG. K. Stevenson & CoChileGunboat during Chincha Islands War, captured and scuttled by Spain, 1866[71]
Kiang-TszePropeller18631100EslerP. S. Forbes & CoChina[23]
Sze-ChuenPropeller18631090EslerP. S. Forbes & CoYangtze R., China[24]
John L. Hasbrouck
Marlboro		Propeller1864710nHamilton & SmithHudson RiverBroken up, 1917[22]
Chauncey VibbardSteamboat18641158FletcherA. Van SantvoordHudson RiverRecord fast time NY-Albany 1864; lengthened, re-engined 1866; rebuilt 1880; broken up 1902[27][72]
Clara ClaritaSteam yacht1864231NoveltyLeonard JeromeNew YorkAll-time steamboat speed record on Penobscot Bay. Abandoned 1908[73]
OriflammeSteamship18641204MorganU.S. NavyCivil WarBuilt for Civil War service but sold on completion. Scrapped on or after 1878.[74]
General J. K. BarnesSteamship18641365MorganAtlantic Coast Mail SSCNY–New OrleansSunk by hurricane off Cape Hatteras, 1878[75]
Herman LivingstonSteamship18641314MorganAtlantic Coast Mail SSCNY–New OrleansScrapped after 1878[76]
AlbemarleSteamship1865871MorganAtlantic Coast Mail SSCNY–New OrleansBarge 1882; schooner 1883; sunk in squall 1885[77]
HatterasSteamship1865868MorganAtlantic Coast Mail SSCNY–New OrleansSchooner barge, 1882[78]
RaleighSteamship1865868MorganAtlantic Coast Mail SSCNY–New OrleansCaught fire and sank off Charleston, S.C. 1867, 24 killed[79]
RapidanSteamship1865868MorganAtlantic Coast Mail SSCNY–New OrleansDisappeared en route to West Indies, 1886[80]
Sleepy HollowSteamboat1865SecorLower Hudson SBC[81]
ManhattanSteamship18651337MorganAmer. & Mexican Mail SSCSchooner barge, 1877; sunk 1882[82]
Vera CruzSteamship18651340MorganAmer. & Mexican Mail SSCStruck and sank near Oregon Inlet, N.C. 1866[83]
Steamboat1865360NY–Stamford, CT[84]
MaspethFerry1866New York"to be placed on the Grand and Houston street ferry"[85]
OregonianSteamship18662200AllaireOregon SNCWest coastScrapped on or after 1886[34]
Isaac BellSteamship18681500AllaireOld Dominion SSC[86]
Sylvan GlenFerry1869350FletcherHarlem SBCNew YorkScrapped 1915[87]
Screw yacht1869100"Mr. Cheeseborough"[35]
Americus
Myndert Starin
Newark		Steamboat1870600BurdonNorwalk LineNY-Greenwich, CT[88][89]
James G. BennettPilot boat1870New York[90][lower-alpha 8]
Steamboat1871BurdonNew Bedford & Nantucket SBCNY–Nantucket[36]
T1871Reaney"to replace the Phenix"[91]
FarragutFerry1871Fulton FCNew York HarborIron hull by Continental Iron Works[36][92]
FultonFerry1871Fulton FCNew York HarborIron hull by Continental Iron Works[36][92]
HarlemSteamboat1871FletcherMorrisania SBC[93]
MorrisaniaFerry1871BurdonNew York[36]
Sylvan DellSteamboat1872440FletcherHarlem & New York NCNew YorkStruck and sank, 1919[94]
MidlandFerry1872New Jersey Midland R.[95]
Day StarSteamboat1873BurdonAmerican SBCLong Island Sound[96][97]
Amos C. BarstowSteamboat1873NY-Providence[98]
FidelityScrew launch1873Commissioners of Charities & Correction New YorkSunk in collision, East River, 1879[99][100][101]
Jane MoselySteamer1873Long Island RRCLong Island Sound[102]
Jennie StoutSchooner1873600——F. Alexander & SonNY-Savannah"largest three-masted schooner ever built" in New York. Sank in storm off Cape Hatteras 1875, 8 killed[43][103]
JessamineSteamer1873Revenue Service[99][100]
Governor AndrewSteamer1874503FletcherBoston & Hingham SBCBoston–Hingham[104][105]
Steamboat1875City of BostonBoston Harbor"to convey prisoners to Deer Island" [11]
Steamboat1875St. John's GuildNew YorkFloating Hospital[11]
Crystal WaveSteamboat1875700HubbardAmerican SBCLong Island Sound[106]
FanwoodFerry18761300FletcherNew Jersey Central RR"Monster ferry"[107]
San RafaelSteamer1877692FletcherSan FranciscoShipped overland in sections to S.F. Collision off Alcatraz Island, 1901[45][108][109]
SaucelitoSteamer1877692FletcherSan FranciscoShipped overland in sections to S.F. Destroyed by fire, 1884[45][108][110]
Riverboat1879NY–Yonkers[111]
NorthamptonPC1880483Old Dominion SSCCaught fire and beached at Norfolk, VA 1898[112]
Steam launch1881SullivanOld Dominion SSC[113]
AlbertinaSteamboat1882FletcherRed Bank Line[28][113]
Kecoughtan
Luray		Steamboat1882FletcherOld Dominion SSCNorfolk–Newport News[lower-alpha 9]
F. P. James
Bronx 02		Ferry1884445Broken up 1917[112]
Jacob H. TremperSteamboat1885571Albany–NewburghBroken up 1929[112][116]
Haarlaem
Harlem 22		Ferry1889382New York & East River FCNew York?Abandoned 1927[112]
ClermontSteam yacht1892A. Van Santvoord[28]


Footnotes

  1. ↑ See the various individual entries in the ship table.
  2. ↑ The firm built a total of 144 ships according to The New York Times.[44] Subtracting the 122 ships reportedly built to 1875[11] yields a total of 22 ships built between 1876 and 1901.
  3. 1 2 Name=name of ship. Where a ship had more than one name in its career, subsequent names are listed in order, followed by a two-digit figure representing the last two digits of the year the vessel was renamed where available.
  4. 1 2 Built = year of ship launch, where available, or else year of completion.
  5. 1 2 Ton. = tonnage of ship.
  6. 1 2 Engine = engine manufacturer. Manufacturers include: Allaire = Allaire Iron Works; Birbecks = Birbecks & Hodges; Burdon = Burdon Iron Works; Esler= Henry Esler & Co.; Fletcher = Fletcher, Harrison & Co.; Fulton = Fulton Iron Works; Hubbard = Hubbard & Allen; Morgan = Morgan Iron Works; Neafie = Neafie & Levy; Novelty = Novelty Iron Works; Polly = Frank Polly; Secor = Sam Secor & Co.; Stanton = Stanton & Mallory; Sullivan = Sullivan & Boyd.
  7. 1 2 Party which ordered the ship. Abbreviations in this column include: FC = Ferry Company; R/RR/RRC = Railroad Company; SBC = Steamboat Company; SNC = Steam Navigation Company; SSC = Steamship Company.
  8. ↑ The full name of this vessel was actually James Gordon Bennett, No. 6, but has been abbreviated in the table for reasons of space.
  9. ↑ The New York Times refers to the ship as Keroughtan (with an "r"),[114] almost certainly a misspelling of Kecoughtan which was an early name for Newport News, Virginia, the steamer's destination. Additionally, Kecoughtan's engine dimensions as reported in the Times match those of only one steamboat in the records of the manufacturer, W. & A. Fletcher Co., that of Luray, built in about 1882 for the Old Dominion SSC.[115] Evidently, Kecoughtan was renamed Luray by the company either prior to or shortly after the vessel entered service.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Matteson, pp. 54-55.
  2. 1 2 3 Silka, p. 20.
  3. ↑ "William Foulks", The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 1886-08-27, p. 4.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Ship Building in New York", The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 1852-09-06, p. 2.
  5. ↑ Sitka, p. 50.
  6. 1 2 "Williamsburgh Intelligence", The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 1854-06-28, p. 2.
  7. 1 2 "Shipyard Removed", The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 1871-04-24, p. 10.
  8. ↑ Heinrich, p. 21.
  9. ↑ "The Ship Yards", The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 1873-04-12, p. 4.
  10. ↑ "Law Reports", The New York Times, 1868-04-26.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Shipbuilding. An Account of the Principal Naval Architects of the Country", The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 1875-07-28, p. 2.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 "American Ship Building", The New York Times, 1853-05-26.
  13. 1 2 3 No Title, The New York Times, 1853-07-06.
  14. ↑ Heyl, Vol. 3, p. 97.
  15. ↑ Monthly Nautical Magazine, pp. 221-226.
  16. ↑ Heyl, Vol. 1, pp. 57–58.
  17. ↑ Heyl, Vol. 1, pp. 129–130.
  18. ↑ Heinrich, pp. 25-28.
  19. ↑ Swann, p. 18.
  20. ↑ Elleman, p. 47.
  21. ↑ Morrison 1903, p. 510.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 Morrison 1903, pp. 156-157.
  23. 1 2 Frazer, p. 178.
  24. 1 2 Frazer, p. 378.
  25. ↑ Johnson, p. 23.
  26. 1 2 "Commander James H. Ward, USN, (1806-1861)" Archived 2007-07-03 at the Wayback Machine., Naval History and Heritage Command.
  27. 1 2 Dayton, p. 73.
  28. 1 2 3 4 Morrison 1909, p. 163.
  29. ↑ Swann, p. 23.
  30. 1 2 Heinrich, p. 32.
  31. 1 2 3 "Shipbuilding. Rise, Progress and Decline in Greenpoint", The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 1875-07-23, p. 2.
  32. ↑ Heyl, Vol. 1, pp. 13, 161, 199, 207, 357, 359.
  33. ↑ Heyl, Vol. 1, pp. 239, 437.
  34. 1 2 Heyl, Vol. 1, p. 323.
  35. 1 2 "Our Ship Yards", The New York Times, 1869-09-16.
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 "Boat Building in the E. D." Archived 2011-06-12 at the Wayback Machine., The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 1871-04-03, p. 9.
  37. ↑ "Shipbuilding. Further Mention of Old and Prominent Firms", The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 1875-07-30, p. 2.
  38. ↑ Ridgely-Nevitt, pp. 348-349.
  39. ↑ Morrison 1903, p. 562.
  40. ↑ Morrison 1903, p. 363.
  41. ↑ Stanton, p. 211.
  42. ↑ Dayton, p. 429.
  43. 1 2 "Greenpoint Ship Building from a New York Standpoint", The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 1873-08-12, p. 3.
  44. 1 2 3 "Golden Wedding Celebration", The New York Times, 1901-10-02).
  45. 1 2 3 "Times On The West Coast", The New York Times, 1877-07-22.
  46. ↑ "In Dense Fog: Two San Francisco Ferries Crash Together", St. John Daily Sun, 1901-12-02, p. 1.
  47. ↑ "William Foulks' Serious Fall" Archived 2011-06-12 at the Wayback Machine., The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 1886-08-24, p. 4.
  48. ↑ "Obituary Notes", The New York Times, 1886-08-27.
  49. ↑ "Herbert Lawrence", The New York Times, 1902-10-02.
  50. ↑ Morrison 1903, p. 134.
  51. ↑ Dayton, p. 296.
  52. ↑ Swede, p. 110.
  53. 1 2 "Our Shipyards", The New York Times, 1853-08-13.
  54. ↑ "Ship Building". Semi-Weekly Courier And New-York Enquirer. 1853-11-09.
  55. 1 2 3 4 "Williamsburgh". New York Morning Courier. 1854-12-22.
  56. 1 2 Fairburn, Vol. 5, p. 2825.
  57. ↑ "Despatch to London - Douglas to Stanley, 7832, CO 305/9, p. 116" Archived 2011-07-06 at the Wayback Machine., Colonial Despatches website.
  58. 1 2 3 4 5 "Ship Building in New York—1855". Semi-Weekly Courier and New York Enquirer. 1855-11-28.
  59. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Griffiths, Oliver W. 1856-57, p. 384.
  60. 1 2 3 "The Ship Yards", The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 1858-01-27, p. 3.
  61. 1 2 "Brooklyn Items". New York Daily Tribune. P. 7. 1859-06-09.
  62. ↑ "Ship Building", The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 1859-10-08, p. 2.
  63. ↑ "Launch of a Steam Tug", The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 1860-11-19, p. 3.
  64. ↑ Swede, p. 160.
  65. ↑ American Neptune, Vol. 30, p. 277. While the source does not identify the builder, the ship's original name and build location indicate that the firm in question was Lawrence & Foulks.
  66. 1 2 3 "Ship Building in the Eastern District", The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 1862-07-19, p. 3.
  67. 1 2 "Our Shipyards: New Steamers for the Merchant Service", The New York Times, 1862-04-09.
  68. ↑ Frazer 1863. p. 45.
  69. ↑ "Nansemond". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships online edition. Naval History and Heritage Command website.
  70. ↑ Silverstone 1989. pp. 85-86, 190.
  71. ↑ Frazer, p. 42.
  72. ↑ Morrison, pp. 131-132, 134, 136, 145.
  73. ↑ "Mr. Jerome's Yacht", Scientific American, New Series, Volume 11, Issue 7, p. 106, 1864-08-13.
  74. ↑ Peabody Essex Museum. Heyl (V1, p. 325) gives a history of this ship, but lists the builder as "Lawrence & Son", most likely a typographical error.
  75. ↑ Heyl, Vol. 1, p. 161.
  76. ↑ Heyl, Vol. 1, p. 207.
  77. ↑ Heyl, Vol. 1, p. 13.
  78. ↑ Heyl, Vol. 1, p. 199.
  79. ↑ Heyl, Vol. 1, p. 357.
  80. ↑ Heyl, Vol. 1, p. 359.
  81. ↑ Morrison 1903, p. 162.
  82. ↑ Heyl, Vol. 1, p. 239.
  83. ↑ Heyl, Vol. 1, p. 437.
  84. ↑ "Lawrence and Foulke", The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 1865-12-13, p. 2.
  85. ↑ "Two New Ferry Boats", The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 1866-08-09.
  86. ↑ "Launch", The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 1868-03-16, p. 3.
  87. ↑ Heyl, Vol. 4, pp. 301-302.
  88. ↑ "Launch Of The Steamboat Americus", The New York Times, 1870-11-29.
  89. ↑ Dayton, pp. 431-433.
  90. ↑ "The New Pilot Boat", The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 1870-05-12, p. 11.
  91. ↑ "Ship-Building Notes", The New York Times, 1871-05-15.
  92. 1 2 "Greenpoint Ship Building", The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 1871-05-19, p. 4.
  93. ↑ "New York", The New York Times, 1871-10-13.
  94. ↑ Heyl, Vol. 4, pp. 299-300.
  95. ↑ Adams, p. 143.
  96. ↑ "Brooklyn", The New York Times, 1873-03-12.
  97. ↑ "Launch of the Day Star", The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 1873-03-11, p. 4.
  98. ↑ "Brooklyn", The New York Times, 1873-07-24.
  99. 1 2 "Shipbuilding" Archived 2011-06-12 at the Wayback Machine., The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 1873-08-21, p. 4.
  100. 1 2 "Shipbuilding", The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 1873-10-10, p. 3.
  101. ↑ "Collision On The East River", The New York Times, 1879-04-20.
  102. ↑ Morrison 1903, p. 178.
  103. ↑ "Shipbuilding", The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, p. 4, 1873-02-17.
  104. ↑ "New York", The New York Times, 1874-04-26.
  105. ↑ Morrison 1903, p. 401.
  106. ↑ "Steamboat Launch", The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 1875-03-08, p. 4.
  107. ↑ "Two Steam Vessels Launched", The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 1876-04-03, p. 4.
  108. 1 2 "Eastern District Business". The Brooklyn Daily Union. 1876-11-16.
  109. ↑ "Single Ship Report for "2115556"". miramarshipindex.org.nz (subscription required)
  110. ↑ "Single Ship Report for "2115586"". miramarshipindex.org.nz (subscription required)
  111. ↑ "About Brooklyn People", The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 1878-10-27, p. 2.
  112. 1 2 3 4 "Other 19th Century Shipbuilders on the Atlantic Coast" Archived 2012-10-19 at the Wayback Machine., shipbuildinghistory.com.
  113. 1 2 "Greenpoint Work" Archived 2011-06-12 at the Wayback Machine., The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 1881-11-04, p. 3.
  114. ↑ "A New Old Dominion Steamer". The New York Times. P. 8. 1882-03-14.
  115. ↑ "W and A Fletcher and Co". shipsnostalgia.com.
  116. ↑ "Albany Times". Albany Times. 1885-02-11.

Bibliography

Books
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  • Peabody Essex Museum (1956): The American Neptune, Volume 16, Peabody Essex Museum.
  • Ridgely-Nevitt, Cedric (1981): American Steamships on the Atlantic, pp. 348–349, University of Delaware Press, Newark.
  • Swede, George (2010): The Steam Tug, pp. 110, 160, Xlibris Books, United States, ISBN 978-1-4535-7237-5.
Periodicals
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