Landon Garland

Landon C. Garland
Portrait of Chancellor Landon C. Garland
1st Chancellor of Vanderbilt University
In office 1875–1893
Succeeded by	James Hampton Kirkland
President of the University of Alabama
In office 1855–1865
President of Randolph-Macon College
In office 1836–1846
Personal details
Born	March 21, 1810 Nelson County, Virginia, US
Died	February 13, 1895 Nashville, Tennessee
Spouse(s)	Louisa Frances Garland
Children	Annie Rose Garland Fulton Carrie Matilda Garland Thompson Alice Virginia Garland Louise Frances Garland
Parents	Alexander Spotswood Garland, Lucinda Rose Garland
Relatives	Hugh A. Garland, (brother), James Madison, (great-uncle), Samuel Garland, Jr., (nephew)
Alma mater	Hampden–Sydney College (BA)

Landon Cabell Garland (1810–1895) was an American slaveholder and university administrator. He served as the second President of Randolph–Macon College in Ashland, Virginia from 1836 to 1846, Professor from 1847 to 1855, and then third President of the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa, Alabama from 1855 to 1865, and first chancellor of Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee from 1875 to 1893. He was a supporter of slavery in the United States.

Early life

Landon Garland was born March 21, 1810 in Nelson County, Virginia.^[1][2][3][4] He graduated with first honors from Hampden–Sydney College in 1829.^[2][5][6] His older brother, Hugh A. Garland, who was one of the lawyers involved in the Dred Scott case and author of a biography of John Randolph of Roanoke, was also a Hampden-Sydney graduate.^[7] Their parents were Alexander Spotswood Gardiner and Lucinda Rose. Confederate Army General Samuel Garland, Jr. was the son of his only sister, Caroline Garland (1807-1901), and United States Founding Father and fourth President of the United States James Madison was his Great-Uncle.

Career

Garland taught chemistry and natural philosophy at Washington College in Lexington, Virginia, from 1829 to 1830.^[2][5]

Garland taught chemistry and natural history at Randolph-Macon College in Ashland, Virginia from 1833 to 1834, eventually being elected chair of the department.^[2][5] From 1836 to 1846, he served as the second President of Randolph-Macon College.^[2][6]

Garland moved to the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, in 1847, where he taught English literature, rhetoric and history.^[2] He served as its third President from 1855 to 1865.^[4][8] Concerned about a lack of discipline among students, he tried to turn it into a military institution.^[2][4] During the American Civil War of 1861–1865, the University of Alabama was burned to the ground.^[2][3]

After a year of trying to rebuild the university, Garland's dream of making it into the West Point of the South died along with the Confederacy. Only a single student enrolled for classes in 1866; Garland resigned and accepted the chair of philosophy and astronomy at the University of Mississippi in 1867.^[2][3][5] It was here that Methodist Bishop Holland Nimmons McTyeire (1824–1889) sought out his former teacher and enlisted him in the campaign to build a Methodist university in Nashville, Tennessee.^[3] Garland, the most highly respected academic in Southern Methodism, wrote essay after essay in church publications on the need for an "educated ministry." With Garland on board, the bishop now needed the money, and for that he turned to Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt. Garland became Chancellor of Vanderbilt University in 1875.^[9]

Garland had definite ideas about the rules that would govern the university's place in this world. Under Garland's plan, Vanderbilt would have four departments: Biblical Studies and Literature, Science and Philosophy, Law, and Medical. Though Bishop McTyeire usually was there looking over his shoulder, Chancellor Garland clearly set the mood of the campus.^[2] Steeped in Scottish moral philosophy, he believed that the development of character was the central purpose of a true university.^[5] He did his part to mold character each Wednesday when he preached sermons to the student body in chapel, and he was staunch in his opposition to dormitories, claiming they were "injurious to both morals and manners."

In the early days, the closest thing to campus radicals were the law students.^[5] In fact, the law students provided the first challenge to the chancellor over the concept of an open forum.^[5] Garland had invited John Sherman (1823–1900), brother of Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman (1820–1891), to address the students in chapel.^[5] For the law students, it was more than they could bear to sit through a speech by the brother of the Yankee general who had burned a wide swath from Atlanta to the sea.^[5] The law students held a protest meeting, then marched single file out of the building, some playing Dixie on their harmonicas.^[5]

In 1889, Bishop McTyeire died.^[5] Two years later, in 1891, Garland tendered his resignation to the Board of Trustees, but they kept it in abeyance until 1893 when the Board named as Chancellor James Hampton Kirkland (1798–1868).^[5]

Views on slavery

Garland owned "up to 60 slaves" before the American Civil War.^[10][11] Moreover, "he claimed that he did not own them as property, but he instead owned their labor."^[10] In an 1860 lecture at the University of Alabama, he said, "The negro has, through slavery, been taken up from a condition of grossest barbarity and ignorance, made serviceable to himself and to the world, and elevated and improved socially, morally, intellectually and physically."^[11]

Personal life

Garland was married to Louisa Frances (1812-1889).^[4] They had several children, including:

• Annie Rose Garland Fulton (1843-1893; married Robert Burwell Fulton (1849-1919), who served as the seventh Chancellor of the University of Mississippi from 1892 to 1906; they had two sons and one daughter who died in infancy and one son who survived:
  • Landon Garland Fulton (1872-1874).^[1]
  • Louise Garland Fulton (1873-1874).^[1]
  • Robert Garland Fulton (1875-1877).^[1]
  • Maurice Garland Fulton (1877–1955; Professor of English and History at New Mexico Military Institute in Roswell, New Mexico).^[12][13]
• maybe Carrie Matilda Garland Thompson (1852-1880).^[1]
• maybe Alice Virginia Garland (1856-1872).^[1]
• Lucinda Rose Garland Lewis; who married Burwell Boykin Lewis, Congressman from Alabama, and also a President of the University of Alabama, and had 7 daughters; including Bertha Lewis Miller, who married Hugh Barr Miller, and whose son, Hugh Barr Miller, Jr is considered an important figure during WWII^[14]
• Louise Frances Garland. She married Milton W. Humphreys (1844-1928), who had been recruited by Garland as the first Professor of Greek and Latin at Vanderbilt University.^[15][16]

Garland died on February 13, 1895 in Nashville.^[1][2][3][5] He was buried alongside Bishops McTyeire, Joshua Soule (1781–1867) and William McKendree (1757–1835) in a fenced grave in the Vanderbilt University Divinity Cemetery.^[1][2][3][5]

Legacy

Garland Hall on the campus of Vanderbilt University

His papers, The Landon Cabell Garland Papers, 1830-1893, include correspondence, diaries, speeches, sermons, a report to the Vanderbilt University Board of Trust, and personal and biographical materials. The collection is small, only 1/3 of a cubic foot. These are personal papers of Chancellor Garland and are not to be confused with his university papers, which are housed in the University Archives. This collection provides a small snap shot of Chancellor Garland's personal life, with the family correspondence providing the main interest.^[17]

Garland Hall on the Vanderbilt University campus is named in his honor.^[18] There is also a Garland Hall on the University of Alabama campus named after him.^[19]

His portrait, painted by great-granddaughter Louise Lewis in 1907-1908, hangs in Kirkland Hall on the Vanderbilt University campus.^[3]

Bibliography

References