Strained yogurt

Strained yogurt
Strained yogurt with olive oil
Alternative names chak(k)a, Greek yogurt, labneh, suzma, yogurt cheese
Type Yogurt
Place of origin Greece, Middle East or Central Asia
Region or state West, South, and Central Asia; Middle East, Southeastern Europe
Main ingredients Yogurt
Food energy
(per serving)
 457 kJ (109 kcal) per 100 g[1] kcal

Strained yogurt, Greek yogurt,[2] yogurt cheese, sack yoghurt, labaneh or suzma yogurt (Greek: στραγγιστό γιαούρτι, Arabic: لبنة‎ labnah, Turkish: süzme yoğurt), is yogurt that has been strained to remove most of its whey, resulting in a thicker consistency than unstrained yogurt, while preserving yogurt's distinctive sour taste. Like many types of yogurt, strained yogurt is often made from milk that has been enriched by boiling off some of its water content, or by adding extra butterfat and powdered milk. In Europe and North America, it is often made with low-fat or fat-free yogurt. In Iceland a similar product named skyr is produced.

Strained yogurt is generally marketed in North America as "Greek yogurt" and in Britain as "Greek-style yoghurt",[3] though strained yogurt is also widely eaten in Levantine, Eastern Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, Central Asian and South Asian cuisines, wherein it is often used in cooking (as it is high enough in fat content to avoid curdling at higher temperatures). Such dishes may be cooked or raw, savoury or sweet. Due to the straining process to remove excess whey, even non-fat varieties of strained yogurt are much thicker, richer, and creamier than yogurts that have not been strained. Since the straining process removes the whey, or fluid, from the milk solids, it requires substantially more plain yogurt to produce a cup of strained yogurt, so the cost to make it is increased accordingly. Thickeners, such as pectin, locust bean gum, starches, guar gum, etc., listed in the ingredients indicate straining was not the method used to consolidate the milk solids. Marketing of Greek or Greek-style yogurt in the US allows the use of more thickeners instead of straining, so there is little difference in yogurt of years prior to the introduction of strained yogurt other than an increase of thickeners, even though the price is now higher for the original, unstrained products. In western Europe and the US, strained yogurt has increased in popularity compared to unstrained yogurt. Since the straining process removes some of the lactose, strained yogurt is lower in sugar than unstrained yogurt.[4]

It was reported in 2012 that most of the growth in the $4.1 billion US yogurt industry came from the strained yogurt sub-segment, typically marketed as "Greek yogurt".[5][6] In the US there is no legal definition of Greek yogurt, and yogurt thickened with thickening agents may also be sold as "Greek yogurt" even though it is not necessarily strained yogurt.[7]

Nutrition

There are no standard regulations in the market to monitor or control the composition of concentrated yogurts.[8] Carbohydrate, fat and protein contents in strained yogurts varied from 1–12, 0–20, and 3.3–11 grams per 100 grams, respectively.[8] Concentrated yogurts contain higher final total solid content than regular yogurts, possibly prolonging shelf life compared to regular yogurts.[9]

Variations by area

Asia

Central Asia

In the cuisines of many Iranian, Baloch, and Turkic peoples (e.g. in Azerbaijani, Afghan, Tatar, Tajik, Uzbek, and other Central Asian cuisines), a type of strained yogurt called chak(k)a[10][11] or suzma (Turkmen: süzme, Azerbaijani: süzmə, Kazakh: сүзбe, Kyrgyz: сүзмө, Uzbek: suzma, Uyghur: сүзма‎ )[11] is consumed. It is obtained by draining qatiq, a local yogurt variety. By further drying it, one obtains qurut, a kind of dry fresh cheese.[11] Strained yogurt in Balochistan is called "Sheelanch" and is a vital part of the nomadic diet. It is usually used for making dips served with dates, or served as a side dish. It is also dried and preserved for winter use.

Middle East

Labneh (also known as Labni, Lebni) is popular in the Levant and the Arabian Peninsula. Besides being used fresh, labneh is also dried then formed into balls, sometimes covered with herbs or spices, and stored under olive oil. Labneh is a popular mezze dish and sandwich ingredient. A common sandwich in the Middle East is one of labneh, mint, thyme, and olive on pita bread. The flavour depends largely on the sort of milk used: labneh from cow's milk has a rather mild flavour. Also the quality of olive oil topping influences the taste of labneh. Milk from camels and other animals is used in labneh production in Saudi Arabia and other Gulf countries.

Bedouin also produce a dry, hard labneh (labaneh malboudeh, similar to Central Asian qurut) that can be stored. Strained labneh is pressed in cheese cloth between two heavy stones and later sun dried. This dry labneh is often eaten with khubz (Arabic bread), in which both khubz and labneh are mixed with water, animal fat, and salt, and rolled into balls.

In Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Israel, and Syria, Labneh is made by straining the liquid out of yogurt until it takes on a consistency similar to a soft cheese. It tastes like tart sour cream or heavy strained yogurt and is a common breakfast dip.[12] It is usually eaten in a fashion similar to hummus, spread on a plate and drizzled with olive oil and often, dried mint. It is also often paired as a dip with the mixed herb blend za'atar.

Labneh is also the main ingredient in jameed, which is in turn used in mansaf, the national dish of Jordan.

Labaneh bil zayit, "labaneh in oil", consists of small balls of dry labneh kept under oil, where it can be preserved for over a year. As it ages it turns more sour.

In Egypt, strained and unstrained yogurt is called "zabadi" ("laban" meaning "milk" in Egyptian Arabic). It is eaten with savoury accompaniments such as olives and oil, and also with a sweetener such as honey, as a snack or breakfast food. Areesh cheese (or Arish) (Arabic: جبنة قريش‎) is a type of cheese that originated in Egypt. Shanklish, a fermented cheese, is made from areesh cheese.[13] Arish cheese is made from yogurt heated slowly until it curdles and separates, then placed in cheesecloth to drain. It is similar in taste to Ricotta.[14] The protein content of Areesh cheese is 17.6%.[15]

Iran

Strained yogurt in Iran is called mâst chekide and is usually used for making dips, or served as a side dish. In Northern Iran, mâst chekide is a variety of kefir with a distinct sour taste. It is usually mixed with fresh herbs in a pesto-like purée called delal. Yogurt is a side dish to all Iranian meals. Strained yogurt is used as dips and various appetizers with multitudes of ingredients: cucumbers, onions, shallots, fresh herbs (dill, spearmint, parsley, cilantro), spinach, walnuts, zereshk, garlic, etc. The most popular appetizers are spinach or eggplant borani, ‘’Mâst-o-Khiâr’’ with cucumber, spring onions and herbs, or ‘’Mâst-Musir’’ with wild shallots.

Turkey
Unstirred Turkish Süzme Yoğurt (strained yogurt), with a 10% fat content

In Turkey, strained yogurt is known as süzme yoğurt[16] ("strained yogurt") or kese yoğurdu ("bag yogurt").[17] Water is sometimes added to it in the preparation of cacık, when this is not eaten as a meze but consumed as a beverage. Strained yogurt is used in Turkish mezzes and dips such as haydari.[18]

In Turkish markets, labne is also a popular dairy product but it is different from strained yogurt; it is yogurt-based creamy cheese without salt, and is used like mascarpone.[19]

South Asia

A disposable clay pot with "dahi"

In South Asia, regular unstrained yogurt (curd), made from cow or water buffalo milk, is often sold in disposable clay bowls called kulhar. Kept for a couple of hours in its clay pot, some of the water evaporates through the unglazed clay's pores. It also cools the curd due to evaporation.

But true strained yogurt, chakka, is made by draining the yogurt in a (preferably muslin) cloth. Shrikhand is a dish made with chakka, sugar, saffron, cardamom, pureed or diced fruit and nuts mixed in; it is often eaten with poori. It is particularly popular in the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra, where dairy producers market shrikhand in containers.

Chakka is also eaten in Pashtun-dominated regions of Pakistan and Afghanistan with rice and meat dishes.[20]

Europe

Eastern Europe

Albania

In Albania, strained yogurt is called "salcë kosi". After preparing yogurt from micro-cultured milk, it is drained in a cloth sack from few hours, to overnight. The water released from this process is called "hir" and can be used to preserve cheese or as a drink. Meanwhile the strained yogurt is used in many variation in the Albanian cuisine and is eaten either plain or with added elements such as dill, garlic, cucumber, nuts, olive oil etc.

Armenia
Yogurt being strained through a cheesecloth

In Armenia, strained yogurt is called kamats matzoon. Traditionally, it was produced for long-term preservation by draining matzoon in cloth sacks. Afterwards it was stored in leather sacks or clay pots for a month or more depending on the degree of salting.[21]

Bulgaria

In Bulgaria, where yogurt is considered to be an integral part of the national cuisine, strained yogurt is called "tsedeno kiselo mlyako" (Bulgarian: цедено кисело мляко), and is used in a variety of salads and dressings. Another similar product is "katak" (Bulgarian: катък), which is often made from sheep or goat milk.

Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia, and Macedonia

A variety of strained yogurt called "basa" is a traditional variety of cheese from the region of Lika in Croatia. In the countries of the former Yugoslavia, strained yogurt made of cow's milk has become very popular in recent years. It is usually labeled grčki tip jogurta and eaten on its own as a snack or dessert.

In Macedonia it's widely known as pavlaka (павлака).

Southern Europe

Cyprus

As in Greece, strained yogurt is widely used in Cypriot cuisine both as an ingredient in recipes as well as on its own or as a supplement to a dish. In Cyprus, strained yogurt is usually made from sheep's milk.

Greece
Tzatziki, a popular meze in Greece

Strained yogurt (Greek: στραγγιστό γιαούρτι, translit. strangistó giaoúrti) is used in Greek food mostly as the base for tzatziki dip and as a dessert, with honey, sour cherry syrup, or spoon sweets often served on top. A few savoury Greek dishes use strained yogurt. In Greece, strained yogurt, like yogurt in general, is traditionally made from sheep's milk. Fage International S.A. began straining cows milk yogurt for industrial production in Greece in 1975, which is when it launched its brand "Total".[22]

Rest of Europe

Denmark

A type of strained yogurt named ymer is available. In contrast to the Greek and Turkish variety, only a minor amount of whey is drained off in the production process.[23] Ymer is traditionally consumed with the addition of ymerdrys (lit.: ymer-sprinkle), a mixture of roasted bread crumbs of rugbrød rye bread mixed with brown sugar. Like other types of soured dairy products, ymer is often consumed at breakfast. Strained yogurt topped with muesli and maple syrup is often served at brunch in cafés in Denmark.

Netherlands

Strained yogurt is known as hangop, literally meaning 'hang up'. It is a traditional dessert. Hangop may also be made using buttermilk.

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom strained yogurt can only be marketed as "Greek" if made in Greece. Strained cows'-milk yogurt not made in Greece is typically sold as "Greek Style" or "Greek Recipe" for marketing reasons, typically at lower prices than yogurt made in Greece. Among "Greek Style" yogurts there is no distinction between those thickened by straining and those thickened through additives.[24]

In September 2012 Chobani UK Ltd. began to sell yogurt made in the United States as "Greek Yogurt". FAGE, a company that manufactures yogurt in Greece and sells it in the UK, filed a passing-off claim against Chobani in the UK High Court, claiming that UK consumers understood "Greek" to refer to the country of origin (similar to "Belgian Beer"); Chobani's position was that consumers understood "Greek" to refer to a preparation (similar to "French Toast"). Both companies relied on surveys to prove their point; FAGE also relied on the previous industry practice of UK yogurt makers to not label their yogurt as "Greek Yogurt". Ultimately Mr Justice Briggs found in favor of FAGE and granted an injunction preventing Chobani from using the name "Greek Yogurt".[25] In February 2014 this decision was upheld on appeal.[26][27] Chobani later announced that it was reentering the UK market using a "strained yogurt" label[28] but has not yet done so.[29] Greece may now seek to protect "Greek yogurt" across the entire EU under protected designation of origin rules.[30]

North America

Strained yogurt (often marketed as "Greek yogurt") has become popular in the United States and Canada,[4] where it is often used as a lower-calorie substitute for sour cream or crème fraîche.[31] Celebrity chef Graham Kerr became an early adopter of strained yogurt as an ingredient, frequently featuring it (and demonstrating how to strain plain yogurt through a coffee filter) on his eponymous 1990 cooking show, as frequently as he had featured clarified butter on The Galloping Gourmet in the late 1960s. In 2015, food market research firm Packaged Facts reported that Greek yogurt has a 50 percent share of the yogurt market in the United States.[32]

"Greek yogurt" brands in North America include Chobani, Dannon Oikos, FAGE, Olympus, Stonyfield organic Oikos, Yoplait, Cabot Creamery and Voskos. FAGE began importing its Greek products in 1998 and opened a domestic production plant in Johnstown, New York, in 2008.[6] Chobani, based in New Berlin, New York, began marketing its Greek-style yogurt in 2007. The Voskos brand entered the US market in 2009 with imported Greek yogurt products at 10%, 2%, and 0% milkfat.[33] Stonyfield Farms, owned by Groupe Danone, introduced Oikos Organic Greek Yogurt in 2007; Danone began marketing a non-organic Dannon Oikos Greek Yogurt in 2011 and also produced a now discontinued blended Greek-style yogurt under the Activia Selects brand;[7] Dannon Light & Fit Greek nonfat yogurt was introduced in 2012 and boasts being the lightest Greek yogurt with fruit,[34] and Activia Greek yogurt was re-introduced in 2013.[35] General Mills introduced a Greek-style yogurt under the Yoplait brand name in early 2010, which was discontinued and replaced by Yoplait Greek 100 in August 2012.[36] Activia Greek yogurt was re-introduced in 2013, and in July 2012 took over US distribution and sales of Canadian Liberté’s Greek brands. In Canada, Yoplait was launched in January 2013, and is packaged with toppings.[37]

Mexico

Strained yogurt is called jocoque seco in Mexico. It was popularised by local producers of Lebanese origin and is widely popular in the country.

Production

The characteristic thick texture and high protein content are achieved through either or both of two processing steps. The milk may be concentrated by ultrafiltration to remove a portion of the water before addition of yogurt cultures.[38] Alternatively, after culturing, the yogurt may be centrifuged or membrane-filtered to remove whey, in a process analogous to the traditional straining step. Brands described as "strained" yogurt, including Activia Greek, Chobani, Dannon Light & Fit Greek, Dannon Oikos, FAGE, Stonyfield Organic Oikos, Trader Joe's, and Yoplait have undergone the second process. Process details are highly guarded trade secrets. Other brands of Greek-style yogurt, including Yoplait and some store brands, are made by adding milk protein concentrate and thickeners[39] to standard yogurt to boost the protein content and modify the texture.[38]

The liquid resulting from straining yogurt is called "acid whey" and is composed of water, yogurt cultures, protein, a slight amount of lactose, and lactic acid. It is costly to dispose of.[40][41][42] Farmers have used the whey to mix with animal feed and fertilizer. Using anaerobic digesters, it can be a source of methane that can be used to produce electricity.[43]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Sütlü Besinler Kalori Cetveli. Sütaş Dairy Products (in Turkish)
  2. ↑ Davidson, Alan (2014). The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford University Press. p. 239. ISBN 9780191040726. It should also be noted that sheep's or goat's milk yoghurt, or strained yoghurt often called 'Greek', are more stable than plain yoghurt.
  3. ↑ BBC:'Greek' yoghurt Chobani firm loses legal battle, 29 January 2014. In Britain the name "Greek" may only be applied to yoghurt made in Greece
  4. 1 2 "Is Greek Yogurt Better Than Regular?". Mother Jones. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
  5. ↑ Associated Press (22 January 2012). "Greek yogurt on a marathon-like growth spur". Wall Street Journal.
  6. 1 2 Neuman, William (12 January 2012). "Greek Yogurt a Boon for New York State". The New York Times.
  7. 1 2 "Greek Yogurt Wars: The High-Tech Shortcuts vs. The Purists". theKitchn. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  8. 1 2 Tamime, Adnan Y; Hickey, Michael; Muir, David D (2014-08-01). "Strained fermented milks - A review of existing legislative provisions, survey of nutritional labelling of commercial products in selected markets and terminology of products in some selected countries". International Journal of Dairy Technology. 67 (3): 305–333. doi:10.1111/1471-0307.12147. ISSN 1471-0307.
  9. ↑ zer, B. Fermented Milks. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 128–155. doi:10.1002/9780470995501.ch6.
  10. ↑ Meyer, Arthur L.; Jon M. Vann (2003). The Appetizer Atlas: A World of Small Bites. John Wiley. p. 348. ISBN 9780471411024.
  11. 1 2 3 Похлебкин, Вильям Васильевич (2005). Большая энциклопедия кулинарного искусства (in Russian). Centrpoligraph. ISBN 5-9524-0274-7.
  12. ↑ Debra Kamin. Tourist tip #242:Labheh. Haaretz
  13. ↑ Helou, Anissa (1998). Lebanese Cuisine. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. p. 18. ISBN 0312187351.
  14. ↑ "VDP: Arish". Oven-Dried Tomatoes. 15 October 2008. Retrieved 2013-04-14.
  15. ↑ "African Cheese: Egypt". ifood.tv. FutureToday Inc. Archived from the original on 4 June 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  16. ↑ Walker, Harlan, ed. (2000) Milk-- Beyond the Dairy: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 1999 Totnes, Devon, Eng. : Prospect Books. page 276. ISBN 9781903018064.
  17. ↑ Süzme Yoğurt. Food Technology, MEGEP, Turkish Ministry of Education, 2007 (in Turkish)
  18. ↑ Elizabeth Taviloglu. Haydari - Meze with Strained Yogurt, Garlic And Herbs. About.com Turkish Food
  19. ↑ Pınar Labaneh. Pinar, Yaşar Group
  20. ↑ Kelley, Laura (2009). The Silk Road Gourmet: Western and Southern Asia. New York: iUniverse. p. 191. ISBN 9781440143052.
  21. ↑ С. А. Арутюнов, Т. А. Воронина. Традиционная пища как выражение этнического самосознания, стр. 120—125. Наука, 2001 (S. A. Arutyunov, T. A. Voronina. Traditional Food as an Expression of Ethnic Self-Consciousness, pp. 120-125. Nauka publishers, 2001; in Russian)
  22. ↑ Daphne Zepos. Greek Gastronomy. Kerasma, accessed on 2013-01-24
  23. ↑ "Syrnede produkter" (in Danish). Arla Foods Corporation. 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-12.
  24. ↑ "Fage UK Ltd & Anor v Chobani UK Ltd & Anor [2013] EWHC 630 (Ch) (26 March 2013)". bailii.org §7.
  25. ↑ "Fage UK Ltd & Anor v Chobani UK Ltd & Anor [2013] EWHC 630 (Ch) (26 March 2013)". bailii.org.
  26. ↑ "Fage UK Ltd & Anor v Chobani UK Ltd & Anor [2014] EWCA Civ 5 (28 January 2014)". bailii.org.
  27. ↑ Ben Bouckley. Dairy reporter "Chobani gets Fage fright, loses Greek Yogurt appeal". DairyReporter, 28 January 2014
  28. ↑ http://www.foodnavigator.com/Policy/Chobani-s-strained-not-Greek-yoghurt-gets-UK-revamp
  29. ↑ "Chobani". chobani.co.uk.
  30. ↑ Brehaut, Laura (18 August 2017). "This is why Greece is seeking to reclaim its yogurt and quash imitations". The National Post. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
  31. ↑ Barbara Fairchild. Bon Appetit Desserts: The Cookbook for All Things Sweet and Wonderful, p. 8. Andrews McMeel Publishing, 2010
  32. ↑ "Login | Recorder.com". www.recorder.com. Retrieved 2015-09-10.
  33. ↑ Sun Valley Dairy. "Greek Yogurt". Voskos. Retrieved 3 March 2008.
  34. ↑ Dannon Wants To Help Operators Get Growing With Greek Yogurt. Dannon via PerishableNews, 6 February 2013
  35. ↑ Dannon Introduces New Activia Greek. Dannon via Yahoo finance, 29 April 2013
  36. ↑ Yoplait Introduces New, 100-Calorie Greek Yogurt. Yoplait via Business Wire, 8 August 2012
  37. ↑ Tim Shufelt. "Canada goes Greek, Yogurt wars get serious". Canadian Business, 23 August 2012
  38. 1 2 Gelski, Jeff (4 April 2011). "My big, thick Greek yogurt: protein, straining methods affect texture". FoodBusinessNews.
  39. ↑ Scott-Thomas, Caroline (23 June 2011). "National Starch develops ingredient for no strain Greek yogurt". Foodnavigator-USA.
  40. ↑ "Greek yogurt waste 'acid whey' a concern for USDA: Jones Laffin". DairyReporter.com.
  41. ↑ Environmental Leader. "Yogurt Companies Face Whey Disposal Problem". Environmental Leader.
  42. ↑ "Chobani, Dannon attempt to defuse Greek yogurt 'acid whey' concerns". DairyReporter.com.
  43. ↑ "Whey Too Much: Greek Yogurt's Dark Side". Modern Farmer. 22 May 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2013.
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